%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Beyond Patents: Assessing the Value and Impact of Research Investments: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24920/beyond-patents-assessing-the-value-and-impact-of-research-investments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24920/beyond-patents-assessing-the-value-and-impact-of-research-investments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 10 %X Companies know exactly what they spend on research, but knowing exactly what they get for their money is a more difficult question to answer. Without a good way to measure value, research can be viewed as a cost that can be cut to boost near-term earnings. The number of patents is one metric for measuring the value of research, but that information is not necessarily useful without knowing the business value of those patents in the marketplace. What other metrics serve to highlight the value of research and innovation? On June 27 and 28, 2017, the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable held a meeting to explore these issues. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the meeting. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T Venture Funding and the NIH SBIR Program %@ 978-0-309-12997-8 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12543/venture-funding-and-the-nih-sbir-program %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12543/venture-funding-and-the-nih-sbir-program %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 140 %X The Small Business Administration issued a policy directive in 2002, the effect of which has been to exclude innovative small firms in which venture capital firms have a controlling interest from the SBIR program. This book seeks to illuminate the consequences of the SBA ruling excluding majority-owned venture capital firms from participation in SBIR projects. This book is part of the National Research Council's study to evaluate the SBIR program's quality of research and value to the missions of five government agencies. The other books in the series include: An Assessment of the SBIR Program (2008) An Assessment of the SBIR Program at the National Science Foundation (2007) An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the National Institutes of Health (2009) An Assessment of Small Business Innovation Research Program at the Department of Energy (2008) An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (2009) An Assessment of the Small Business Innovation Research Program at the Department of Defense (2009) %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Merrill, Stephen A. %T Investor Exits, Innovation, and Entrepreneurial Firm Growth: Questions for Research: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-14907-5 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12811/investor-exits-innovation-and-entrepreneurial-firm-growth-questions-for-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12811/investor-exits-innovation-and-entrepreneurial-firm-growth-questions-for-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 38 %X The bursting of the dot-com bubble in 2001 coincided with an abrupt and lasting change in the development of entrepreneurial venture-backed firms in the United States. Previously, entrepreneurs and investors commonly took viable young firms public through initial public offerings. Since 2001, however, venture investors have more frequently exited by selling their companies to established corporations, usually for lower returns. There are concerns among some entrepreneurs, investors, and academics that this change has reduced the potential of young, entrepreneurial firms to contribute to innovation, job creation, international competitiveness, and economic growth. There are also claims that public policies, including securities regulation, have contributed to this result and should be modified or compensated for. In 2007 investors, entrepreneurs, and academic experts in economics, corporate finance, and law came together to consider the merits and feasibility of additional research addressing the change in investor exit strategies, its causes and consequences. During the 2007 workshop, summarized in this volume, participants identified several factors complicating systematic inquiry and suggested a number of research avenues that could be productive. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Privatization of Water Services in the United States: An Assessment of Issues and Experience %@ 978-0-309-07444-5 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10135/privatization-of-water-services-in-the-united-states-an-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10135/privatization-of-water-services-in-the-united-states-an-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 158 %X In the quest to reduce costs and improve the efficiency of water and wastewater services, many communities in the United States are exploring the potential advantages of privatization of those services. Unlike other utility services, local governments have generally assumed responsibility for providing water services. Privatization of such services can include the outright sale of system assets, or various forms of public-private partnerships—from the simple provision of supplies and services, to private design construction and operation of treatment plants and distribution systems. Many factors are contributing to the growing interest in the privatization of water services. Higher operating costs, more stringent federal water quality and waste effluent standards, greater customer demands for quality and reliability, and an aging water delivery and wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure are all challenging municipalities that may be short of funds or technical capabilities. For municipalities with limited capacities to meet these challenges, privatization can be a viable alternative. Privatization of Water Services evaluates the fiscal and policy implications of privatization, scenarios in which privatization works best, and the efficiencies that may be gained by contracting with private water utilities. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Performance Measurement and Outcomes %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14366/performance-measurement-and-outcomes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14366/performance-measurement-and-outcomes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 36 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 95: Performance Measurement and Outcomes explores how performance measurements are used to achieve organizational goals and enhance quality of service at public transport planning, funding, and operating agencies in Hong Kong, Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China; in the city-state of Singapore; in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; and in Taipei, Taiwan. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Assessment of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Institutes of Health %@ 978-0-309-27175-2 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26376/assessment-of-the-sbir-and-sttr-programs-at-the-national-institutes-of-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26376/assessment-of-the-sbir-and-sttr-programs-at-the-national-institutes-of-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 270 %X The National Institutes of Health (NIH) asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a quadrennial review of its Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) programs, in accordance with a legislative mandate. Using quantitative and qualitative analyses of data, this report reviews the operations and outcomes stemming from NIH's SBIR/STTR awards. Drawing on published research and conducting new analyses based on both publicly available data and applicant data provided by NIH, Assessment of the SBIR and STTR Programs at the National Institutes of Health analyzes (1) the effectiveness of NIH's processes and procedures for selecting SBIR and STTR awardees; (2) the effectiveness of NIH's outreach to increase SBIR and STTR applications from small businesses that are new to the programs, from underrepresented states, and from woman-owned and minority-owned businesses; (3) collaborations between small businesses and research institutions resulting from the programs; and (4) a range of direct economic and health care impacts attributable to the programs. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Academy of Engineering %T Risk and Innovation: The Role and Importance of Small, High-Tech Companies in the U.S. Economy %@ 978-0-309-05376-1 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5024/risk-and-innovation-the-role-and-importance-of-small-high %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5024/risk-and-innovation-the-role-and-importance-of-small-high %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 104 %X Smaller, technically-oriented companies often assume types of risk (and an amount of risk) that is not often tolerated by large companies. In the United States both consumers and companies depend on smaller, high-tech companies to explore the commercial application of technology in potential, emerging, and small markets. This book, through comparison of six industries in which small companies play a critical role, explores the principal economic function of small, high-tech companies—to probe, explore, and sometimes develop the frontiers of the U.S. economy in search of unrecognized or otherwise ignored opportunities for economic growth and development. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Guenther, Rita S. %E Didion, Catherine J. %T Advancing Diversity in the US Industrial Science and Engineering Workforce: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-26505-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13512/advancing-diversity-in-the-us-industrial-science-and-engineering-workforce %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13512/advancing-diversity-in-the-us-industrial-science-and-engineering-workforce %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Engineering and Technology %P 80 %X Thousands of gifted individuals, including women and underrepresented minorities, remain a disproportionally small fraction of those in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) careers. Industry, as the largest employer category of those with STEM backgrounds, stands to benefit considerably from greater inclusion of women and underrepresented minorities in the workforce. However, nothing short of a game-changing environment must be created to harness the talent of those not fully represented in the STEM workforce. Advancing Diversity in the US Industrial Science and Engineering Workforce is the summary of a workshop held in May, 2012 by the National Academy of Engineering, focusing on the needs and challenges facing industry in particular, and it is intended to facilitate further discussion and actions to address these complex issues. The workshop provided a forum for leaders from industry, academia, and professional associations to share best practices and innovative approaches to recruiting, retaining, and advancing women and underrepresented minorities in the scientific and engineering workforce throughout the nation's industries. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Haller, Norm %T Summary of a Workshop on the Future of Antennas %@ 978-0-309-26686-4 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13540/summary-of-a-workshop-on-the-future-of-antennas %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13540/summary-of-a-workshop-on-the-future-of-antennas %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 29 %X The Workshop on the Future of Antennas was the second of three workshops conducted by the National Research Council's Committee for Science and Technology Challenges to U.S. National Security Interests. The objectives of the workshop were to review trends in advanced antenna research and design, review trends in commercials and military use of advanced antennas that enable improved communication, data transfer, soldier health monitoring, and other overt and covert methods of standoff data collection. The first day's sessions, consisting of five presentations and discussions on antennas and wireless communications and control, were open to committee members, staff, guests, and members of the public. The second day was a data-gathering session addressing vulnerabilities, indicators, and observables; presentations and discussions during this session included classified material and were not open to the public. The committee's role was limited to planning and convening the workshop. This report is organized by topic in the order of presentation and discussion at the workshop. For Day 1 the topics were Future of Antennas, Commercial State of the Art of Wireless Communications and Control, Military State of the Art of Wireless Communications and Control, and Future Trends in Antenna Design and Wireless Communications and Control. For Day 2 the topics were Vulnerabilities of Ubiquitous Antennas, and Indicators and Observables, followed by a wrap-up discussion. Summary of a Workshop on the Future of Antennas describes what happened at the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Kuebler, Caryn %E Mackie, Christopher %T Improving Business Statistics Through Interagency Data Sharing: Summary of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-10261-2 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11738/improving-business-statistics-through-interagency-data-sharing-summary-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11738/improving-business-statistics-through-interagency-data-sharing-summary-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 156 %X U.S. business data are used broadly, providing the building blocks for key national—as well as regional and local—statistics measuring aggregate income and output, employment, investment, prices, and