@BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Katherine B. Preston and Julia Nagy and Julie Blue and Rebecca DeVries and Jim Crites", title = "Measuring Quality of Life in Communities Surrounding Airports", abstract = "Many airports seek to understand their impacts on neighboring towns, cities, and regions through economic impact analyses, employment studies, and environmental studies, such as those that focus on sustainability efforts or noise.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 221: Measuring Quality of Life in Communities Surrounding Airports addresses an emerging need for airports to take a more holistic look at how they affect their neighbors and how they can build stronger community relationships. Airports can benefit from a more comprehensive understanding of the variables affecting their surrounding communities, over which they may have little to no control.Supplemental materials to the report include a Quality of Life Assessment Survey Tool, a Dataset, and a Sample Quality of Life Assessment Introduction PowerPoint.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25918/measuring-quality-of-life-in-communities-surrounding-airports", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Assessment of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Institutes of Health", isbn = "978-0-309-27175-2", abstract = "The National Institutes of Health (NIH) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a quadrennial review of its Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs, in accordance with a legislative mandate. Using quantitative and qualitative analyses of data, this report reviews the operations and outcomes stemming from NIH's SBIR\/STTR awards.\nDrawing on published research and conducting new analyses based on both publicly available data and applicant data provided by NIH, Assessment of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Institutes of Health analyzes (1) the effectiveness of NIH's processes and procedures for selecting SBIR and STTR awardees; (2) the effectiveness of NIH's outreach to increase SBIR and STTR applications from small businesses that are new to the programs, from underrepresented states, and from woman-owned and minority-owned businesses; (3) collaborations between small businesses and research institutions resulting from the programs; and (4) a range of direct economic and health care impacts attributable to the programs.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26376/assessment-of-the-sbir-and-sttr-programs-at-the-national-institutes-of-health", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Lois S. Kramer, Kramer Aerotek, Inc.", title = "Characteristics of the FBO Industry 2018-2019", abstract = "The fixed-base operator (FBO) industry provides aeronautical services to a wide spectrum of aircraft operators at airports. The term FBO is defined by the FAA as \u201ca business granted the right by the airport sponsor to operate on an airport and provide aeronautical services . . .\u201d The most basic FBO offers its customers self-service fueling, as well as a set of core services such as use of hangars, ground services, and, sometimes, aircraft maintenance.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 108: Characteristics of the FBO Industry 2018-2019 profiles the FBO industry as of December 2018. This analysis of data provides a quantitative snapshot of the FBO industry intended to serve as a reliable baseline of information for tracking FBO trends in the future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25846/characteristics-of-the-fbo-industry-2018-2019", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine", title = "Enhancing the Postdoctoral Experience for Scientists and Engineers: A Guide for Postdoctoral Scholars, Advisers, Institutions, Funding Organizations, and Disciplinary Societies", isbn = "978-0-309-06996-0", abstract = "The concept of postdoctoral training came to science and engineering about a century ago. Since the 1960s, the performance of research in the United States has increasingly relied on these recent PhDs who work on a full-time, but on a temporary basis, to gain additional research experience in preparation for a professional research career.\nSuch experiences are increasingly seen as central to careers in research, but for many, the postdoctoral experience falls short of expectations. Some postdocs indicate that they have not received the recognition, standing or compensation that is commensurate with their experience and skills. Is this the case? If so, how can the postdoctoral experience be enhanced for the over 40,000 individuals who hold these positions at university, government, and industry laboratories?\nThis new book offers its assessment of the postdoctoral experience and provides principles, action points, and recommendations for enhancing that experience.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9831/enhancing-the-postdoctoral-experience-for-scientists-and-engineers-a-guide", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Dennis Dijkzeul and Caroline Lynch", title = "Supporting Local Health Care in a Chronic Crisis: Management and Financing Approaches in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo", isbn = "978-0-309-10038-0", abstract = "Providing medical support to the local population during a chronic crisis is difficult. The crisis in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), which is characterized by high excess mortality, ongoing armed violence, mass forced displacement, interference by neighboring countries, resource exploitation, asset stripping, and the virtual absence of the state, has led to great poverty and a dearth of funds for the support of the health system.