TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kyle Cavagnini A2 - Carolyn Shore A2 - Megan Snair TI - Enhancing Public Access to the Results of Research Supported by the Department of Health and Human Services: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27480 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27480/enhancing-public-access-to-the-results-of-research-supported-by-the-department-of-health-and-human-services PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Academies hosted a hybrid public workshop in Fall 2023, in Fall 2023, sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, to explore approaches that U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) agencies could consider as they develop or update policies to enhance public access to the results of HHS-funded research. Workshop participants discussed how policy changes would promote equity in publication opportunities for investigators, provide ways to improve accessibility to publications by diverse communities of users, and increase findability and transparency of research results. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Review of USAF-Supported Astronomical Research: Letter Report DO - 10.17226/11052 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11052/review-of-usaf-supported-astronomical-research-letter-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The USAF operates a 3.67-meter optical/near-infrared telescope in Hawaii for observational purposes. It has many features that make it a desirable scientific instrument including being the largest optical telescope in the world equipped with adaptive optics. The Air Force Office of Scientific Research (AFOSR) has made available a portion of the telescope’s viewing time for scientific observations funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). To evaluate the effectiveness of the AFOSR/NSF program to date, the AFOSR asked the NRC to assess the quality of that scientific research, the scientific productivity of the program, and how well the research is taking advantage of the unique features of the facility. This letter report presents the results of that evaluation. The study concluded that the program should be continued, and the report presents a number of recommendations to improve the quality of that research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Review of the Citrus Greening Research and Development Efforts Supported by the Citrus Research and Development Foundation: Fighting a Ravaging Disease SN - DO - 10.17226/25026 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25026/a-review-of-the-citrus-greening-research-and-development-efforts-supported-by-the-citrus-research-and-development-foundation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture AB - Huanglongbing (HLB) or citrus greening, first observed more than a hundred years ago in Asia, is the most serious disease threat to the citrus-growing industry worldwide due to its complexity, destructiveness, and incalcitrance to management. First detected in Florida in 2005, HLB is now widespread in the state and threatens the survival of the Florida citrus industry despite substantial allocation of research funds by Florida citrus growers and federal and state agencies. As the HLB epidemic raged in 2008, Florida citrus growers began allocating funds for HLB research in hopes of finding short-, medium-, and long-term solutions. This effort created the Citrus Research and Development Foundation (CRDF), an organization with oversight responsibility for HLB research and development efforts in Florida. This report provides an independent review of the portfolio of research projects that have been or continue to be supported by the CRDF. It seeks to identify ways to retool HLB research—which, despite significantly increasing understanding of the factors involved in HLB, has produced no major breakthroughs in controlling the disease—and accelerate the development of durable tools and strategies that could help abate the damage caused by HLB and prevent the possible collapse of the Florida citrus industry. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Setting Priorities for Large Research Facility Projects Supported by the National Science Foundation SN - DO - 10.17226/10895 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10895/setting-priorities-for-large-research-facility-projects-supported-by-the-national-science-foundation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In 1995, the National Science Foundation (NSF) created a special account to fund large (several tens of millions of dollars) research facilities. Over the years, these facilities have come to represent an increasingly prominent part of the nation's R&D portfolio. Recently concern has intensified about the way NSF is selecting projects for this account. In 2003, six U.S. Senators including the chair and ranking member of the Senate Subcommittee on VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies Appropriations expressed these concerns in a letter to the NRC asking it to "review the current prioritization process and report to us on how it can be improved." This report presents a series of recommendations on how NSF can improve its priority setting process for large research facilities. While noting that NSF has improved this process, the report states that further strengthening is needed if NSF is to meet future demands for such projects. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kenneth S. Ramos A2 - Autumn Downey A2 - Olivia C. Yost TI - Nonhuman Primate Models in Biomedical Research: State of the Science and Future Needs SN - DO - 10.17226/26857 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26857/nonhuman-primate-models-in-biomedical-research-state-of-the-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - Nonhuman primates represent a small fraction of animals used in biomedical research, but they remain important research models due to their similarities to humans with respect to genetic makeup, anatomy, physiology, and behavior. Limitations in the availability of nonhuman primates have been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic and recent restrictions on their exportation and transportation, impacting National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded research necessary for both public health and national security. Additionally, there is continued interest in understanding whether and how nonanimal models can be used to answer scientific questions for which nonhuman primates are currently used. At the direction of the U.S. Congress, NIH asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene an expert committee to conduct a landscape analysis of current and future use of nonhuman primates in NIH-supported biomedical research, as well as opportunities for new approach methodologies to complement or reduce reliance on nonhuman primate models. This report provides the committee findings and conclusions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Progress and Priorities in Ocean Drilling: In Search of Earth's Past and Future SN - DO - 10.17226/27414 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27414/progress-and-priorities-in-ocean-drilling-in-search-of-earths-past-and-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Research supported by scientific ocean drilling has fundamentally transformed our understanding of the planet with key contributions to the discovery and theory of plate tectonics; the formation and destruction of ocean crust; the reconstruction of extreme greenhouse and icehouse climates; the identification of major extinctions; and the discovery of a diverse community of microbes living deep ocean seafloor. With the retirement in 2024 of the JOIDES Resolution-- the U.S. dedicated drilling vessel for deep sea research and the workhorse for the international scientific ocean drilling community-- the scientific ocean drilling landscape will change. At this critical juncture, the National Science Foundation (NSF) is looking to identify the most urgent research questions that can only be answered with scientific ocean drilling and what infrastructure is needed to progress those priorities. This interim report that is the first part of a broader study of decadal survey of ocean science provides a broad perspective of future research and associated infrastructure needs. The report concludes that the rapid pace of climate change, related extreme events, sea level rise, changes in ocean currents, chemistry threatening ocean ecosystems, and devastating natural hazards are among the greatest challenges facing society. By coring the past to inform the future, U.S. based scientific ocean drilling research continues to have unique and essential roles in addressing these vital and urgent challenges. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Thomas Arrison A2 - Jennifer Saunders A2 - Emi Kameyama TI - Data in Motion: New Approaches to Advancing Scientific, Engineering and Medical Progress: Proceedings of a Workshop--in Brief DO - 10.17226/26203 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26203/data-in-motion-new-approaches-to-advancing-scientific-engineering-and-medical-progress PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English AB - The movement toward open science, data sharing, and increased transparency is being propelled by the need to rapidly address critical scientific challenges, such as the global COVID-19 public health crisis. This movement has supported growth in fields, such as artificial intelligence (AI), which has demonstrated potential to accelerate science, engineering, and medicine in new and exciting ways. To further advance innovation around these new approaches, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Research Data and Information convened a public virtual workshop on October 14-15, 2020, to address how researchers in different domains are utilizing data that undergo repeated processing, often in real-time, to accelerate scientific discovery. Although these topics were not originally part of the workshop, the impact of COVID-19 prompted the planning committee to add sessions on early career researchers' perspectives, as well as rapid review and publishing activities as a result of the pandemic. Participants also explored the advances needed to enable future progress in areas such as AI, cyberinfrastructure, standards, and policies. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Revised NTP Monograph on the Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects: A Letter Report DO - 10.17226/26030 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26030/review-of-the-revised-ntp-monograph-on-the-systematic-review-of-fluoride-exposure-and-neurodevelopmental-and-cognitive-health-effects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - In 2019, the National Toxicology Program (NTP) released the draft monograph Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects. Given the controversies surrounding the risks and benefits associated with fluoride exposure and to ensure the integrity of its evaluation, NTP asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to review the draft monograph. The 2020 report Review of the Draft NTP Monograph Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health identified deficiencies in the analysis of various aspects of some of the studies and in the analysis, summary, and presentation of the data in the draft monograph, provided many suggestions for improvement, and concluded that NTP had not adequately supported its conclusions. At the request of NTP, Review of the Revised NTP Monograph on the Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects determines whether substantive concerns raised in the 2020 report have been sufficiently addressed by revisions of the monograph and whether the evidence presented by NTP in the revised monograph supports its conclusions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control Monitoring, Detection, and Verification: A National Security Priority: Summary of the Final Report SN - DO - 10.17226/26558 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26558/nuclear-proliferation-and-arms-control-monitoring-detection-and-verification-a-national-security-priority PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Robust monitoring, detection, and verification capabilities are necessary to provide decision makers with critical information regarding nuclear threats and to support deterrence and nonproliferation by uncovering efforts to clandestinely develop a nuclear capability or enhance an existing capability. The United States has significant capabilities to monitor, detect, and verify nuclear weapons and fissile material production in foreign