productivity. Beyond aggregate statistics, individual- and firm-level data are used for a wide range of microanalyses by academic researchers and by policy makers. In the United States, data collection and production efforts are conducted by a decentralized system of statistical agencies. This apparatus yields an extensive array of data that, particularly when made available in the form of microdata, provides an unparalleled resource for policy analysis and research on social issues and for the production of economic statistics. However, the decentralized nature of the statistical system also creates challenges to efficient data collection, to containment of respondent burden, and to maintaining consistency of terms and units of measurement. It is these challenges that raise to paramount importance the practice of effective data sharing among the statistical agencies. With this as the backdrop, the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) asked the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies to convene a workshop to discuss interagency business data sharing. The workshop was held October 21, 2005. This report is a summary of the discussions of that workshop. The workshop focused on the benefits of data sharing to two groups of stakeholders: the statistical agencies themselves and downstream data users. Presenters were asked to highlight untapped opportunities for productive data sharing that cannot yet be exploited because of regulatory or legislative constraints. The most prominently discussed example was that of tax data needed to reconcile the two primary business lists use by the statistical agencies. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Time Horizons and Technology Investments %@ 978-0-309-04647-3 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1943/time-horizons-and-technology-investments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1943/time-horizons-and-technology-investments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 120 %X It is frequently argued that U.S. corporations have shorter time horizons for planning and investment than their Japanese and German competitors. This argument, though widely accepted in studies of U.S. competitiveness, has rarely been examined in depth. Time Horizons and Technology Investments explores the evidence that some U.S. corporations consistently select projects biased toward short-term return and addresses factors influencing the time-related preferences of U.S. corporate managers in selecting projects for investment. It makes recommendations to policymakers and managers about policies to mitigate negative external influences and about strategies to remove internal biases toward noncompetitive decisions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Mackie, Christopher %T Intangible Assets: Measuring and Enhancing Their Contribution to Corporate Value and Economic Growth %@ 978-0-309-14414-8 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12745/intangible-assets-measuring-and-enhancing-their-contribution-to-corporate-value %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12745/intangible-assets-measuring-and-enhancing-their-contribution-to-corporate-value %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 124 %X Intangible assets--which include computer software, research and development (R&D), intellectual property, workforce training, and spending to raise the efficiency and brand identification of firms--comprise a subset of services, which, in turn, accounts for three-quarters of all economic activity. Increasingly, intangibles are a principal driver of the competitiveness of U.S.-based firms, economic growth, and opportunities for U.S. workers. Yet, despite these developments, many intangible assets are not reported by companies, and, in the national economic accounts, they are treated as expenses rather than investments. On June 23, 2008, a workshop was held to examine measurement of intangibles and their role in the U.S. and global economies. The workshop, summarized in the present volume, included discussions of a range of policy-relevant topics, including: what intangibles are and how they work; the variety and scale of emerging markets in intangibles; and what the government's role should be in supporting markets and promoting investment in intangibles. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academy of Engineering %T Corporate Restructuring and Industrial Research and Development %@ 978-0-309-04186-7 %D 1990 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1546/corporate-restructuring-and-industrial-research-and-development %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1546/corporate-restructuring-and-industrial-research-and-development %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 160 %X The debate about the effects of corporate restructuring on industrial investment in research and development has important implications for public policy, since research and development is vital to the nation's ability to compete in the global marketplace. Researchers worry that debt service will cut research and development funds; financiers argue that restructuring improves corporate efficiency without affecting research and development expenditures. This book eminated from a symposium sponsored by the Academy Industry Program. The speakers represented a range of opinions from government, Wall Street, industry, and academia. In addition to helping all sides in the dialogue learn something of the others' needs and expectations by presenting various points of view on the issue, the discussions identify areas in which more research is needed to guide policy decisions. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %T Science and Technology in the National Interest: The Presidential Appointment Process %@ 978-0-309-07292-2 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9973/science-and-technology-in-the-national-interest-the-presidential-appointment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9973/science-and-technology-in-the-national-interest-the-presidential-appointment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Industry and Labor %P 32 %X This report is the second edition of the 1992 COSEPUP report "Science and Technology Leadership in American Government: Ensuring the Best Presidential Appointments." As was the case with the original report, this report analyzes the federal government's capacity to recruit highly qualified individuals for the top science and technology (S&T)-related leadership positions in the executive branch and makes appropriate recommendations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Cooper, Ronald S. %E Merrill, Stephen A. %T Industrial Research and Innovation Indicators: Report of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-05994-7 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5976/industrial-research-and-innovation-indicators-report-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5976/industrial-research-and-innovation-indicators-report-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 62 %X Workshop participants offered a variety of suggestions to the National Science Foundation (NSF) and other federal agencies to improve the usefulness and relevance of data on industrial research and innovation, as well as to increase efficiency in collecting and processing the data. The suggestions dealt with the need to (1) clarify policy information needs; (2) improve the quality, coverage, and collection of existing data items; and (3) identify and collect new types of data. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Public Transportation's Role in Addressing Global Climate Change %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23056/public-transportations-role-in-addressing-global-climate-change %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23056/public-transportations-role-in-addressing-global-climate-change %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 22 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 89: Public Transportation’s Role in Addressing Global Climate Change provides an overview of an International Transit Studies Program mission that investigated public transportation’s role in addressing global climate change in several cities in Ireland, Germany, Italy, and Spain. %0 Book %A National Research Council %A National Academy of Engineering %E Personick, Stewart D. %E Patterson, Cynthia A. %T Critical Information Infrastructure Protection and the Law: An Overview of Key Issues %@ 978-0-309-08878-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10685/critical-information-infrastructure-protection-and-the-law-an-overview-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10685/critical-information-infrastructure-protection-and-the-law-an-overview-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 102 %X All critical infrastructures are increasingly dependent on the information infrastructure for information management, communications, and control functions. Protection of the critical information infrastructure (CIIP), therefore, is of prime concern. To help with this step, the National Academy of Engineering asked the NRC to assess the various legal issues associated with CIIP. These issues include incentives and disincentives for information sharing between the public and private sectors, and the role of FOIA and antitrust laws as a barrier or facilitator to progress. The report also provides a preliminary analysis of the role of criminal law, liability law, and the establishment of best practices, in encouraging various stakeholders to secure their computer systems and networks. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %E Bement, Arden, Jr. %E Dutta, Debasish %E Patil, Lalit %T Educate to Innovate: Factors That Influence Innovation: Based on Input from Innovators and Stakeholders %@ 978-0-309-36879-7 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21698/educate-to-innovate-factors-that-influence-innovation-based-on-input %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21698/educate-to-innovate-factors-that-influence-innovation-based-on-input %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 102 %X Robust innovation in the United States is key to a strong and competitive industry and workforce. Efforts to improve the capacity of individuals and organizations to innovate must be a high national priority to ensure that the United States remains a leader in the global economy. How is the United States preparing its students and workers to innovate and excel? What skills and attributes need to be nurtured? The aim of the Educate to Innovate project is to expand and improve the innovative capacity of individuals and organizations by identifying critical skills, attributes, and best practices - indeed, cultures - for nurturing them. The project findings will enable educators in industry and at all levels of academia to cultivate the next generation of American innovators and thus ensure that the U.S. workforce remains highly competitive in the face of rapid technological changes. Educate to Innovate summarizes the keynote and plenary presentations from a workshop convened in October 2013. The workshop brought together innovators and leaders from various fields to share insights on innovation and its education. This report continues on to describe the specific skills, experiences, and environments that contribute to the success of innovators, and suggests next steps based on discussion from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Cohen, Wesley M. %E Merrill, Stephen A. %T Patents in the Knowledge-Based Economy %@ 978-0-309-08636-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10770/patents-in-the-knowledge-based-economy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 352 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for Our Nation %@ 978-0-309-26377-1 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13491/optics-and-photonics-essential-technologies-for-our-nation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13491/optics-and-photonics-essential-technologies-for-our-nation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 359 %X Optics and photonics technologies are ubiquitous: they are responsible for the displays on smart phones and computing devices, optical fiber that carries the information in the internet, advanced precision manufacturing, enhanced defense capabilities, and a plethora of medical diagnostics tools. The opportunities arising from optics and photonics offer the potential for even greater societal impact in the next few decades, including solar power generation and new efficient lighting that could transform the nation's energy landscape and new optical capabilities that will be essential to support the continued exponential growth of the Internet. As described in the National Research Council report Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation, it is critical for the United States to take advantage of these emerging optical technologies for creating new industries and generating job growth. The report assesses the current state of optical science and engineering in the United States and abroad—including market trends, workforce needs, and the impact of photonics on the national economy. It identifies the technological opportunities that have arisen from recent advances in, and applications of, optical science and engineering. The report also calls for improved management of U.S. public and private research and development resources, emphasizing the need for public policy that encourages adoption of a portfolio approach to investing in the wide and diverse opportunities now available within photonics. Optics and Photonics: Essential Technologies for our Nation is a useful overview not only for policymakers, such as decision-makers at relevant Federal agencies on the current state of optics and photonics research and applications but also for individuals seeking a broad understanding of the fields of optics and photonics in many arenas.