\n\nInternational nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have stepped in to address the dire humanitarian situation. This study looks at four organizations that support local health care in the eastern DRC: the International Rescue Committee (IRC), Malteser, Medical Emergency Relief International (Merlin), and the Association Régionale d'Approvisionnement en Médicaments Essentiels (ASRAMES). The study makes a comparison of the management and financing approaches of these four organizations by collecting and comparing qualitative and quantitative data on their interaction with the (remaining) local health providers and the local population.\n\nSpecific objectives of the study are:\n\n1. To identify which management and financing approaches, including the setting of fees, are used by the four NGOs supporting healthcare in the eastern DRC.\n2. To determine how these financing approaches affect utilization rates in the health zones supported by the four NGOs.\n3. To assess how these utilization rates compare with donor and humanitarian standards.\n4. To determine at what level fees must be set to allow for cost recovery or cost sharing in health facilities.\n5. To identify the managerial problems confronting the four NGOs.\n\nMany epidemiological and public health studies focus on the interaction between health providers and target groups. Supporting Local Health Care in a Chronic Crisis: Management and Financing Approaches in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo concentrates more on how the relationship between the supporting NGOs and the local health system actually develops. In addition, a common aspect of many of the epidemiological and public health studies is the search for an optimal, or at least appropriate, management and financing approach.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11513/supporting-local-health-care-in-a-chronic-crisis-management-and", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty", isbn = "978-0-309-13034-9", abstract = "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is one of several federal agencies responsible for protecting Americans against significant risks to human health and the environment. As part of that mission, EPA estimates the nature, magnitude, and likelihood of risks to human health and the environment; identifies the potential regulatory actions that will mitigate those risks and protect public health1 and the environment; and uses that information to decide on appropriate regulatory action. Uncertainties, both qualitative and quantitative, in the data and analyses on which these decisions are based enter into the process at each step. As a result, the informed identification and use of the uncertainties inherent in the process is an essential feature of environmental decision making.\nEPA requested that the Institute of Medicine (IOM) convene a committee to provide guidance to its decision makers and their partners in states and localities on approaches to managing risk in different contexts when uncertainty is present. It also sought guidance on how information on uncertainty should be presented to help risk managers make sound decisions and to increase transparency in its communications with the public about those decisions. Given that its charge is not limited to human health risk assessment and includes broad questions about managing risks and decision making, in this report the committee examines the analysis of uncertainty in those other areas in addition to human health risks. Environmental Decisions in the Face of Uncertainty explains the statement of task and summarizes the findings of the committee. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12568/environmental-decisions-in-the-face-of-uncertainty", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Michael L. Pack and Nikola Ivanov", title = "Sharing Operations Data Among Agencies", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 460: Sharing Operations Data Among Agencies document both the qualitative and quantitative business cases for sharing data among transportation-related agencies. The study also documents the institutional, legal, and technical challenges that can inhibit data sharing.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22372/sharing-operations-data-among-agencies", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment -- Special Report 269", abstract = "TRB Special Report 269 - The Relative Risks of School Travel: A National Perspective and Guidance for Local Community Risk Assessment presents a method to estimate, on a per-mile and per-trip basis, the relative risks that students face in traveling to and from school by walking, bicycling, riding in passenger vehicles with adult drivers, riding in passenger vehicles with teenage drivers, or taking a bus.\u00a0 These estimated risk measures can assist localities in developing policies to improve the safety of students traveling to school and in evaluating policies that affect mode choices by students and their parents.\u00a0 The report also includes checklists of actions to reduce the risks associated with each mode of school travel.