%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation %@ 978-0-309-25305-5 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13343/technical-evaluation-of-the-nasa-model-for-cancer-risk-to-astronauts-due-to-space-radiation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13343/technical-evaluation-of-the-nasa-model-for-cancer-risk-to-astronauts-due-to-space-radiation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Health and Medicine %P 86 %X NASA's current missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and potential future exploration missions involving extended stays by astronauts on the lunar surface, as well as the possibility of near- Earth object (NEO) or Mars missions, present challenges in protecting astronauts from radiation risks. These risks arise from a number of sources, including solar particle events (SPEs), galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), secondary radiation from surface impacts, and even the nuclear isotope power sources transported with the astronauts. The serious early and late radiation health effects potentially posed by these exposures are equally varied, ranging from early signs of radiation sickness to cancer induction. Other possible effects include central nervous system damage, cataracts, cardiovascular damage, heritable effects, impaired wound healing, and infertility. Recent research, much of which has been sponsored by NASA, has focused on understanding and quantifying the radiation health risks posed by space radiation environments. Although many aspects of the space radiation environments are now relatively well characterized, important uncertainties still exist regarding biological effects and thus regarding the level and types of risks faced by astronauts. This report presents an evaluation of NASA's proposed space radiation cancer risk assessment model, which is described in the 2011 NASA report, Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties--2010. The evaluation in Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation considers the model components, input data (for the radiation types, estimated doses, and epidemiology), and the associated uncertainties. This report also identifies gaps in NASA's current research strategy for reducing the uncertainties in cancer induction risks. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Use of Lightweight Materials in 21st Century Army Trucks %@ 978-0-309-08869-5 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10662/use-of-lightweight-materials-in-21st-century-army-trucks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10662/use-of-lightweight-materials-in-21st-century-army-trucks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 112 %X In order to achieve the Army’s envisioned Objective Force related to deployability, transportability, and mobility, the Committee on Lightweight Materials for the 21st Century Army Trucks was asked to identify research and technology development opportunities related to the introduction of new lightweight structural materials for light medium and heavy Army trucks. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations %@ 978-0-309-09676-8 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11379/autonomous-vehicles-in-support-of-naval-operations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11379/autonomous-vehicles-in-support-of-naval-operations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Space and Aeronautics %P 256 %X Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been used in military operations for more than 60 years, with torpedoes, cruise missiles, satellites, and target drones being early examples.1 They have also been widely used in the civilian sector--for example, in the disposal of explosives, for work and measurement in radioactive environments, by various offshore industries for both creating and maintaining undersea facilities, for atmospheric and undersea research, and by industry in automated and robotic manufacturing. Recent military experiences with AVs have consistently demonstrated their value in a wide range of missions, and anticipated developments of AVs hold promise for increasingly significant roles in future naval operations. Advances in AV capabilities are enabled (and limited) by progress in the technologies of computing and robotics, navigation, communications and networking, power sources and propulsion, and materials. Autonomous Vehicles in Support of Naval Operations is a forward-looking discussion of the naval operational environment and vision for the Navy and Marine Corps and of naval mission needs and potential applications and limitations of AVs. This report considers the potential of AVs for naval operations, operational needs and technology issues, and opportunities for improved operations. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Evaluation of Alternative Power Sources for Low-Emission Automobiles: Report %D 1973 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18839/evaluation-of-alternative-power-sources-for-low-emission-automobiles-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18839/evaluation-of-alternative-power-sources-for-low-emission-automobiles-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 161 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde %@ 978-0-309-21193-2 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13142/review-of-the-environmental-protection-agencys-draft-iris-assessment-of-formaldehyde %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13142/review-of-the-environmental-protection-agencys-draft-iris-assessment-of-formaldehyde %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 204 %X Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in indoor and outdoor air, and everyone is exposed to formaldehyde at some concentration daily. Formaldehyde is used to produce a wide array of products, particularly building materials; it is emitted from many sources, including power plants, cars, gas and wood stoves, and cigarettes; it is a natural product in come foods; and it is naturally present in the human body as a metabolic intermediate. Much research has been conducted on the health effects of exposure to formaldehyde, including effects on the upper airway, where formaldehyde is deposited when inhaled, and effects on tissues distant from the site of initial contact. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released noncancer and cancer assessments of formaldehyde for its Intergated Risk Information System (IRIS) in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The agency began reassessing formaldehyde in 1998 and released a draft IRIS assessment in June 2010. Given the complexity of the issues and the knowledge that the assessment will be used as the basis of regulatory decisions, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct an independent scientific review of the draft IRIS assessment. In this report, the Committee to Review EPA's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde first addresses some general issues associated with the draft IRIS assessment. The committee next focuses on questions concerning specific aspects of the draft assessment, including derivation of the reference concentrations and the cancer unit risk estimates for formaldehyde. The committee closes with recommendations for improving the IRIS assessment of formaldehyde and provides some general comments on the IRIS development process. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A National Research Council %T Electricity from Renewable Resources: Status, Prospects, and Impediments %@ 978-0-309-13708-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12619/electricity-from-renewable-resources-status-prospects-and-impediments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12619/electricity-from-renewable-resources-status-prospects-and-impediments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 386 %X A component in the America's Energy Future study, Electricity from Renewable Resources examines the technical potential for electric power generation with alternative sources such as wind, solar-photovoltaic, geothermal, solar-thermal, hydroelectric, and other renewable sources. The book focuses on those renewable sources that show the most promise for initial commercial deployment within 10 years and will lead to a substantial impact on the U.S. energy system. A quantitative characterization of technologies, this book lays out expectations of costs, performance, and impacts, as well as barriers and research and development needs. In addition to a principal focus on renewable energy technologies for power generation, the book addresses the challenges of incorporating such technologies into the power grid, as well as potential improvements in the national electricity grid that could enable better and more extensive utilization of wind, solar-thermal, solar photovoltaics, and other renewable technologies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Context of Military Environments: An Agenda for Basic Research on Social and Organizational Factors Relevant to Small Units %@ 978-0-309-30684-3 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18825/the-context-of-military-environments-an-agenda-for-basic-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18825/the-context-of-military-environments-an-agenda-for-basic-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 164 %X The United States Army faces a variety of challenges to maintain a ready and capable force into the future. Missions are increasingly diverse, ranging from combat and counterinsurgency to negotiation, reconstruction, and stability operations, and require a variety of personnel and skill sets to execute. Missions often demand rapid decision-making and coordination with others in novel ways, so that personnel are not simply following a specific set of tactical orders but rather need to understand broader strategic goals and choose among courses of action. Like any workforce, the Army is diverse in terms of demographic characteristics such as gender and race, with increasing pressure to ensure equal opportunities across all demographic parties. With these challenges comes the urgent need to better understand how contextual factors influence soldier and small unit behavior and mission performance. Recognizing the need to develop a portfolio of research to better understand the influence of social and organizational factors on the behavior of individuals and small units, the U.S. Army Research Institute (ARI) requested the National Research Council's Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences to outline a productive and innovative collection of future basic science research projects to improve Amy mission performance for immediate implementation and lasting over the next 10-20 years. This report presents recommendations for a program of basic scientific research on the roles of social and organizational contextual factors, such as organizational institutions, culture, and norms, as determinants and moderators of the performance of individual soldiers and small units. The Context of Military Environments: Basic Research Opportunities on Social and Organizational Factors synthesizes and assesses basic research opportunities in the behavioral and social sciences related to social and organizational factors that comprise the context of individual and small unit behavior in military environments. This report focuses on tactical operations of small units and their leaders, to include the full spectrum of unique military environments including: major combat operations, stability/support operations, peacekeeping, and military observer missions, as well as headquarters support units. This report identifies key contextual factors that shape individual and small unit behavior and assesses the state of the science regarding these factors. The Context of Military Environments recommends an agenda for ARI's future research in order to maximize the effectiveness of U.S. Army personnel policies and practices of selection, recruitment, and assignment as well as career development in training and leadership. The report also specifies the basic research funding level needed to implement the recommended agenda for future ARI research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toward a Universal Radio Frequency System for Special Operations Forces: Abbreviated Version %@ 978-0-309-13242-8 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12605/toward-a-universal-radio-frequency-system-for-special-operations-forces %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12605/toward-a-universal-radio-frequency-system-for-special-operations-forces %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 48 %X The U.S. Special Operations Command (SOCOM) was formed in response to the failed rescue attempt in 1980 of American hostages held by Iran. Among its key responsibilities, SOCOM plans and synchronizes operations against terrorist networks. Special operations forces (SOF) often operate alone in austere environments with only the items they can carry, which makes equipment size, weight, and power needs especially important. Specialized radios and supporting equipment must be carried by the teams for their radio-frequency (RF) operations. As warfighting demands on SOCOM have intensified, SOCOM's needs for significantly improved radio-frequency (RF) systems have increased. Toward a Universal Radio Frequency System for Special Operations Forces examines the current state of the art for both handheld and manpackable platform-mounted RF systems, and determines which frequencies could be provided by handheld systems. The book also explores whether or not a system that fulfills SOF's unique requirements could be deployed in a reasonable time period. Several recommendations are included to address these and other issues. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda %@ 978-0-309-48452-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable-sequestration-a-research-agenda %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25259/negative-emissions-technologies-and-reliable-sequestration-a-research-agenda %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 510 %X To achieve goals for climate and economic growth, "negative emissions technologies" (NETs) that remove and sequester carbon dioxide from the air will need to play a significant role in mitigating climate change. Unlike carbon capture and storage technologies that remove carbon dioxide emissions directly from large point sources such as coal power plants, NETs remove carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere or enhance natural carbon sinks. Storing the carbon dioxide from NETs has the same impact on the atmosphere and climate as simultaneously preventing an equal amount of carbon dioxide from being emitted. Recent analyses found that deploying NETs may be less expensive and less disruptive than reducing some emissions, such as a substantial portion of agricultural and land-use emissions and some transportation emissions. In 2015, the National Academies published Climate Intervention: Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration, which described and initially assessed NETs and sequestration technologies. This report acknowledged the relative paucity of research on NETs and recommended development of a research agenda that covers all aspects of NETs from fundamental science to full-scale deployment. To address this need, Negative Emissions Technologies and Reliable Sequestration: A Research Agenda assesses the benefits, risks, and "sustainable scale potential" for NETs and sequestration. This report also defines the essential components of a research and development program, including its estimated costs and potential impact. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury %@ 978-0-309-07140-6 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9899/toxicological-effects-of-methylmercury %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9899/toxicological-effects-of-methylmercury %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Space and Aeronautics %P 364 %X Mercury is widespread in our environment. Methylmercury, one organic form of mercury, can accumulate up the aquatic food chain and lead to high concentrations in predatory fish. When consumed by humans, contaminated fish represent a public health risk. Combustion processes, especially coal-fired power plants, are major sources of mercury contamination in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulating mercury emissions from those plants. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury reviews the health effects of methylmercury and discusses the estimation of mercury exposure from measured biomarkers, how differences between individuals affect mercury toxicity, and appropriate statistical methods for analysis of the data and thoroughly compares the epidemiological studies available on methylmercury. Included are discussions of current mercury levels on public health and a delineation of the scientific aspects and policy decisions involved in the regulation of mercury. This report is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the public health effects and regulation of mercury. The report also provides an excellent example of the implications of decisions in the risk assessment process for a larger audience. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Advanced Power Sources for Space Missions %@ 978-0-309-03999-4 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1320/advanced-power-sources-for-space-missions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1320/advanced-power-sources-for-space-missions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 156 %X "Star Wars"—as the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) is dubbed—will require reliable sources of immense amounts of energy to power such advanced weapons as lasers and particle beams. Are such power sources available? This study says no, not yet—and points the way toward the kind of energy research and development that is needed to power SDI. Advanced Power Sources for Space Missions presents a comprehensive and objective view of SDI's unprecedented power requirements and the opportunities we have to meet them in a cost-effective manner. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Suplee, Curt %T What You Need to Know About Energy %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12204/what-you-need-to-know-about-energy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12204/what-you-need-to-know-about-energy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Energy and Energy Conservation %K Engineering and Technology %P 32 %X American society, with a standard of living unprecedented in human history, can attribute a large measure of its success to increasingly sophisticated uses of energy. But that condition has come at a cost to irreplaceable resources, to the environment, and to our national independence. The goal of What You Need to Know About Energy is to present an accurate picture of America's current and projected energy needs and to describe options that are likely to play a significant role in our energy future. Written for a general audience, the booklet begins with a description of the status of energy in 21st-century America, including an account of our main sources of energy and a survey of the nation's energy demand versus the world's available supply. It then looks ahead to the quest for greater energy efficiency and to a portfolio of emerging technologies. %0 Book %T Energy Resources %D 1962 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21066/energy-resources %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21066/energy-resources %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Energy and Energy Conservation %P 153 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Energy-Efficient Technologies for the Dismounted Soldier %@ 978-0-309-05934-3 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5905/energy-efficient-technologies-for-the-dismounted-soldier %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5905/energy-efficient-technologies-for-the-dismounted-soldier %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 286 %X This book documents electric power requirements for the dismounted soldier on future Army battlefields, describes advanced energy concepts, and provides an integrated assessment of technologies likely to affect limitations and needs in the future. It surveys technologies associated with both supply and demand including: energy sources and systems; low power electronics and design; communications, computers, displays, and sensors; and networks, protocols, and operations. Advanced concepts discussed are predicated on continued development by the Army of soldier systems similar to the Land Warrior system on which the committee bases its projections on energy use. Finally, the volume proposes twenty research objectives to achieve energy goals in the 2025 time frame. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Eyring, Greg %T Summary of the Power Systems Workshop on Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-09149-7 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10911/summary-of-the-power-systems-workshop-on-nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10911/summary-of-the-power-systems-workshop-on-nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Industry and Labor %P 47 %X The emergence of nanotechnology as a major science and technology research topic has sparked substantial interest by the intelligence community. In particular the community is interested both in the potential for nanotechnology to assist intelligence operations and threats it could create. To explore these questions, the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center asked the National Research Council to conduct a number of activities to illustrate the potential for nanotechnology to address key intelligence community needs. The first of these was a workshop to explore technology opportunities and challenges in power systems that could be addressed by nanotechnology. This report presents a summary of that workshop. It includes an overview of power technologies and discussions on nanoscale properties of energy storage materials, device experience, manufacturing and material handling considerations, and natural power. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors %@ 978-0-309-09261-6 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11065/meeting-the-energy-needs-of-future-warriors %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11065/meeting-the-energy-needs-of-future-warriors %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 136 %X The central characteristic of the evolution of the combat soldier in recent years is an increasingly sophisticated array of sensing, communications, and related electronics for use in battlefield situations. The most critical factor for maintaining this evolution will be the development of power supply systems capable of operating those electronics effectively for missions up to 72 hours long. To address the challenge, it is important that new approaches be sought on how to integrate and power these electronics. To assist in addressing this problem, the Army requested the National Research Council to review the state of the art and to recommend technologies that will support the rapid development of effective power systems for the future warrior. This report presents the results of that review. It provides an assessment of various technology options for different power level requirements, power system design, and soldier energy sinks. The report also describes future design concepts, focusing on low-power systems. Recommendations for technology development and system design are presented. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Space Technology for the New Century %@ 978-0-309-05987-9 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6068/space-technology-for-the-new-century %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6068/space-technology-for-the-new-century %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 56 %0 Book %T Nanotechnology for the Intelligence Community %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11276/nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11276/nanotechnology-for-the-intelligence-community %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 19 %X The emergence of nanotechnology as a major science and technology research topic has sparked substantial interest by the intelligence community. In particular the community is interested both in the potential for nanotechnology to assist intelligence operations and threats it could create. To explore these questions, the Intelligence Technology Innovation Center asked the National Research Council to conduct a number of activities to illustrate the potential for nanotechnology to address key intelligence community needs. In 2004, workshop reports were issued on power systems and on positioning and sensing technologies. The final report provides an assessment of a wide range of additional technologies. The report also presents a series of findings and recommendations about areas of opportunities for the intelligence community and strategies for exploiting these opportunities. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Powering the U.S. Army of the Future %@ 978-0-309-25803-6 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26052/powering-the-us-army-of-the-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26052/powering-the-us-army-of-the-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 212 %X At the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, Powering the U.S. Army of the Future examines the U.S. Army's future power requirements for sustaining a multi-domain operational conflict and considers to what extent emerging power generation and transmission technologies can achieve the Army's operational power requirements in 2035. The study was based on one operational usage case identified by the Army as part of its ongoing efforts in multi-domain operations. The recommendations contained in this report are meant to help inform the Army's investment priorities in technologies to help ensure that the power requirements of the Army's future capability needs are achieved. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Thermionics Quo Vadis?: An Assessment of the DTRA's Advanced Thermionics Research and Development Program %@ 978-0-309-08282-2 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10254/thermionics-quo-vadis-an-assessment-of-the-dtras-advanced-thermionics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10254/thermionics-quo-vadis-an-assessment-of-the-dtras-advanced-thermionics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 84 %X This report evaluates the Defense Threat Reduction Agency prior and present sponsored efforts; assess the present state of the art in thermionic energy conversion systems; assess the technical challenges to the development of viable thermionic energy conversion systems for both space and terrestrial applications; and recommend a prioritized set of objectives for a future research and development program for advanced thermionic systems for space and terrestrial applications.