states, but in order to address future challenges and avoid surprises, these capabilities must be strengthened and maintained through research and development and operationalization of new technologies. Congress tasked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to undertake an independent review and assessment of the United States capabilities for monitoring, detection, and verification of nuclear weapons and fissile material in the fiscal year 2020 National Defense Authorization Act. The study committee released an extensive interim report in April 2021 after an initial phase of data gathering. Following an additional data-gathering period that included examining restricted information unavailable to the committee during the initial phase of the project, the committee produced a final report in January 2023. In that report, the committee reassessed the findings and recommendations made in its interim report and found them to be supported and confirmed by the additional information. This document, the public summary of the final report, reproduces the findings and recommendations from the interim report and includes the committee’s commentary regarding many of the interim report findings and recommendations after additional data gathering. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michael Gallaher A2 - Benjamin Fein-Smolinski A2 - Kyle Clark-Sutton TI - Evaluation of the Asphalt Binder Quality Tester DO - 10.17226/26603 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26603/evaluation-of-the-asphalt-binder-quality-tester PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Beginning in 2019, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) requested that TRB be directly involved in managing evaluations of selected projects undertaken by the agency. The TRB Cooperative Research Program's CRP Special Release 1: Evaluation of the Asphalt Binder Quality Tester presents an evaluation of a cooperative research and development effort that supported the development of the ABQT. The ABQT is a rapid testing device for binder quality, which is important in terms of the quality and performance of asphalt pavement. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of EPA's 2022 Draft Formaldehyde Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/27153 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27153/review-of-epas-2022-draft-formaldehyde-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Formaldehyde is widely present in the environment and is one of the highest production chemicals by volume, used in manufactured goods including wood products, permanent press fabrics, and household products. It is also formed by combustion sources and is present in smoke from cigarettes and other tobacco products, and in emissions from gas stoves and open fireplaces. In carrying out its mission to protect human health, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies and characterizes the health hazards of chemicals found in the environment through its Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Program, which has reviewed the human health hazards resulting from formaldehyde exposure in several assessments. This report is a continuation of guidance from the National Academies on draft IRIS assessments of formaldehyde and other aspects of the IRIS program. This report reviews the 2022 Draft Assessment with regard to its adequacy and transparency in evaluating the scientific literature, use of appropriate methods to synthesize the current state-of-the science, and presentations of conclusions that are supported by the scientific evidence. The report concludes that the 2022 Draft Assessment follows the advice of prior National Academies reports and that its findings on hazard and quantitative risk are supported by the evidence identified. However, revisions are needed to ensure that users can find and follow the methods used in each step of the assessment for each health outcome. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Multilingual Summary for Evaluation of PEPFAR's Contribution (2012-2017) to Rwanda's Human Resources for Health Program DO - 10.17226/25818 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25818/multilingual-summary-for-evaluation-of-pepfars-contribution-2012-2017-to-rwandas-human-resources-for-health-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This multilingual publication summarizes the recent Evaluation of PEPFAR's Contribution (2012-2017) to Rwanda's Human Resources for Health Program. This study describes PEPFAR investments in HRH in Rwanda over time, including its support for Ministry of Health efforts to address HRH needs and the broader context in which these investments were made; describes PEPFAR-supported HRH activities in Rwanda in relation to programmatic priorities, outputs, and outcomes; examines the impact of PEPFAR funding for the HRH Program on HRH outcomes and on patient- or population-level HIV-related outcomes; and provides recommendations to inform future HRH investments that would support people living with HIV and advance PEPFAR's mission. The summary distills the main messages of the consensus report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Digital Strategy for the Department of the Air Force: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26531 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26531/digital-strategy-for-the-department-of-the-air-force-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The Air Force Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a three-part workshop series to examine the risks associated with the technical, programmatic, organizational, and governance challenges facing the Department of the Air Force (DAF) in its pursuit of enterprise-wide digital transformation strategies. Senior representatives from government, military, industry, and academia considered the DAF's strategic-level decision-making process as well as how it could achieve unity of effort across all of its digital agencies. Workshop participants discussed organizational and management gaps and weaknesses, as well as technical shortfalls associated with the DAF's digital transformation strategies - for example, the issue of cybersecurity within the context of the DAF's proposed digital strategies. Organizational and management practices from both the public and private sectors were also discussed in light of their potential for adaptation and adoption within the DAF. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense, the three 2-day workshops of the series were held virtually on September 1-2, 2021, September 8-9, 2021, and September 23-24. Panelists at the first workshop explained and discussed the DAF's digital transformation strategy - in particular, the proposed digital architectures and the systems, programs, organizations, and missions to be supported. The second workshop featured panels of information systems experts and managers from industry and other government agencies who discussed their experiences with digital transformations and shared their views of best practices. The third workshop focused on the potential applicability of these lessons learned to the DAF's digital transformation strategy and architecture. This proceedings is a factual summary of what occurred during the workshop series. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Roger P. Bligh A2 - Jean-Louis Briaud A2 - Akram Abu-Odeh A2 - Deeyvid O. Saez A2 - Layal S. Maddah A2 - Kang Mi Kim TI - Design Guidelines for Test Level 3 through Test Level 5 Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls DO - 10.17226/26580 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26580/design-guidelines-for-test-level-3-through-test-level-5-roadside-barrier-systems-placed-on-mechanically-stabilized-earth-retaining-walls PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - A major use of Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls is as bridge approach embankments, where they are typically constructed with a roadside barrier system supported on the edge of the walls.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 326: Design Guidelines for Test Level 3 through Test Level 5 Roadside Barrier Systems Placed on Mechanically Stabilized Earth Retaining Walls is dedicated to developing guidelines for barrier-moment slab systems placed over MSE walls to resist vehicular impact loads resulting from three test levels.Supplementary to the document is a presentation. Also, in June 2022, an erratum was posted for this publication: Table 9-4, p. 251, contained incorrect information in the Second Layer column. The table has been corrected in the Web-Only Document. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Evaluation of PEPFAR's Contribution (2012-2017) to Rwanda's Human Resources for Health Program SN - DO - 10.17226/25687 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25687/evaluation-of-pepfars-contribution-2012-2017-to-rwandas-human-resources-for-health-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Since 2004, the U.S. government has supported the global response to HIV/AIDS through the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR). The Republic of Rwanda, a PEPFAR partner country since the initiative began, has made gains in its HIV response, including increased access to and coverage of antiretroviral therapy and decreased HIV prevalence. However, a persistent shortage in human resources for health (HRH) affects the health of people living with HIV and the entire Rwandan population. Recognizing HRH capabilities as a foundational challenge for the health system and the response to HIV, the Government of Rwanda worked with PEPFAR and other partners to develop a program to strengthen institutional capacity in health professional education and thereby increase the production of high-quality health workers. The Program was fully managed by the Government of Rwanda and was designed to run from 2011 through 2019. PEPFAR initiated funding in 2012. In 2015, PEPFAR adopted a new strategy focused on high-burden geographic areas and key populations, resulting in a reconfiguration of its HIV portfolio in Rwanda and a decision to cease funding the Program, which was determined no longer core to its programming strategy. The last disbursement for the Program from PEPFAR was in 2017. Evaluation of PEPFAR's Contribution (2012-2017) to Rwanda's Human Resources for Health Program describes PEPFAR-supported HRH activities in Rwanda in relation to programmatic priorities, outputs, and outcomes and examines, to the extent feasible, the impact on HRH and HIV-related outcomes. The HRH Program more than tripled the country's physician specialist workforce and produced major increases in the numbers and qualifications of nurses and midwives. Partnerships between U.S. institutions and the University of Rwanda introduced new programs, upgraded curricula, and improved the quality of teaching and training for health professionals. Growing the number, skills, and competencies of health workers contributed to direct and indirect improvements in the quality of HIV care. Based on the successes and challenges of the HRH program, the report recommends that future investments in health professional education be designed within a more comprehensive approach to human resources for health and institutional capacity building, which would strengthen the health system to meet both HIV-specific and more general health needs. The recommendations offer an aspirational framework to reimagine how partnerships are formed, how investments are made, and how the effects of those investments are documented. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of the Draft NTP Monograph: Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects SN - DO - 10.17226/25715 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25715/review-of-the-draft-ntp-monograph-systematic-review-of-fluoride PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Toxicology Program (NTP) conducted a systematic review of the evidence of adverse neurodevelopmental and cognitive effects of fluoride exposure. NTP's conclusions are summarized in the monograph Systematic Review of Fluoride Exposure and Neurodevelopmental and Cognitive Health Effects. At the request of NTP, a committee convened by the National Academies reviewed their monograph to ensure the integrity of that report. It is important to note that the committee was tasked with reviewing the monograph and focused its efforts on evaluating whether evidence as presented in the monograph supported NTP's conclusions. Thus, it did not conduct its own independent evaluation of the evidence, and it did not conduct a data audit. However, it did review some key literature to enable its review of the monograph. Review of the Draft NTP Monograph contains findings and suggestions for improvements and some overarching findings concerning methods, assessment of animal and human evidence, and NTP's hazard conclusion. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges SN - DO - 10.17226/13232 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13232/scientific-ocean-drilling-accomplishments-and-challenges PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Through direct exploration of the subseafloor, U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling programs have significantly contributed to a broad range of scientific accomplishments in Earth science disciplines, shaping understanding of Earth systems and enabling new fields of inquiry. Scientific Ocean Drilling: Accomplishments and Challenges reviews the scientific accomplishments of U.S.-supported scientific ocean drilling over the past four decades. The book evaluates how the programs (Deep Sea Drilling Project [DSDP], 1968-1983, Ocean Drilling Program [ODP], 1984-2003, and Integrated Ocean Drilling Program [IODP], 2003-2013) have shaped understanding of Earth systems and Earth history and assessed the role of scientific ocean drilling in enabling new fields of inquiry. This book also assesses the potential for transformative discoveries for the next proposed phase of scientific ocean drilling, which is scheduled to run from 2013 to 2023. The programs' technological innovations have played a strong role in these accomplishments. The science plan for the proposed 2013-2023 program presents a strong case for the continuation of scientific ocean drilling. Each of the plan's four themes identifies compelling challenges with potential for transformative science that could only be addressed through scientific ocean drilling, although some challenges appear to have greater potential than others. Prioritizing science plan challenges and integrating multiple objectives into single expeditions would help use resources more effectively, while encouraging technological innovations would continue to increase the potential for groundbreaking science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Allen L. Schirm A2 - Krisztina Marton A2 - Jeanne C. Rivard TI - Evaluation of the Minerva Research Initiative SN - DO - 10.17226/25482 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25482/evaluation-of-the-minerva-research-initiative PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The Minerva Research Initiative is a Department of Defense (DoD) social science grant program that funds unclassified basic research relevant to national security. The goal of the program is to make use of the intellectual capital of university-based social scientists to inform understanding of issues important to DoD and the broader national security community. Evaluation of the Minerva Research Initiative discusses the program's successes and challenges over its first decade of operation, and highlights ways to strengthen the program's foundations and take advantage of opportunities for broadening its reach and usefulness. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Evolving the Geodetic Infrastructure to Meet New Scientific Needs SN - DO - 10.17226/25579 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25579/evolving-the-geodetic-infrastructure-to-meet-new-scientific-needs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Satellite remote sensing is the primary tool for measuring global changes in the land, ocean, biosphere, and atmosphere. Over the past three decades, active remote sensing technologies have enabled increasingly precise measurements of Earth processes, allowing new science questions to be asked and answered. As this measurement precision increases, so does the need for a precise geodetic infrastructure. Evolving the Geodetic Infrastructure to Meet New Scientific Needs summarizes progress in maintaining and improving the geodetic infrastructure and identifies improvements to meet new science needs that were laid out in the 2018 report Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space. Focusing on sea-level change, the terrestrial water cycle, geological hazards, weather and climate, and ecosystems, this study examines the specific aspects of the geodetic infrastructure that need to be maintained or improved to help answer the science questions being considered. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Gaël Le Bris A2 - Loup-Giang Nguyen A2 - Beathia Tagoe A2 - Andrew Churchill A2 - Steve Vail A2 - Heidi Benaman A2 - Dave Fleet A2 - Tom Zajkowski A2 - Jim Krieger TI - Airport Collaborative Decision Making (ACDM) to Manage Adverse Conditions DO - 10.17226/26090 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26090/airport-collaborative-decision-making-acdm-to-manage-adverse-conditions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Airport collaborative decision making (ACDM) is a process in which the stakeholders of operations—airport operators, the air traffic control tower staff, flight operators, ground handlers, fixed-base operators, and others—share information to improve policies, planning, real-time coordination, and decisions regarding operations.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 229: Airport Collaborative Decision Making (ACDM) to Manage Adverse Conditions proposes a step-by-step approach to achieve ACDM implementation, supported by templates and a workbook, to involve stakeholders, define common goals and objectives, appoint leadership for the initiative, tailor a vision that serves the local needs, and develop a roadmap of successful projects delivering practical improvements.Of the airports surveyed as part of this project, 67 percent do not hold regular meetings with the flight operators. Interviews with staff at individual airports show a lack of real-time coordination between the stakeholders. However, nearly all the survey participants responded affirmatively that they would consider holding such meetings to improve collaboration because it is commonly understood that more cooperation can help address local issues and improve overall efficiency.Supplemental materials to the report include a presentation with an overview of ACDM, a toolbox that provides guidance and resources for implementing ACDM, and a text file that contains the steps for opening the toolbox and other materials. ER -