\n\nChildren in the United States travel to and from school and school-related activities by a variety of modes. Because parents and their school-age children have a limited understanding of the risks associated with each mode, it is unlikely that these risks greatly influence their school travel choices. Public perceptions of school transportation safety are heavily influenced by school bus (i.e., \"yellow bus\") services. \nWhen children are killed or injured in crashes involving school buses, the link to school transportation appears obvious; when children are killed or injured in crashes that occur when they are traveling to or from school or school-related activities by other modes, however, the purpose of the trip is often not known or recorded, and the risks are not coded in a school-related category. Despite such limitations and the fact that estimates of the risks across school travel modes are confounded by inconsistent and incomplete data, sufficient information is available to make gross comparisons of the relative risks among modes used for school travel and to provide guidance for risk management. \n\nEach year approximately 800 school-aged children are killed in motor vehicle crashes during normal school travel hours. This figure represents about 14 percent of the 5,600 child deaths that occur annually on U.S. roadways and 2 percent of the nation\u2019s yearly total of 40,000 motor vehicle deaths. Of these 800 deaths, about 20 (2 percent)\u20145 school bus passengers and 15 pedestrians\u2014are school bus\u2013related. The other 98 percent of school-aged deaths occur in passenger vehicles or to pedestrians, bicyclists, or motorcyclists. A disproportionate share of these passenger vehicle\u2013related deaths (approximately 450 of the 800 deaths, or 55 percent) occur when a teenager is driving. \n\nAt the same time, approximately 152,000 school-age children are nonfatally injured during normal school travel hours each year. More than 80 percent (about 130,000) of these nonfatal injuries occur in passenger vehicles; only 4 percent (about 6,000) are school bus\u2013related (about 5,500 school bus passengers and 500 school bus pedestrians), 11 percent (about 16,500) occur to pedestrians and bicyclists, and fewer than 1 percent (500) are to passengers in other buses. \n\nWhen school travel modes are compared, the distribution of injuries and fatalities is found to be quite different from that of trips and miles traveled. Three modes (school buses, other buses, and passenger vehicles with adult drivers) have injury estimates and fatality counts below those expected on the basis of the exposure to risk implied by the number of trips taken or student-miles traveled. For example, school buses represent 25 percent of the miles traveled by students but account for less than 4 percent of the injuries and 2 percent of the fatalities. Conversely, the other three modal classifications (passenger vehicles with teen drivers, bicycling, and walking) have estimated injury rates and fatality counts disproportionately greater than expected on the basis of exposure data. For example, passenger vehicles with teen drivers account for more than half of the injuries and fatalities, a much greater proportion than the 14\u201316 percent that would be expected on the basis of student-miles and trips.\n\nSpecial Report 269 Summary\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10409/the-relative-risks-of-school-travel-a-national-perspective-and", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Improving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment", isbn = "978-0-309-21883-2", abstract = "Factoring health and related costs into decision making is essential to confronting the nation's health problems and enhancing public well-being. Some policies and programs historically not recognized as relating to health are believed or known to have important health consequences. For example, public health has been linked to an array of policies that determine the quality and location of housing, availability of public transportation, land use and street connectivity, agricultural practices and the availability of various types of food, and development and location of businesses and industry.\nImproving Health in the United States: The Role of Health Impact Assessment offers guidance to officials in the public and private sectors on conducting HIAs to evaluate public health consequences of proposed decisions\u2014such as those to build a major roadway, plan a city's growth, or develop national agricultural policies\u2014and suggests actions that could minimize adverse health impacts and optimize beneficial ones.\nSeveral approaches could be used to incorporate aspects of health into decision making, but HIA holds particular promise because of its applicability to a broad array of programs, consideration of both adverse and beneficial health effects, ability to consider and incorporate various types of evidence, and engagement of communities and stakeholders in a deliberative process. The report notes that HIA should not be assumed to be the best approach to every health policy question but rather should be seen as part of a spectrum of public health and policy-oriented approaches.\nThe report presents a six-step framework for conducting HIA of proposed policies, programs, plans, and projects at federal, state, tribal, and local levels, including within the private sector. In addition, the report identifies several challenges to the successful use of HIA, such as balancing the need to provide timely information with the realities of varying data quality, producing quantitative estimates of health effects, and engaging stakeholders.