%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Developing Policing Practices that Build Legitimacy %@ 978-0-309-69246-5 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26678/developing-policing-practices-that-build-legitimacy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26678/developing-policing-practices-that-build-legitimacy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 66 %X Scholars, policymakers, and the public view police legitimacy and community trust in the police alike as essential components of an effective police organization. An extensive network of international and regional organizations, bilateral donors, international financial institutions, and civil society organizations aims to work with governments to improve policing practices and enhance police legitimacy. As a part of that network, the U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance to and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries. Like many donors, it strives to direct its resources to the most effective approaches to achieve its mission. At the request of INL, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to review, assess, and reach consensus on existing evidence on policing institutions, police practices and capacities, and police legitimacy in the international context. The committee produced five reports, addressing questions of interest to INL and the State Department. Developing Policing Practices that Build Legitimacy, the fourth in this series, responds to the question: What policing practices build community trust and legitimacy in countries with low-to-moderate criminal justice sector capacity? This report focuses on the concept of legitimacy and ways of building legitimacy to foster this kind of trust and expectations. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally %@ 978-0-309-68910-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26582/policies-and-practices-to-minimize-police-use-of-force-internationally %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26582/policies-and-practices-to-minimize-police-use-of-force-internationally %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 78 %X Injury and death from use of excessive force by police officers remain a common concern in countries across the globe. Despite local, national, and international attempts to legislate and provide guidance for police use of force, there continue to be global accounts of excessive force by law enforcement. Reports of officer-involved killings, injuries to citizens, and attempts to control protests and demonstrations with chemical irritants, rubber bullets, and sometimes shooting into crowds with live ammunition frequently appear in the press worldwide. However, reliable data on and accounting for these incidents are both lacking. A large network of international and regional organizations, bilateral donors, international financial institutions, and civil society organizations aim to work with governments to improve policing practices and reduce police use of excessive force. As a part of that network, the U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance to and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries. Like many donors, it strives to direct its resources to the most effective approaches to achieve its mission. Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally, the third in a series of five reports produced for INL, addresses what policies and practices for police use of force are effective in promoting the rule of law and protecting the population (including the officers themselves). This report looks at what is known about effective practices and their implementation and identifies promising actions to be taken by international donors in their efforts to strengthen the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Skogan, Wesley %E Frydl, Kathleen %T Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence %@ 978-0-309-28965-8 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 430 %X Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime “hot spots.” It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy—how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Police Training to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population %@ 978-0-309-27751-8 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26467/police-training-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26467/police-training-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 102 %X Training police in the knowledge and skills necessary to support the rule of law and protect the public is a substantial component of the activities of international organizations that provide foreign assistance. Significant challenges with such training activities arise with the wide range of cultural, institutional, political, and social contexts across countries. In addition, foreign assistance donors often have to leverage programs and capacity in their own countries to provide training in partner countries, and there are many examples of training, including in the United States, that do not rely on the best scientific evidence of policing practices and training design. Studies have shown disconnects between the reported goals of training, notably that of protecting the population, and actual behaviors by police officers. These realities present a diversity of challenges and opportunities for foreign assistance donors and police training. At the request of the U.S. State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine examined scientific evidence and assessed research needs for effective policing in the context of the challenges above. This report, the second in a series of five, responds to the following questions: What are the core knowledge and skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? What is known about mechanisms (e.g., basic and continuing education or other capacity building programs) for developing the core skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population: An Evidence-Based Approach %@ 978-0-309-68535-1 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26217/policing-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26217/policing-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 120 %X The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems. While the science of policing outcomes has grown in recent years, it is limited in context, with much of the research conducted on policing taking place in the Global North countries (e.g., the United Kingdom and United States). It is also limited in purpose, with much research focused on examining crime reduction as opposed to examining the harms to the public as the result of crimes, violence, and any effects of policing activities. At the request of INL, Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population explores the organizational policies, structures, or practices (e.g., HR and recruiting, legal authorities, reporting lines, etc.) that will enable a police service to promote the rule of law and protect the population. This report presents an overview of the state of research and highlights promising areas to guide policing reform and interventions. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports %@ 978-0-309-69610-4 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26782/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-and-justice-sectors %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26782/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-and-justice-sectors %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 462 %X The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems. At the request of INL, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled the Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors to review the available research evidence on police and policing practices, with emphasis on how police reform can promote the rule of law and protect the public. The 5 consensus studies that are part of this project provide evidence-driven policy and research recommendations for key stakeholders with the goal of informing capacity-building activities. This report is a compilation of those 5 studies. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Weisburd, David %E Majmundar, Malay K. %T Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities %@ 978-0-309-46713-1 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 408 %X Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term "proactive policing" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. Proactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. Proactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sandt, Laura %T E-Scooter Safety: Issues and Solutions %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26756/e-scooter-safety-issues-and-solutions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26756/e-scooter-safety-issues-and-solutions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 28 %X Many communities with electric‐scooter (e‐scooter) programs have observed social, health, and environmental benefits; enhanced multimodal connections; and positive economic impacts (such as those derived by delivery services and couriers using e‐scooters and the resultant jobs created). However, these effects are often accompanied by real and perceived safety challenges. The TRB Behavioral Transportation Safety Cooperative Research Program's BTSCRP Research Results Digest 1: E-Scooter Safety: Issues and Solutions is an initial deliverable to a larger ongoing project, in the form of a literature review, that identifies emerging behavioral safety issues arising from the expanding use of e-scooters and summarizes how cities are working to prevent and mitigate injuries. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Patel, Deepali %T Violence and Mental Health: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Detection: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46662-2 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24916/violence-and-mental-health-opportunities-for-prevention-and-early-detection %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24916/violence-and-mental-health-opportunities-for-prevention-and-early-detection %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 172 %X On February 26–27, 2014, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a workshop titled Mental Health and Violence: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Intervention. The workshop brought together advocates and experts in public health and mental health, anthropology, biomedical science, criminal justice, global health and development, and neuroscience to examine experience, evidence, and practice at the intersection of mental health and violence. Participants explored how violence impacts mental health and how mental health influences violence and discussed approaches to improve research and practice in both domains. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Blank, Rebecca M. %E Dabady, Marilyn %E Citro, Constance F. %T Measuring Racial Discrimination %@ 978-0-309-46923-4 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10887/measuring-racial-discrimination %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10887/measuring-racial-discrimination %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 334 %X Many racial and ethnic groups in the United States, including blacks, Hispanics, Asians, American Indians, and others, have historically faced severe discrimination—pervasive and open denial of civil, social, political, educational, and economic opportunities. Today, large differences among racial and ethnic groups continue to exist in employment, income and wealth, housing, education, criminal justice, health, and other areas. While many factors may contribute to such differences, their size and extent suggest that various forms of discriminatory treatment persist in U.S. society and serve to undercut the achievement of equal opportunity. Measuring Racial Discrimination considers the definition of race and racial discrimination, reviews the existing techniques used to measure racial discrimination, and identifies new tools and areas for future research. The book conducts a thorough evaluation of current methodologies for a wide range of circumstances in which racial discrimination may occur, and makes recommendations on how to better assess the presence and effects of discrimination. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Western, Bruce %E Muhammad, Khalil Gibran %E Negussie, Yamrot %E Backes, Emily %T Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy %@ 978-0-309-69337-0 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 438 %X The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice. Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization, and system involvement. Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating local initiatives with state and federal leadership. This report also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and accountability. While the available data points toward trends that Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research should be explored to better inform decision-making. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sandt, Laura %E West, Alyson %E Harmon, Katherine J. %E Blank, Kristin %E Cherry, Christopher R. %E Brown, Charles T. %E Sanders, Rebecca %T E-Scooter Safety Toolbox %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27253/e-scooter-safety-toolbox %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27253/e-scooter-safety-toolbox %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 52 %X Since their introduction in the United States in 2017, the use of electric scooters (e-scooters) has expanded to the streets and sidewalks of many cities, and all indicators point to continued growth. BTSCRP Research Report 9: E-Scooter Safety Toolbox, from TRB's Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program, presents findings from a multiyear research effort that sought to build on existing research to date, identify key gaps in knowledge and data related to e-scooter behavioral safety, and develop evidence-based guidelines that can enhance the coordination of behavioral safety programs and countermeasures with a broader toolbox of approaches to improve safety for all road users. Supplemental to the report are BTSCRP Web-Only Document 5: E-Scooter Safety: Issues and Solutions and a presentation. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sandt, Laura %E Gelinne, Dan %E West, Alyson %E Harmon, Kathrine J. %E Blank, Kristin %E Bryson, Meg %E Combs, Tabitha %E Cherry, Christopher R. %E Sexton, Emma %E Shah, Nitesh %E Wen, Yi %E Azad, Mojdeh %E Neshagarian, Ashkan %E Clewlow, Regina %E Seki, Stephanie %E Brown, Charles T. %E Sanders, Rebecca %T E-Scooter Safety: Issues and Solutions %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27252/e-scooter-safety-issues-and-solutions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27252/e-scooter-safety-issues-and-solutions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 235 %X Electric scooter (or e-scooter) usage continues to expand worldwide with shared, rented, and privately owned devices. While many communities with e-scooter sharing programs have observed social, health, economic, and environmental benefits of enhanced multimodal travel and having more alternatives to vehicle use, these effects are often accompanied by real and perceived safety challenges.BTSCRP Web-Only Document 5: E-Scooter Safety: Issues and Solutions, from TRB's Behavioral Traffic Safety Cooperative Research Program, seeks to build upon existing research to date, identify key gaps in knowledge and data related to e-scooter behavioral safety, and develop evidence-based guidance that can enhance the coordination of behavioral safety programs and countermeasures with a broader toolbox of approaches to improve safety for all road users.The document is supplemental to BTSCRP Research Report 9: E-Scooter Safety Toolbox. %0 Book %T Accessibility Measures in Practice %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26794/accessibility-measures-in-practice %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26794/accessibility-measures-in-practice %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 136 %X With an accessibility perspective, land use changes can bring transportation improvements by bringing activity locations closer together. If incorporated into transportation performance management, accessibility has the potential to highlight projects that would otherwise be overlooked because of their congestion-related impacts. The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 330: Accessibility Measures in Practice documents research on accessibility measures that is the basis for NCHRP Research Report 1000: Accessibility Measures in Practice: A Guide for Transportation Agencies. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Colwell, Rita %E Bear, Ashley %E Helman, Alex %T Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine: Opening Doors %@ 978-0-309-49824-1 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25585/promising-practices-for-addressing-the-underrepresentation-of-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25585/promising-practices-for-addressing-the-underrepresentation-of-women-in-science-engineering-and-medicine %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 234 %X Careers in science, engineering, and medicine offer opportunities to advance knowledge, contribute to the well-being of communities, and support the security, prosperity, and health of the United States. But many women do not pursue or persist in these careers, or advance to leadership positions - not because they lack the talent or aspirations, but because they face barriers, including: implicit and explicit bias; sexual harassment; unequal access to funding and resources; pay inequity; higher teaching and advising loads; and fewer speaking invitations, among others. There are consequences from this underrepresentation of women for the nation as well: a labor shortage in many science, engineering, and medical professions that cannot be filled unless institutions and organizations recruit from a broad and diverse talent pool; lost opportunities for innovation and economic gain; and lost talent as a result of discrimination, unconscious bias, and sexual harassment. Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine reviews and synthesizes existing research on policies, practices, programs, and other interventions for improving the recruitment, retention, and sustained advancement into leadership roles of women in these disciplines. This report makes actionable recommendations to leverage change and drive swift, coordinated improvements to the systems of education, research, and employment in order to improve both the representation and leadership of women. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Metz, Miriam Salerno, Trish Sanchez, Sarah Tomasello, and Ted %T Practices for Online Public Involvement %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25500/practices-for-online-public-involvement %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25500/practices-for-online-public-involvement %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 158 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 538: Practices for Online Public Involvement summarizes current practices regarding online public participation strategies being used by state departments of transportation (DOTs), as well as explores the effectiveness of using these strategies and tools.Online public participation methods offer agencies the potential for expanded participation and also present new challenges and demand new thinking about the appropriate mix of techniques in a public participation program, communication protocols, staffing and skill requirements, and how best to integrate emerging online engagement tools with traditional face-to-face methods such as public meetings. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Paula A. %E Widnall, Sheila E. %E Benya, Frazier F. %T Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %@ 978-0-309-47087-2 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24994/sexual-harassment-of-women-climate-culture-and-consequences-in-academic %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24994/sexual-harassment-of-women-climate-culture-and-consequences-in-academic %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 312 %X Over the last few decades, research, activity, and funding has been devoted to improving the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine. In recent years the diversity of those participating in these fields, particularly the participation of women, has improved and there are significantly more women entering careers and studying science, engineering, and medicine than ever before. However, as women increasingly enter these fields they face biases and barriers and it is not surprising that sexual harassment is one of these barriers. Over thirty years the incidence of sexual harassment in different industries has held steady, yet now more women are in the workforce and in academia, and in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine (as students and faculty) and so more women are experiencing sexual harassment as they work and learn. Over the last several years, revelations of the sexual harassment experienced by women in the workplace and in academic settings have raised urgent questions about the specific impact of this discriminatory behavior on women and the extent to which it is limiting their careers. Sexual Harassment of Women explores the influence of sexual harassment in academia on the career advancement of women in the scientific, technical, and medical workforce. This report reviews the research on the extent to which women in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine are victimized by sexual harassment and examines the existing information on the extent to which sexual harassment in academia negatively impacts the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women pursuing scientific, engineering, technical, and medical careers. It also identifies and analyzes the policies, strategies and practices that have been the most successful in preventing and addressing sexual harassment in these settings. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Paula A. %E Widnall, Sheila E. %E Benya, Frazier F. %T Harcèlement sexuel des femmes: Climat, culture et conséquences dans les filières universitaires de sciences, d'ingénierie et de médecine %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26081/harclement-sexuel-des-femmes-climat-culture-et-consquences-dans-les %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26081/harclement-sexuel-des-femmes-climat-culture-et-consquences-dans-les %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 324 %X Over the last few decades, research, activity, and funding has been devoted to improving the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine. In recent years the diversity of those participating in these fields, particularly the participation of women, has improved and there are significantly more women entering careers and studying science, engineering, and medicine than ever before. However, as women increasingly enter these fields they face biases and barriers and it is not surprising that sexual harassment is one of these barriers. Over thirty years the incidence of sexual harassment in different industries has held steady, yet now more women are in the workforce and in academia, and in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine (as students and faculty) and so more women are experiencing sexual harassment as they work and learn. Over the last several years, revelations of the sexual harassment experienced by women in the workplace and in academic settings have raised urgent questions about the specific impact of this discriminatory behavior on women and the extent to which it is limiting their careers. Sexual Harassment of Women explores the influence of sexual harassment in academia on the career advancement of women in the scientific, technical, and medical workforce. This report reviews the research on the extent to which women in the fields of science, engineering, and medicine are victimized by sexual harassment and examines the existing information on the extent to which sexual harassment in academia negatively impacts the recruitment, retention, and advancement of women pursuing scientific, engineering, technical, and medical careers. It also identifies and analyzes the policies, strategies and practices that have been the most successful in preventing and addressing sexual harassment in these settings. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Colwell, Rita %E Bear, Ashley %E Helman, Alex %T Pratiques prometteuses pour remédier à la sous-représentation des femmes dans les domaines des sciences, de l'ingénierie et de la médecine: Ouvrir les portes %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27052/pratiques-prometteuses-pour-remdier-la-sous-reprsentation-des-femmes-dans-les-domaines-des-sciences-de-lingnierie-et-de-la-mdecine %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27052/pratiques-prometteuses-pour-remdier-la-sous-reprsentation-des-femmes-dans-les-domaines-des-sciences-de-lingnierie-et-de-la-mdecine %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 336 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Lauritsen, Janet L. %E Cork, Daniel L. %T Modernizing Crime Statistics: Report 2: New Systems for Measuring Crime %@ 978-0-309-47261-6 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25035/modernizing-crime-statistics-report-2-new-systems-for-measuring-crime %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25035/modernizing-crime-statistics-report-2-new-systems-for-measuring-crime %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 280 %X To derive statistics about crime – to estimate its levels and trends, assess its costs to and impacts on society, and inform law enforcement approaches to prevent it - a conceptual framework for defining and thinking about crime is virtually a prerequisite. Developing and maintaining such a framework is no easy task, because the mechanics of crime are ever evolving and shifting: tied to shifts and development in technology, society, and legislation. Interest in understanding crime surged in the 1920s, which proved to be a pivotal decade for the collection of nationwide crime statistics. Now established as a permanent agency, the Census Bureau commissioned the drafting of a manual for preparing crime statistics—intended for use by the police, corrections departments, and courts alike. The new manual sought to solve a perennial problem by suggesting a standard taxonomy of crime. Shortly after the Census Bureau issued its manual, the International Association of Chiefs of Police in convention adopted a resolution to create a Committee on Uniform Crime Records —to begin the process of describing what a national system of data on crimes known to the police might look like. Report 1 performed a comprehensive reassessment of what is meant by crime in U.S. crime statistics and recommends a new classification of crime to organize measurement efforts. This second report examines methodological and implementation issues and presents a conceptual blueprint for modernizing crime statistics.