%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Stratton, Kathleen %E Ford, Andrew %E Rusch, Erin %E Clayton, Ellen Wright %T Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality %@ 978-0-309-21435-3 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13164/adverse-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-causality %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13164/adverse-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-causality %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 894 %X In 1900, for every 1,000 babies born in the United States, 100 would die before their first birthday, often due to infectious diseases. Today, vaccines exist for many viral and bacterial diseases. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, passed in 1986, was intended to bolster vaccine research and development through the federal coordination of vaccine initiatives and to provide relief to vaccine manufacturers facing financial burdens. The legislation also intended to address concerns about the safety of vaccines by instituting a compensation program, setting up a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, and by providing information to consumers. A key component of the legislation required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to collaborate with the Institute of Medicine to assess concerns about the safety of vaccines and potential adverse events, especially in children. Adverse Effects of Vaccines reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated with specific vaccines covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), including the varicella zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the human papillomavirus vaccine, among others. For each possible adverse event, the report reviews peer-reviewed primary studies, summarizes their findings, and evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence. It finds that while no vaccine is 100 percent safe, very few adverse events are shown to be caused by vaccines. In addition, the evidence shows that vaccines do not cause several conditions. For example, the MMR vaccine is not associated with autism or childhood diabetes. Also, the DTaP vaccine is not associated with diabetes and the influenza vaccine given as a shot does not exacerbate asthma. Adverse Effects of Vaccines will be of special interest to the National Vaccine Program Office, the VICP, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccine safety researchers and manufacturers, parents, caregivers, and health professionals in the private and public sectors. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Productivity of World Ecosystems: Proceedings of a Symposium %D 1975 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20114/productivity-of-world-ecosystems-proceedings-of-a-symposium %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20114/productivity-of-world-ecosystems-proceedings-of-a-symposium %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 173 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 4: Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War %@ 978-0-309-10176-9 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11729/gulf-war-and-health-volume-4-health-effects-of-serving %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11729/gulf-war-and-health-volume-4-health-effects-of-serving %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 292 %X In 1998, in response to the growing concerns that many returning Gulf War veterans began reporting numerous health problems that they believed to be associated with their service in the Persian Gulf, Congress passed two laws which directed the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to enter into a contract with the National Academy of Sciences. They were tasked to review and evaluate the scientific and medical literature regarding associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, and preventive medicines or vaccines associated with Gulf War service. In addition, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences provided conclusions to these studies that were considered when making decisions about compensation to veterans. Gulf War and Health Volume 4: Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War summarizes in one place the current status of health effects in veterans deployed to the Persian Gulf irrespective of exposure information. This book reviews, evaluates, and summarizes both peer-reviewed scientific and medical literature addressing the health status of Gulf War veterans. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 6: Physiologic, Psychologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress %@ 978-0-309-10177-6 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11922/gulf-war-and-health-volume-6-physiologic-psychologic-and-psychosocial %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11922/gulf-war-and-health-volume-6-physiologic-psychologic-and-psychosocial %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %P 358 %X The sixth in a series of congressionally mandated reports on Gulf War veterans' health, this volume evaluates the health effects associated with stress. Since the launch of Operation Desert Storm in 1991, there has been growing concern about the physical and psychological health of Gulf War and other veterans. In the late 1990s, Congress responded by asking the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) to review and evaluate the scientific and medical literature regarding associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, and preventive medicines or vaccines in members of the armed forces who were exposed to such agents. Deployment to a war zone has a profound impact on the lives of troops and on their family members. There are a plethora of stressors associated with deployment, including constant vigilance against unexpected attack, difficulty distinguishing enemy combatants from civilians, concerns about survival, caring for the badly injured, and witnessing the death of a person. Less traumatic but more pervasive stressors include anxiety about home life, such as loss of a job and income, impacts on relationships, and absence from family. The focus of this report, by the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Gulf War and Health: Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Deployment-Related Stress, is the long-term effects of deployment-related stress. Gulf War and Health: Volume 6. Physiologic, and Psychosocial Effects of Development Related Stress evaluates the scientific literature regarding association between deployment-related stressors and health effects, and provides meaningful recommendations to remedy this problem. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 8: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War %@ 978-0-309-14921-1 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12835/gulf-war-and-health-volume-8-update-of-health-effects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12835/gulf-war-and-health-volume-8-update-of-health-effects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 318 %X For the United States, the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a brief and successful military operation with few injuries and deaths. However, soon after returning from duty, a large number of veterans began reporting health problems they believed were associated with their service in the Gulf. At the request of Congress, the IOM is conducting an ongoing review of the evidence to determine veterans' long-term health problems and what might be causing those problems. The fourth volume in the series, released in 2006, summarizes the long-term health problems seen in Gulf War veterans. In 2008, the IOM began an update to look at existing health problems and identify possible new ones, considering evidence collected since the initial summary. In this report, the IOM determines that Gulf War service causes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and that service is associated with multisymptom illness; gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome; alcohol and other substance abuse; and anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders. To ensure that our veterans receive the best possible care, now and in the future, the government should continue to monitor their health and conduct research to identify the best treatments to assist Gulf War veterans still suffering from persistent, unexplained illnesses. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Cory-Slechta, Deborah %E Wedge, Roberta %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 10: Update of Health Effects of Serving in the Gulf War, 2016 %@ 978-0-309-38041-6 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21840/gulf-war-and-health-volume-10-update-of-health-effects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21840/gulf-war-and-health-volume-10-update-of-health-effects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 292 %X For the United States, the 1991 Persian Gulf War was a brief and successful military operation with few injuries and deaths. However, soon after returning from duty, a large number of veterans began reporting health problems they believed were associated with their service in the Gulf. At the request of Congress, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) has been conducting an ongoing review of the evidence to determine veterans' long-term health problems and potential causes. The fourth volume in the series, released in 2006, summarizes the long-term health problems seen in Gulf War veterans. In 2010, the IOM released an update that focuses on existing health problems and identifies possible new ones, considering evidence collected since the initial summary. Gulf War and Health: Volume 10 is an update of the scientific and medical literature on the health effects associated with deployment to the Gulf War that were identified in Volumes 4 and 8. This report reviews and evaluates the associations between illness and exposure to toxic agents, environmental or wartime hazards, or preventive measures and vaccines associated with Gulf War service, and provides recommendations for future research efforts on Gulf War veterans. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 7: Long-Term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury %@ 978-0-309-12408-9 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12436/gulf-war-and-health-volume-7-long-term-consequences-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12436/gulf-war-and-health-volume-7-long-term-consequences-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 396 %X The seventh in a series of congressionally mandated reports on Gulf War veterans health, this volume evaluates traumatic brain injury (TBI) and its association with long-term health affects. That many returning veterans have TBI will likely mean long-term challenges for them and their family members. Further, many veterans will have undiagnosed brain injury because not all TBIs have immediately recognized effects or are easily diagnosed with neuroimaging techniques. In an effort to detail the long term consequences of TBI, the committee read and evaluated some 1,900 studies that made up its literature base, and it developed criteria for inclusion of studies to inform its findings. It is clear that brain injury, whether penetrating or closed, has serious consequences. The committee sought to detail those consequences as clearly as possible and to provide a scientific framework to assist veterans as they return home. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Maitin-Shepard, Melissa %E Flaxman, Marian %T Use of Meta-Analyses in Nutrition Research and Policy: Proceedings of a Workshop Series %@ 978-0-309-71579-9 %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27481/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27481/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 100 %X The Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop series that gathered researchers, government officials, and other global leaders in nutrition research and policy. The event, sponsored by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), carefully considered meta-analysis methodologies that could in turn be used to advance nutrition research, develop policy, and inform regulatory decision-making. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Maitin-Shepard, Melissa %E Flaxman, Marian %T Use of Meta-Analyses in Nutrition Research and Policy: Planning of Meta-Analysis: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27466/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-planning %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27466/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-planning %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 9 %X The first workshop in the series on the use of meta-analysis in nutrition research and policy, held on September 19, 2023, focused on best practices for planning systematic reviews and meta-analyses for nutrition research. This was emphasized as a critical need for the development of future nutrition policy. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Maitin-Shepard, Melissa %E Flaxman, Marian %T Use of Meta-Analyses in Nutrition Research and Policy: Best Practices of Conducting Meta-Analysis: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2024 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27467/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-best %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27467/use-of-meta-analyses-in-nutrition-research-and-policy-best %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 11 %X The second workshop in the series on the use of meta-analysis in nutrition research and policy, held on September 25, 2023, focused on best practices for conducting meta-analyses with consideration of the potential for data extraction errors, risk of bias, and publication bias. Speakers took special care to discuss proper methods for interpreting meta-analyses, addressing assumption violations and expectations for statistical heterogeneity. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 9: Long-Term Effects of Blast Exposures %@ 978-0-309-26764-9 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18253/gulf-war-and-health-volume-9-long-term-effects-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18253/gulf-war-and-health-volume-9-long-term-effects-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 228 %X Since the United States began combat operations in Afghanistan in October 2001 and then in Iraq in March 2003, the numbers of US soldiers killed exceed 6,700 and of US soldiers wounded 50,500. Although all wars since World War I have involved the use of explosives by the enemy, the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq differ from previous wars in which the United States has been involved because of the enemy's use of improvised explosive devices (IEDs). The use of IEDs has led to an injury landscape different from that in prior US wars. The signature injury of the Afghanistan and Iraq wars is blast injury. Numerous US soldiers have returned home with devastating blast injuries and they continue to experience many challenges in readjusting to civilian life. Gulf War and Health, Volume 9 is an assessment of the relevant scientific information and draws conclusions regarding the strength of the evidence of an association between exposure to blast and health effects. The report also includes recommendations for research most likely to provide VA with knowledge that can be used to inform decisions on how to prevent blast injuries, how to diagnose them effectively, and how to manage, treat, and rehabilitate victims of battlefield traumas in the immediate aftermath of a blast and in the long term. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Downey, Autumn %E Rand, Leah %E Brown, Lisa %T Methodologies for Evaluating and Grading Evidence: Considerations for Public Health Emergency Preparedness and Response: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25510/methodologies-for-evaluating-and-grading-evidence-considerations-for-public-health %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25510/methodologies-for-evaluating-and-grading-evidence-considerations-for-public-health %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 9 %X On July 26, 2018, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 1-day workshop featuring two panel sessions on evidence synthesis and grading. The purpose of this workshop was to gather and evaluate existing public health emergency preparedness and response research and to provide recommendations about future research possibilities and actions that could improve preparedness and response practices. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy %@ 978-0-309-69723-1 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26818/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26818/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K %P 542 %X The Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are a set of reference values that encompass a safe range of intake and provide recommended nutrient intakes for the United States and Canada. The DRIs for energy are used widely to provide guidance for maintaining energy balance on both an individual and group level. U.S. and Canadian governments asked the National Academies to convene an expert committee to examine available evidence and provide updated Estimated Energy Requirements (EERs) for their populations. The resulting report presents EER equations that provide a baseline for dietary planners and assessors who are estimating energy needs and monitoring energy balance to enhance the general health of individuals and populations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Ross, A. Catharine %E Taylor, Christine L. %E Yaktine, Ann L. %E Del Valle, Heather B. %T Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D %@ 978-0-309-16394-1 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13050/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-and-vitamin-d %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13050/dietary-reference-intakes-for-calcium-and-vitamin-d %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 1132 %X Calcium and vitamin D are essential nutrients for the human body. Establishing the levels of these nutrients that are needed by the North American population is based on the understanding of the health outcomes that calcium and vitamin D affect. It is also important to establish how much of each nutrient may be "too much." Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D provides reference intake values for these two nutrients. The report updates the DRI values defined in Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride, the 1997 study from the Institute of Medicine. This 2011 book provides background information on the biological functions of each nutrient, reviews health outcomes that are associated with the intake of calcium and vitamin D, and specifies Estimated Average Requirements and Recommended Dietary Allowances for both. It also identifies Tolerable Upper Intake Levels, which are levels above wish the risk for harm may increase. The book includes an overview of current dietary intake in the U.S. and Canada, and discusses implications of the study. A final chapter provides research recommendations. The DRIs established in this book incorporate current scientific evidence about the roles of vitamin D and calcium in human health and will serve as a valuable guide for a range of stakeholders including dietitians and other health professionals, those who set national nutrition policy, researchers, the food industry, and private and public health organizations and partnerships. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research %@ 978-0-309-45304-2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24625/the-health-effects-of-cannabis-and-cannabinoids-the-current-state %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 486 %X Significant changes have taken place in the policy landscape surrounding cannabis legalization, production, and use. During the past 20 years, 25 states and the District of Columbia have legalized cannabis and/or cannabidiol (a component of cannabis) for medical conditions or retail sales at the state level and 4 states have legalized both the medical and recreational use of cannabis. These landmark changes in policy have impacted cannabis use patterns and perceived levels of risk. However, despite this changing landscape, evidence regarding the short- and long-term health effects of cannabis use remains elusive. While a myriad of studies have examined cannabis use in all its various forms, often these research conclusions are not appropriately synthesized, translated for, or communicated to policy makers, health care providers, state health officials, or other stakeholders who have been charged with influencing and enacting policies, procedures, and laws related to cannabis use. Unlike other controlled substances such as alcohol or tobacco, no accepted standards for safe use or appropriate dose are available to help guide individuals as they make choices regarding the issues of if, when, where, and how to use cannabis safely and, in regard to therapeutic uses, effectively. Shifting public sentiment, conflicting and impeded scientific research, and legislative battles have fueled the debate about what, if any, harms or benefits can be attributed to the use of cannabis or its derivatives, and this lack of aggregated knowledge has broad public health implications. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids provides a comprehensive review of scientific evidence related to the health effects and potential therapeutic benefits of cannabis. This report provides a research agenda—outlining gaps in current knowledge and opportunities for providing additional insight into these issues—that summarizes and prioritizes pressing research needs. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Using Systematic Reviews to Support Future Dietary Reference Intakes: A Letter Report %@ 978-0-309-70306-2 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27031/using-systematic-reviews-to-support-future-dietary-reference-intakes-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27031/using-systematic-reviews-to-support-future-dietary-reference-intakes-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %P 46 %X In response to a request from the US Department of Agriculture, the Health and Medicine Division (HMD) of the National Academies established the Standing Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) Framework. The committee was asked to respond to DRI-related questions to inform the Federal DRI working group about the conduct of new DRI reviews and DRI-related issues more broadly, including their application. This second letter report advises the Federal DRI Working Group on three questions: 1) Are de novo systematic reviews are needed in future DRI reviews or can qualified systematic reviews be used? 2) If qualified systematic reviews can be used, what are the appropriate inclusion and exclusion criteria? 3) Can previously published systematic review be updated? In response, the standing committee developed a report that includes a decision tree that addresses the need for systematic reviews to support the DRI process. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Veterans: Review of the Scientific Literature %@ 978-0-309-10254-4 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11757/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-in-veterans-review-of-the-scientific-literature %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11757/amyotrophic-lateral-sclerosis-in-veterans-review-of-the-scientific-literature %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 62 %X Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) our Lou Gehrig's disease is a fatal, mostly non-familial disease that affects the nervous system of humans by causing the degeneration of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. The degeneration halts communication between the nervous system and voluntary muscles in the body. This leads to muscle paralysis and eventually the muscles that aid in breathing are affect; causing respiration to fail. The disease, which affects 20,000-30,000 men and women in the United States at any given time, has no effective treatment; most people with ALS die from respiratory failure within 5 years of the onset of symptoms. Recent epidemiologic studies report an association between the development of ALS and prior service in the U.S. military. The studies evaluated either veterans of the 1991 Persian Gulf War or veterans who served in the military in the period 1910-1982. Due to these findings, the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) asked the National Academies to conduct an assessment of the potential relationship between military service and the later development of ALS. The project was assigned to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), which appointed a committee and gave it the task of evaluating the scientific literature on ALS in veterans. The committee began its work by identifying medical and scientific literature on ALS. PubMed, a database created and managed by the National Library of Medicine. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Veterans; Review of the Scientific Literature presents the findings of this committee. The committee reviewed, evaluated, and summarized the scientific literature on ALS in veterans, composed primarily of peer-reviewed, published literature. This report includes the recommendations of the committee. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Thirteenth Interim Report of the Subcommittee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels %@ 978-0-309-09707-9 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11396/thirteenth-interim-report-of-the-subcommittee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11396/thirteenth-interim-report-of-the-subcommittee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 34 %X Formed in 1995 by EPA, several other federal and state agencies, and several private organizations, the National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (referred to as the NAC) develops, reviews, and approves acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for up to 400 extremely hazardous substances (EHSs). AEGLs have a broad array of potential applications for federal, state, and local governments and for the private sector. They are necessary for prevention and emergency-response planning for potential releases of EHSs, either from accidents or as a result of terrorist activities. This report includes an assessment of the NAC’s draft AEGLs documents for the following 10 chemicals: 1, 4-dioxane; chloroform; carbon tetrachloride; sulfur dioxide; cis, trans 1,-2 dichloroethylene; monochloroacetic acid; carbon monoxide; fluorine; methanol; and phenol. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Gulf War and Health: Volume 3: Fuels, Combustion Products, and Propellants %@ 978-0-309-09527-3 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11180/gulf-war-and-health-volume-3-fuels-combustion-products-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11180/gulf-war-and-health-volume-3-fuels-combustion-products-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 516 %X The third in a series of congressionally mandated reports on Gulf War veterans’ health, this volume evaluates the long-term, human health effects associated with exposure to selected environmental agents, pollutants, and synthetic chemical compounds believed to have been present during the Gulf War. The committee specifically evaluated the literature on hydrogen sulfide, combustion products, hydrazine and red fuming nitric acid. Both the epidemiologic and toxicologic literature were reviewed. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification %@ 978-0-309-31059-8 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18891/identifying-the-culprit-assessing-eyewitness-identification %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18891/identifying-the-culprit-assessing-eyewitness-identification %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 170 %X Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification makes the case that better data collection and research on eyewitness identification, new law enforcement training protocols, standardized procedures for administering line-ups, and improvements in the handling of eyewitness identification in court can increase the chances that accurate identifications are made. This report explains the science that has emerged during the past 30 years on eyewitness identifications and identifies best practices in eyewitness procedures for the law enforcement community and in the presentation of eyewitness evidence in the courtroom. In order to continue the advancement of eyewitness identification research, the report recommends a focused research agenda.