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13229/improving-health-in-the-united-states-the-role-of-health", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Adam Zofka and Maria Chrysochoou and Iliya Yut and Chad Johnston and Montgomery Shaw and Shih-Po Sun and James Mahoney and Stuart Farquharson and Michael Donahue", title = "Evaluating Applications of Field Spectroscopy Devices to Fingerprint Commonly Used Construction Materials", abstract = "TRB\u2019s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-R06B-RW-1: Evaluating Applications of Field Spectroscopy Devices to Fingerprint Commonly Used Construction Materials documents evaluation results of practical, portable spectroscopic equipment for in-situ analysis of a wide range of commonly used construction materials.The report also includes proposed American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standards of practice for the analysis of titanium content in traffic paints by X-ray fluorescence and identification of chemical admixtures by attenuated total reflectance.An e-book version of this report is available for purchase at Amazon, Google, and iTunes.The results of Renewal Project R06B, which produced SHRP 2 Report S2-R06B-RW-1, were incorporated into an electronic repository for practitioners, known as the NDToolbox, which provides information regarding recommended technologies for the detection of a particular deterioration. The NDToolbox was created by SHRP 2 Renewal Project R06A, which has released SHRP 2 Report S2-R06A-RR-1: Nondestructive Testing to Identify Concrete Bridge Deck Deterioration that identifies nondestructive testing technologies for detecting and characterizing common forms of deterioration in concrete bridge decks.Renewal Project R06B is one of seven follow-on projects to SHRP Renewal Project R06 that produced SHRP 2 Report S2-R06-RW: A Plan for Developing High-Speed, Nondestructive Testing Procedures for Both Design Evaluation and Construction Inspection, which examines existing and emerging nondestructive evaluation (NDE) technologies and their current state of implementation to satisfy the NDE needs for highway renewal.In conjunction with SHRP 2 Renewal Project R06B, a library of reference spectra for pure materials was created that may be used to help identify materials in the field. Due to the size of the files, the spectral library is available for download in two parts (Part 1 and Part 2) in ZIP format. The database consists of a series of files with fingerprinting number values and keys to the material labels. It supplements the suggest standards developed under this project and can be used by quality assurance\/quality control specialists.Spectral Library Disclaimer: These materials are offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind, either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively \u201cTRB\u201d) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of these materials. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.The R06B Project produced a pilot to document its preliminary implementation activities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22770/evaluating-applications-of-field-spectroscopy-devices-to-fingerprint-commonly-used-construction-materials", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Economic Development Research Group, Inc.", title = "Interactions Between Transportation Capacity, Economic Systems, and Land Use", abstract = "TRB\u2019s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-C03-RR-1: Interactions Between Transportation Capacity, Economic Systems, and Land Use provides information on the development of a large database of case studies and a web-based T-PICS (Transportation Project Impact Case Studies) tool that allow for more rapid assessment of the long-term economic impacts of highway capacity projects.SHRP 2 Report S2-C03-RR-1 and the accompanying T-PICS web-based tool are intended to serve as a resource for transportation planners and others who are interested in better understanding the long-term economic impacts of highway capacity projects. The T-PICS web-based tool provides transportation planners with a way to search for relevant case studies by type of project and setting. The case studies include details of the projects, their impacts, and factors affecting the impacts. The web tool also provides users with an option to specify the type of proposed project and see the range of likely impacts based on the studies.SHRP 2 Capacity Project C03 also developed three additional related materials: a data dictionary, a users guide, and performance metrics.SHRP 2 Report S2-C03-RR-1 includes an explanation of how the case studies were selected and developed, an introduction to T-PICS, and a meta-analysis of the key relationships among factors such as project type, traffic volume, project location, and nontransportation policies aimed at fostering economic development.An e-book version of this report is available for purchase at Google, iTunes, and Amazon.Errata: Figure 4.3 (p. 23) was cut off along the right edge and did not display all of the information in the bar graph. The figure has been corrected in the electronic version of the report.Disclaimer: This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively \"TRB\") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22085/interactions-between-transportation-capacity-economic-systems-and-land-use", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Quantitative Relationship Between Mutagenic and Carcinogenic Potencies: A Feasibility Study", isbn = "978-0-309-07762-0", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/747/quantitative-relationship-between-mutagenic-and-carcinogenic-potencies-a-feasibility-study", year = 1983, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Passenger Level of Service and Spatial Planning for Airport Terminals", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 55: Passenger Level of Service and Spatial Planning for Airport Terminals examines passenger perception of level of service related to space allocation in specific areas within airport terminals.The report evaluates level-of-service standards applied in the terminal planning and design process while testing the continued validity of historic space allocation parameters that have been in use for more than 30 years.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14589/passenger-level-of-service-and-spatial-planning-for-airport-terminals", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Anne F. Johnson and Andrew Bremer and Julie Liao and Audrey Thévenon", title = "Pivotal Interfaces of Environmental Health and Infectious Disease Research to Inform Responses to Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "Pathogens are the cause of infectious diseases, but the environment can play an important role in influencing the conditions under which pathogens spread and cause harm. Understanding the complex interplay among people, pathogens, and the environment - broadly encompassing the chemical, biological, physical, and social surroundings - can lead to a more complete picture of where and how infectious diseases emerge, how they spread, and how to respond to outbreaks.\nThe virtual workshop Pivotal Interfaces of Environmental Health and Infectious Disease Research to Inform Responses to Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Pandemics was held on June 8-9, 2021. This workshop provided a venue for experts in infectious diseases, environmental health, and data science from government, academia, and the private sector to examine current knowledge about the environment-infectious disease interface and to explore how this knowledge can be used to inform public health decisions. Key workshop topics included how advances in environmental exposure assessments can be applied to identify, predict, and monitor critical infectious disease exposure pathways, and how climate and environmental modeling techniques can be applied to better understand the biology and transmission dynamics of pathogens and provide early warning of emerging threats. In addition, workshop sessions explored critical data gaps at the environment-infectious disease interface and provided insight on how new and emerging techniques can be applied to address those data gaps, especially through the integration of tools used in environmental health and infectious disease research. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26270/pivotal-interfaces-of-environmental-health-and-infectious-disease-research-to-inform-responses-to-outbreaks-epidemics-and-pandemics", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Quantitative Assessments of the Physical and Mathematical Sciences: A Summary of Lessons Learned", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21425/quantitative-assessments-of-the-physical-and-mathematical-sciences-a-summary", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Rapid Expert Consultation on Critical Federal Capabilities Needed to Evaluate Real-World Safety, Effectiveness, and Equitable Distribution and Use of Medical Countermeasures During a Public Health Emergency", abstract = "The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of having access to real-world data and evidence to monitor and assess medical countermeasure (MCM) use and performance so policy makers can make more effective and rapid public health decisions, protect population health, and save lives. During public health emergencies, the use of MCMs, such as therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostics, can be made available to the public under a range of regulatory access mechanisms.\nThis Rapid Expert Consultation was produced by individual members of the Standing Committee for CDC Center for Preparedness and Response. Its aim is to review and propose modifications to an initial draft list of critical federal capabilities presented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that are needed to evaluate real-world safety, effectiveness, equitable distribution, access, and use of MCMs during a public health emergency. This effort draws from expert input, published literature, and lessons learned from previous public health emergencies, as well as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26574/rapid-expert-consultation-on-critical-federal-capabilities-needed-to-evaluate-real-world-safety-effectiveness-and-equitable-distribution-and-use-of-medical-countermeasures-during-a-public-health-emergency", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Climate and Health Challenges Posed by Black Carbon: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "In October 2012, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and the Russian Academy of Sciences held a workshop in