TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Parsons Brinckerhoff TI - Improving Our Understanding of How Highway Congestion and Pricing Affect Travel Demand DO - 10.17226/22689 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22689/improving-our-understanding-of-how-highway-congestion-and-pricing-affect-travel-demand PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-C04-RW-1: Improving Our Understanding of How Highway Congestion and Pricing Affect Travel Demand includes mathematical descriptions of the full range of highway user behavioral responses to congestion, travel time reliability, and pricing. The descriptions included in the report were achieved by mining existing data sets. The report estimates a series of nine utility equations, progressively adding variables of interest.The report explores the effect on demand and route choice of demographic characteristics, car occupancy, value of travel time, value of travel time reliability, situational variability, and an observed toll aversion bias.An unabridged, unedited version of Chapter 3: Demand Model Specifications and Estimation Results is available electronically. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Assessment in Support of Instruction and Learning: Bridging the Gap Between Large-Scale and Classroom Assessment: Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/10802 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10802/assessment-in-support-of-instruction-and-learning-bridging-the-gap PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Assessment in Support of Instruction and Learning is the summary of a National Research Council workshop convened to examine the gap between external and classroom assessment. This report discusses issues associated with designing an assessment system that meets the demands of public accountability and, at the same time, improves the quality of the education that students receive day by day. This report focuses on assessment that addresses both accountability and learning. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James W. Pellegrino A2 - Naomi Chudowsky A2 - Robert Glaser TI - Knowing What Students Know: The Science and Design of Educational Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/10019 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10019/knowing-what-students-know-the-science-and-design-of-educational PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Education is a hot topic. From the stage of presidential debates to tonight's dinner table, it is an issue that most Americans are deeply concerned about. While there are many strategies for improving the educational process, we need a way to find out what works and what doesn't work as well. Educational assessment seeks to determine just how well students are learning and is an integral part of our quest for improved education. The nation is pinning greater expectations on educational assessment than ever before. We look to these assessment tools when documenting whether students and institutions are truly meeting education goals. But we must stop and ask a crucial question: What kind of assessment is most effective? At a time when traditional testing is subject to increasing criticism, research suggests that new, exciting approaches to assessment may be on the horizon. Advances in the sciences of how people learn and how to measure such learning offer the hope of developing new kinds of assessments-assessments that help students succeed in school by making as clear as possible the nature of their accomplishments and the progress of their learning. Knowing What Students Know essentially explains how expanding knowledge in the scientific fields of human learning and educational measurement can form the foundations of an improved approach to assessment. These advances suggest ways that the targets of assessment-what students know and how well they know it-as well as the methods used to make inferences about student learning can be made more valid and instructionally useful. Principles for designing and using these new kinds of assessments are presented, and examples are used to illustrate the principles. Implications for policy, practice, and research are also explored. With the promise of a productive research-based approach to assessment of student learning, Knowing What Students Know will be important to education administrators, assessment designers, teachers and teacher educators, and education advocates. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Mark R. Wilson A2 - Meryl W. Bertenthal TI - Systems for State Science Assessment SN - DO - 10.17226/11312 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11312/systems-for-state-science-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In response to the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 (NCLB), Systems for State Science Assessment explores the ideas and tools that are needed to assess science learning at the state level. This book provides a detailed examination of K-12 science assessment: looking specifically at what should be measured and how to measure it. Along with reading and mathematics, the testing of science is a key component of NCLB—it is part of the national effort to establish challenging academic content standards and develop the tools to measure student progress toward higher achievement. The book will be a critical resource for states that are designing and implementing science assessments to meet the 2007-2008 requirements of NCLB. In addition to offering important information for states, Systems for State Science Assessment provides policy makers, local schools, teachers, scientists, and parents with a broad view of the role of testing and assessment in science education. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Mathematical Foundations of High-Performance Computing and Communications DO - 10.17226/9277 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9277/mathematical-foundations-of-high-performance-computing-and-communications PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Comparative Analysis of Fertility, Breastfeeding, and Contraception SN - DO - 10.17226/673 PY - 1983 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/673/comparative-analysis-of-fertility-breastfeeding-and-contraception PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK TI - Review of NASA's Earth Science Enterprise Research Strategy for 2000-2010 DO - 10.17226/9960 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9960/review-of-nasas-earth-science-enterprise-research-strategy-for-2000-2010 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David Ballard, Laurie A. Garrow, and Geoffrey D. Gosling TI - Using Disaggregated Socioeconomic Data in Air Passenger Demand Studies DO - 10.17226/25411 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25411/using-disaggregated-socioeconomic-data-in-air-passenger-demand-studies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report: 194: Using Disaggregated Socioeconomic Data in Air Passenger Demand Studies explores the potential benefits of using disaggregated socioeconomic data, such as regional household income distributions and air passenger and travel survey data, for air passenger demand studies. Aviation demand is strongly correlated to socioeconomic activity, and analysts typically use aggregate socioeconomic data, such as gross regional product or average regional household income, to better understand current and potential future aviation demand. Since the United States is experiencing significant and ongoing demographic trends there is a question as to whether traditional methods and data sources will adequately capture these trends or would more detailed, disaggregated socioeconomic data, or even nontraditional data provide more accurate results. This report summarizes long-term socioeconomic trends, attempts to understand their potential impact, and provides guidance for incorporating disaggregated socioeconomic data into air passenger demand studies. The following appendices to ACRP Research Report 194 are available online: Appendix A: Detailed Survey of Past Analyses of Air Passenger Demand Appendix B: Airport Industry Use of Socioeconomic Data for Air Passenger Demand Studies Appendix C: Additional Material on Sources of Disaggregated Socioeconomic Data Appendix D: Detailed Case Study Analysis Results Appendix E: Background on Other Analytic Approaches ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Clare Stroud A2 - Kristin Viswanathan A2 - Tia Powell A2 - Robert R. Bass TI - Prepositioning Antibiotics for Anthrax SN - DO - 10.17226/13218 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13218/prepositioning-antibiotics-for-anthrax PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - If terrorists released Bacillus anthracis over a large city, hundreds of thousands of people could be at risk of the deadly disease anthrax-caused by the B. anthracis spores-unless they had rapid access to antibiotic medical countermeasures (MCM). Although plans for rapidly delivering MCM to a large number of people following an anthrax attack have been greatly enhanced during the last decade, many public health authorities and policy experts fear that the nation's current systems and plans are insufficient to respond to the most challenging scenarios, such as a very large-scale anthrax attack. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response commissioned the Institute of Medicine to examine the potential uses, benefits, and disadvantages of strategies for repositioning antibiotics. This involves storing antibiotics close to or in the possession of the people who would need rapid access to them should an attack occur. Prepositioning Antibiotics for Anthrax reviews the scientific evidence on the time window in which antibiotics successfully prevent anthrax and the implications for decision making about prepositioning, describes potential prepositioning strategies, and develops a framework to assist state, local, and tribal public health authorities in determining whether prepositioning strategies would be beneficial for their communities. However, based on an analysis of the likely health benefits, health risks, and relative costs of the different prepositioning strategies, the book also develops findings and recommendations to provide jurisdictions with some practical insights as to the circumstances in which different prepositioning strategies may be beneficial. Finally, the book identifies federal- and national-level actions that would facilitate the evaluation and development of prepositioning strategies. Recognizing that communities across the nation have differing needs and capabilities, the findings presented in this report are intended to assist public health officials in considering the benefits, costs, and trade-offs involved in developing alternative prepositioning strategies appropriate to their particular communities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options: A Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/10520 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10520/scientific-and-policy-considerations-in-developing-smallpox-vaccination-options-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - At the World Health Assembly in May 1980, the World Health Organization declared the world free of smallpox. Smallpox vaccination of civilians is now indicated only for laboratory workers directly involved with smallpox or closely related orthopox viruses. However recent questions raised by the terrorist attacks in fall 2001 have renewed concerns about possible outbreaks of smallpox resulting from its use as a biological weapon. In June 2002, the Institute of Medicine convened a public conference to discuss the scientific, clinical, procedural, and administrative aspects of various immunization strategies. Scientific and Policy Considerations in Developing Smallpox Vaccination Options summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Path to the Ph.D.: Measuring Graduate Attrition in the Sciences and Humanities SN - DO - 10.17226/5195 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5195/the-path-to-the-phd-measuring-graduate-attrition-in-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - There is a growing concern among educators and policymakers about the level of attrition from Ph.D. programs in the sciences and humanities at some U.S. universities. Reliable estimates of graduate student attrition are difficult to obtain, however, because most information comes from the administrative records of individual institutions. This book provides a summary of datasets that could be used to analyze patterns of graduate student attrition and degree completion nationally, along with an analysis of recent studies on the subject. Based on this information, the committee examines the feasibility of designing a system to produce national estimates of graduate student attrition. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Yannis C. Stogios A2 - Andy Brijmohan A2 - Hani Mahmassani A2 - Jiwon Kim A2 - Ying Chen A2 - Peter Vovsha TI - Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into Operations and Planning Modeling Tools DO - 10.17226/22388 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22388/incorporating-reliability-performance-measures-into-operations-and-planning-modeling-tools PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-L04-RR-1: Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into Operations and Planning Modeling Tools explores the underlying conceptual foundations of travel modeling and traffic simulation and provides practical means of generating realistic reliability performance measures using network simulation models.SHRP 2 Reliability Project L04 also produced a report titled Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into Operations and Planning Modeling Tools Application Guidelines that provides an overview of the methodology and tools that can be applied to existing microsimulation and mesoscopic modeling software in order to assess travel time reliability.SHRP 2 Reliability Project L04 also produced another publication titled Incorporating Reliability Performance Measures into Operations and Planning Modeling Tools: Reference Material that discusses the activities required to develop operational models to address the needs of the L04 research project.The L04 project also produced two pieces of software and accompanying user’s guides: the Trajectory Processor and the Scenario Manager.Software Disclaimer: These materials are offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind, either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively “TRB”) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of these materials. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Evaluation of the U.S. Navy's Extremely Low Frequency Submarine Communications Ecological Monitoring Program SN - DO - 10.17226/5410 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5410/an-evaluation-of-the-us-navys-extremely-low-frequency-submarine-communications-ecological-monitoring-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The U.S. Navy established an ecological monitoring program to determine whether electric and magnetic fields from extremely low frequency (ELF) communications systems influenced plant and animal populations near the transmitting facilities. Although some of the researchers believe that a few biological changes might have occurred, they concluded that the results do not indicate significant adverse ecological effects. This book evaluates the 11 ecological studies of the Navy's monitoring program and examines the adequacy of experimental design, the data collection and analysis, and the soundness of the conclusions. It also addresses whether the monitoring program was capable of detecting subtle effects due to ELF exposure and examines the biological changes observed by some program researchers, such as enhanced tree growth. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - V. Ayano Ogawa A2 - T. Anh Tran A2 - Cecilia Mundaca Shah TI - Understanding the Economics of Microbial Threats: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25224 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25224/understanding-the-economics-of-microbial-threats-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Microbial threats, including endemic and emerging infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance, can cause not only substantial health consequences but also enormous disruption to economic activity worldwide. While scientific advances have undoubtedly strengthened our ability to respond to and mitigate the mortality of infectious disease threats, events over the past two decades have illustrated our continued vulnerability to economic consequences from these threats. To assess the current understanding of the interaction of infectious disease threats with economic activity and suggest potential new areas of research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine planned a 1.5-day public workshop on understanding the economics of microbial threats. This workshop built on prior work of the Forum on Microbial Threats and aimed to help transform current knowledge into immediate action. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluation of the Markey Scholars Program SN - DO - 10.17226/11755 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11755/evaluation-of-the-markey-scholars-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Health and Medicine AB - One of five in a series evaluating the grant programs of the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust, this report examines the Markey Scholars Awards in Biomedical Sciences. The Scholars program awarded more than $50 million to outstanding young investigators as postdoctorates and junior faculty. Using analysis of curriculum vitae, data on citations and grants, and interviews, the report examines the career outcomes of Scholars relative to those of individuals who applied for the Scholars award. The authoring committee concludes that the Scholars program was a success and provides a template for current programs designed to address the career transitions of young investigators. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Matthew Blaschke A2 - Lacy Brown A2 - Karen K. Dixon A2 - Eun Sug Park A2 - Maryam Shirinzad A2 - Jim L. Gattis A2 - Robert Layton A2 - Vergil Stover A2 - Phil Demosthenes A2 - Larry Sutherland A2 - Herbert Levinson TI - Access Management in the Vicinity of Interchanges, Volume 1: Practitioner’s Guide DO - 10.17226/26502 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26502/access-management-in-the-vicinity-of-interchanges-volume-1-practitioners-guide PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Careful management of access points along crossroads in the vicinity of interchanges can help enhance operational and safety performance at these complex, transportation facilities.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 977: Access Management in the Vicinity of Interchanges, Volume 1: Practitioner’s Guide provides an overview of common interchange configurations and the known impacts of access management on crossroads at these locations.Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Research Report 977: Access Management in the Vicinity of Interchanges, Volume 2: Research Overview; a suite of PowerPoint slides on the Importance of Access Management, Influential Factors, Assessment Methods, a Case Study Example, and Management Methods; and the Access Management Interchange Decision Tool, which is a spreadsheet for estimating expected corridor speeds as they relate to driveway spacing guidelines. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Leslie Pray TI - Relationships Among the Brain, the Digestive System, and Eating Behavior: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21654 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21654/relationships-among-the-brain-the-digestive-system-and-eating-behavior PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition KW - Health and Medicine AB - On July 9-10, 2014, the Institute of Medicine's Food Forum hosted a public workshop to explore emerging and rapidly developing research on relationships among the brain, the digestive system, and eating behavior. Drawing on expertise from the fields of nutrition and food science, animal and human physiology and behavior, and psychology and psychiatry as well as related fields, the purpose of the workshop was to (1) review current knowledge on the relationship between the brain and eating behavior, explore the interaction between the brain and the digestive system, and consider what is known about the brain's role in eating patterns and consumer choice; (2) evaluate current methods used to determine the impact of food on brain activity and eating behavior; and (3) identify gaps in knowledge and articulate a theoretical framework for future research. Relationships among the Brain, the Digestive System, and Eating Behavior summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Environmental Neurotoxicology SN - DO - 10.17226/1801 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1801/environmental-neurotoxicology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Scientists agree that exposure to toxic agents in the environment can cause neurological and psychiatric illnesses ranging from headaches and depression to syndromes resembling parkinsonism. It can even result in death at high exposure levels. The emergence of subclinical neurotoxicity--the concept that long-term impairments can escape clinical detection--makes the need for risk assessment even more critical.This volume paves the way toward definitive solutions, presenting the current consensus on risk assessment and environmental toxicants and offering specific recommendations.The book covers:The biologic basis of neurotoxicity.Progress in the application of biologic markers.Reviews of a wide range of in vitro and in vivo testing techniques.The use of surveillance and epidemiology to identify neurotoxic hazards that escape premarket screening.Research needs.This volume will be an important resource for policymakers, health specialists, researchers, and students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Myopia: Prevalence and Progression SN - DO - 10.17226/1420 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1420/myopia-prevalence-and-progression PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This book considers the issues surrounding the occurrence, progression, and predictability of myopia (near-sightedness), with special emphasis on the 16- to 26-year-old population. Myopia reviews only the most pertinent published research in this area, analyzing the findings and drawing conclusions from these studies. The observations and recommendations will undoubtedly be of considerable interest to vision scientists and clinicians alike. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James W. Pellegrino A2 - Lee R. Jones A2 - Karen J. Mitchell TI - Grading the Nation's Report Card: Evaluating NAEP and Transforming the Assessment of Educational Progress SN - DO - 10.17226/6296 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6296/grading-the-nations-report-card-evaluating-naep-and-transforming-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Since the late 1960s, the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP)—the nation's report card—has been the only continuing measure of student achievement in key subject areas. Increasingly, educators and policymakers have expected NAEP to serve as a lever for education reform and many other purposes beyond its original role. Grading the Nation's Report Card examines ways NAEP can be strengthened to provide more informative portrayals of student achievement and the school and system factors that influence it. The committee offers specific recommendations and strategies for improving NAEP's effectiveness and utility, including: Linking achievement data to other education indicators. Streamlining data collection and other aspects of its design. Including students with disabilities and English-language learners. Revamping the process by which achievement levels are set. The book explores how to improve NAEP framework documents—which identify knowledge and skills to be assessed—with a clearer eye toward the inferences that will be drawn from the results. What should the nation expect from NAEP? What should NAEP do to meet these expectations? This book provides a blueprint for a new paradigm, important to education policymakers, professors, and students, as well as school administrators and teachers, and education advocates. ER -