%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Venus Missions: Letter Report %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11584/assessment-of-planetary-protection-requirements-for-venus-missions-letter-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11584/assessment-of-planetary-protection-requirements-for-venus-missions-letter-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 16 %X In 2005, the Planetary Protection Office of NASA asked the NRC to advise the Office on planetary protection concerns about missions to and from Venus. In particular, the NRC was asked to assess whether the surface and atmospheric environments of Venus might be capable of supporting microbial contamination from Earth, and, if so, to recommend prevention measures for future missions; to recommend planetary protection measures associated with return of samples from Venus to Earth; and to identify specific scientific investigations that may be needed to reduce any uncertainty in those assessments. This letter report provides a review of scientific considerations and past NRC studies on the issue; brief assessments of the key topics affecting the potential for forward and back contamination; a review of planetary protection considerations; and conclusions and recommendations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Letter Report: Scientific Assessment of Options for the Disposition of the Galileo Spacecraft %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9896/letter-report-scientific-assessment-of-options-for-the-disposition-of-the-galileo-spacecraft %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9896/letter-report-scientific-assessment-of-options-for-the-disposition-of-the-galileo-spacecraft %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 9 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes %@ 978-0-309-47865-6 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25172/review-and-assessment-of-planetary-protection-policy-development-processes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25172/review-and-assessment-of-planetary-protection-policy-development-processes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 138 %X Protecting Earth's environment and other solar system bodies from harmful contamination has been an important principle throughout the history of space exploration. For decades, the scientific, political, and economic conditions of space exploration converged in ways that contributed to effective development and implementation of planetary protection policies at national and international levels. However, the future of space exploration faces serious challenges to the development and implementation of planetary protection policy. The most disruptive changes are associated with (1) sample return from, and human missions to, Mars; and (2) missions to those bodies in the outer solar system possessing water oceans beneath their icy surfaces. Review and Assessment of Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes addresses the implications of changes in the complexion of solar system exploration as they apply to the process of developing planetary protection policy. Specifically, this report examines the history of planetary protection policy, assesses the current policy development process, and recommends actions to improve the policy development process in the future. %0 Book %T Biological Contamination of Mars: Issues and Recommendations %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12305/biological-contamination-of-mars-issues-and-recommendations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12305/biological-contamination-of-mars-issues-and-recommendations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 123 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars %@ 978-0-309-09724-6 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11381/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-mars %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11381/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-mars %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 166 %X Recent spacecraft and robotic probes to Mars have yielded data that are changing our understanding significantly about the possibility of existing or past life on that planet. Coupled with advances in biology and life-detection techniques, these developments place increasing importance on the need to protect Mars from contamination by Earth-borne organisms. To help with this effort, NASA requested that the NRC examine existing planetary protection measures for Mars and recommend changes and further research to improve such measures. This report discusses policies, requirements, and techniques to protect Mars from organisms originating on Earth that could interfere with scientific investigations. It provides recommendations on cleanliness and biological burden levels of Mars-bound spacecraft, methods to reach those levels, and research to reduce uncertainties in preventing forward contamination of Mars. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Grumbling, Emily %T Privacy Research and Best Practices: Summary of a Workshop for the Intelligence Community %@ 978-0-309-38919-8 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21879/privacy-research-and-best-practices-summary-of-a-workshop-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21879/privacy-research-and-best-practices-summary-of-a-workshop-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 66 %X Recent disclosures about the bulk collection of domestic phone call records and other signals intelligence programs have stimulated widespread debate about the implications of such practices for the civil liberties and privacy of Americans. In the wake of these disclosures, many have identified a need for the intelligence community to engage more deeply with outside privacy experts and stakeholders. At the request of the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to address the privacy implications of emerging technologies, public and individual preferences and attitudes toward privacy, and ethical approaches to data collection and use. This report summarizes discussions between experts from academia and the private sector and from the intelligence community on private sector best practices and privacy research results. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions %@ 978-0-309-13073-8 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12576/assessment-of-planetary-protection-requirements-for-mars-sample-return-missions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12576/assessment-of-planetary-protection-requirements-for-mars-sample-return-missions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 90 %X NASA maintains a planetary protection policy to avoid the forward biological contamination of other worlds by terrestrial organisms, and back biological contamination of Earth from the return of extraterrestrial materials by spaceflight missions. Forward-contamination issues related to Mars missions were addressed in a 2006 National Research Council (NRC) book, Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars. However, it has been more than 10 years since back-contamination issues were last examined. Driven by a renewed interest in Mars sample return missions, this book reviews, updates, and replaces the planetary protection conclusions and recommendations contained in the NRC's 1997 report Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations. The specific issues addressed in this book include the following: The potential for living entities to be included in samples returned from Mars; Scientific investigations that should be conducted to reduce uncertainty in the above assessment; The potential for large-scale effects on Earth's environment by any returned entity released to the environment; Criteria for intentional sample release, taking note of current and anticipated regulatory frameworks; and The status of technological measures that could be taken on a mission to prevent the inadvertent release of a returned sample into Earth's biosphere. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Report Series: Committee on Planetary Protection: Evaluation of Bioburden Requirements for Mars Missions %@ 978-0-309-27069-4 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26336/report-series-committee-on-planetary-protection-evaluation-of-bioburden-requirements %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26336/report-series-committee-on-planetary-protection-evaluation-of-bioburden-requirements %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 88 %X Since the 1980s, national and international planetary protection policies have sought to avoid contamination by terrestrial organisms that could compromise future investigations regarding the origin or presence of Martian life. Over the last decade, the number of national space agencies planning, participating in, and undertaking missions to Mars has increased, and private-sector enterprises are engaged in activities designed to enable commercial missions to Mars. The nature of missions to Mars is also evolving to feature more diversity in purposes and technologies. As missions to Mars increase and diversify, national and international processes for developing planetary protection measures recognize the need to consider the interests of scientific discovery, commercial activity, and human exploration. The implications of these changes for planetary protection should be considered in the context of how much science has learned about Mars, and about terrestrial life, in recent years. At the request of NASA, this report identifies criteria for determining locations on Mars potentially suitable for landed robotic missions that satisfy less stringent bioburden requirements, which are intended to manage the risk of forward contamination. %0 Book %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2005 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11716/space-studies-board-annual-report-2005 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11716/space-studies-board-annual-report-2005 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 138 %0 Book %T Assessment of NASA's Mars Exploration Architecture: Letter Report %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12269/assessment-of-nasas-mars-exploration-architecture-letter-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12269/assessment-of-nasas-mars-exploration-architecture-letter-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 22 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Goals, Rationales, and Definition of Planetary Protection: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-46162-7 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24809/the-goals-rationales-and-definition-of-planetary-protection-interim-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24809/the-goals-rationales-and-definition-of-planetary-protection-interim-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 34 %X Solar system exploration is in an extraordinary state of expansion. Scientific capabilities to search for evidence of extant or relic life outside Earth—among the principal goals of solar system exploration—are advancing rapidly. In this time of rapid transition in exploring solar system bodies, the importance of reexamining planetary protection policies, including the need for clarity in how NASA establishes such policies, has become more urgent. Overall, this study seeks to review the current state of planetary protection policy development, assess the responsiveness of the policy development process to contemporary and anticipated needs, and recommend actions that might assure the effectiveness of NASA’s future coordination and execution of planetary protection. This interim report focuses on the goals of and rationales for planetary protection policies and suggests a working definition of planetary protection consistent with those goals. It does not address future commercial planetary missions, human missions to planetary bodies, or roles and responsibilities for implementing policies, but these issues will be addressed in the final report. %0 Book %T Preventing the Forward Contamination of Europa %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9895/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-europa %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9895/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-europa %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 54 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Planetary Protection Considerations for Missions to Solar System Small Bodies: Report Series—Committee on Planetary Protection %@ 978-0-309-69372-1 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26714/planetary-protection-considerations-for-missions-to-solar-system-small-bodies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26714/planetary-protection-considerations-for-missions-to-solar-system-small-bodies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 64 %X The ultimate goal of planetary protection for outbound missions is to prevent harmful contamination that would inhibit future measurements designed to search for evidence of the existence or evolution of extraterrestrial life. Preventing harmful contamination is achieved by following specific guidelines based on existing scientific knowledge about the destination and the type of mission. This report responds to NASA's request for a study on planetary protection categorization of missions to small bodies, including whether there are particular populations of small bodies for which contamination of one object in the population would not be likely to have a tangible effect on the opportunities for scientific investigation using other objects in the population. In addressing NASA's request, the authoring committee considered surface composition of target bodies and their importance for prebiotic chemistry, along with size of the small-body populations, the current state of knowledge on the types of objects, the likelihood of a future scientific mission returning to any specific object, active object surface processes, and the size. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bricker, Lew R. C. %E Petermann, Tanya N. %E Hines, Margaret %E Sands, Jocelyn %T The Legal Definitions of “First Responder” %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22451/the-legal-definitions-of-first-responder %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22451/the-legal-definitions-of-first-responder %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 30 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Results Digest 385: The Legal Definitions of “First Responder” explores the definition of “first responders.” The report also contains an analysis of grants available from the federal government to aid state and local governmental entities in preparing for and responding to natural or man-made disasters and emergencies. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Balog, John %E Bromley, Peter %E Strongin, Jamie Beth %E Boyd, Annabelle %E Caton, James %E Mitchell, Don %T K9 Units in Public Transportation: A Guide for Decision Makers %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24721/k9-units-in-public-transportation-a-guide-for-decision-makers %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24721/k9-units-in-public-transportation-a-guide-for-decision-makers %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 134 %X TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 86: Public Transportation Security, Volume 2: K9 Units in Public Transportation: A Guide for Decision Makers offers information on current K9 deployment practices, K9 program establishment issues, and explosives detection. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2014 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21671/space-studies-board-annual-report-2014 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21671/space-studies-board-annual-report-2014 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 82 %X The original charter of the Space Science Board was established in June 1958, 3 months before the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) opened its doors. The Space Science Board and its successor, the Space Studies Board (SSB), have provided expert external and independent scientific and programmatic advice to NASA on a continuous basis from NASA's inception until the present. The SSB has also provided such advice to other executive branch agencies, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the National Science Foundation (NSF), the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), the Department of Defense, as well as to Congress. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2014 covers a message from the chair of the SSB, David N. Spergel. This report also explains the origins of the Space Science Board, how the Space Studies Board functions today, the SSB's collaboration with other National Research Council units, assures the quality of the SSB reports, acknowledges the audience and sponsors, and expresses the necessity to enhance the outreach and improve dissemination of SSB reports. This report will be relevant to a full range of government audiences in civilian space research - including NASA, NSF, NOAA, USGS, and the Department of Energy, as well members of the SSB, policy makers, and researchers. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Assessment of the Report of NASA's Planetary Protection Independent Review Board %@ 978-0-309-67649-6 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25773/assessment-of-the-report-of-nasas-planetary-protection-independent-review-board %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25773/assessment-of-the-report-of-nasas-planetary-protection-independent-review-board %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 88 %X The goal of planetary protection is to control, to the degree possible, the biological cross-contamination of planetary bodies. Guidelines developed by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) are used by all spacefaring nations to guide their preparations for encounters with solar system bodies. NASA's Science Mission Directorate has convened the Planetary Protection Independent Review Board (PPIRB) to consider updating the COSPAR guidelines given the growing interest from commercial and private groups in exploration and utilization of Mars and other bodies in space. At the request of NASA, this publication reviews the findings of the PPIRB and comments on their consistency with the recommendations of the recent National Academies report Review and Assessment of the Planetary Protection Policy Development Processes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2009 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12918/space-studies-board-annual-report-2009 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12918/space-studies-board-annual-report-2009 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 110 %X The Space Studies Board (SSB) was established in 1958 to serve as the focus of the interests and responsibilities in space research for the National Academies. The SSB provides an independent, authoritative forum for information and advice on all aspects of space science and applications, and it serves as the focal point within the National Academies for activities on space research. It oversees advisory studies and program assessments, facilitates international research coordination, and promotes communications on space science and science policy between the research community, the federal government, and the interested public. The SSB also serves as the U.S. National Committee for the International Council for Science Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). The present volume reviews the organization, activities, and reports of the SSB for the year 2009. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Space Studies Board Annual Report 2019 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26073/space-studies-board-annual-report-2019 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26073/space-studies-board-annual-report-2019 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 116 %X The Space Studies Board (SSB) is a unit of the Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. SSB provides an independent, authoritative forum for information and advice on all aspects of space science and applications and serves as the focal point within the National Academies for activities on space research. Space Studies Board Annual Report 2019 describes the projects and activities of SSB; explains the SSB's collaboration with other National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine units; and assures the quality of the SSB reports. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Teper, Scott %E Patel, Amit %E Urrego, Juliana %E Stephens, Mia %E Genser, Abigail %E Freadman, Michele %T Developing an Airport Communicable Disease Response Plan: Guide and Template %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27736/developing-an-airport-communicable-disease-response-plan-guide-and-template %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27736/developing-an-airport-communicable-disease-response-plan-guide-and-template %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 47 %X As air travel continues to increase worldwide, threats from communicable disease transmission via air travel remains a top public health concern. Airports can serve as a setting for potential community spread while simultaneously, communicable diseases can adversely impact airport operations.ACRP Web-Only Document 57: Developing an Airport Communicable Disease Response Plan: Guide and Template, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, provides airport operators with the fundamental information needed to understand communicable diseases and their intersection with airports, an understanding of the range of factors that influence communicable disease incidents in airport contexts, and detailed actions that airport practitioners can consider to develop and implement an airport communicable disease response plan.