Moscow, Russia, on the Challenges of Black Carbon (BC). The workshop was carried out pursuant to the long-standing bilateral NAS-RAS Agreement on Cooperation in the Fields of Science, Engineering, and Medicine and attracted considerable interest among scientists and policy experts. More than 50 Russian and American scientists and specialists participated. The participants addressed many areas of scientific interest regarding BC dispersal, particularly in the northern latitudes, and called for continued cooperation between the academies on BC-related issues. A second workshop was held in April 2016 and included 29 technical presentations from individuals at 11 Russian and 8 U.S. institutions. The primary goals of the workshop were to learn about current research on BC and to identify opportunities for scientific and technical collaboration among experts in the United States and Russia.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23648/climate-and-health-challenges-posed-by-black-carbon-proceedings-of", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Evaluating Data Types: A Guide for Decision Makers using Data to Understand the Extent and Spread of COVID-19", abstract = "This rapid expert consultation provides insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the data on the COVID-19 pandemic by applying five criteria to seven types of data available to support decision making. It was produced through the Societal Experts Action Network (SEAN), an activity of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine that is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. SEAN links researchers in the social, behavioral, and economic sciences with decision makers to respond to policy questions arising from the COVID-19 pandemic.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25826/evaluating-data-types-a-guide-for-decision-makers-using-data", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of Army Research Laboratory Programs for Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Minority Institutions", isbn = "978-0-309-31311-7", abstract = "Review of Army Research Laboratory Programs for Historically Black Colleges and Universities and Minority Institutions examines the ways in which historically black colleges and universities and minority institutions have used the Army Research Laboratory (ARL) funds to enhance the science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs at their institutions over the past decade. This report also considers which program elements reflect practices that are effective for assisting these institutions in enhancing the STEM programs and could be considered by other Department of Defense agencies for application to their programs.\nThe Army Research Laboratory has contributed to building up the human and infrastructural capacities in the past, and this report looks for ways to enhance ARL program impact on institution-building in the future, confident that more capable black and minority-serving institutions will, in turn, help America as a whole develop a more diverse and intellectually capable STEM workforce.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18963/review-of-army-research-laboratory-programs-for-historically-black-colleges-and-universities-and-minority-institutions", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Steve Olson", title = "Evaluation Design for Complex Global Initiatives: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-30258-6", abstract = "Every year, public and private funders spend many billions of dollars on large-scale, complex, multi-national health initiatives. The only way to know whether these initiatives are achieving their objectives is through evaluations that examine the links between program activities and desired outcomes. Investments in such evaluations, which, like the initiatives being evaluated, are carried out in some of the world's most challenging settings, are a relatively new phenomenon. In the last five years, evaluations have been conducted to determine the effects of some of the world's largest and most complex multi-national health initiatives.\nEvaluation Design for Complex Global Initiatives is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine in January 2014 to explore these recent evaluation experiences and to consider the lessons learned from how these evaluations were designed, carried out, and used. The workshop brought together more than 100 evaluators, researchers in the field of evaluation science, staff involved in implementing large-scale health programs, local stakeholders in the countries where the initiatives are carried out, policy makers involved in the initiatives, representatives of donor organizations, and others to derive lessons learned from past large-scale evaluations and to discuss how to apply these lessons to future evaluations. This report discusses transferable insights gained across the spectrum of choosing the evaluator, framing the evaluation, designing the evaluation, gathering and analyzing data, synthesizing findings and recommendations, and communicating key messages. The report also explores the relative benefits and limitations of different quantitative and qualitative approaches within the mixed methods designs used for these complex and costly evaluations.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18739/evaluation-design-for-complex-global-initiatives-workshop-summary", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }