@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Policies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally", isbn = "978-0-309-68910-6", abstract = "Injury and death from use of excessive force by police officers remain a common concern in countries across the globe. Despite local, national, and international attempts to legislate and provide guidance for police use of force, there continue to be global accounts of excessive force by law enforcement. Reports of officer-involved killings, injuries to citizens, and attempts to control protests and demonstrations with chemical irritants, rubber bullets, and sometimes shooting into crowds with live ammunition frequently appear in the press worldwide. However, reliable data on and accounting for these incidents are both lacking.\nA large network of international and regional organizations, bilateral donors, international financial institutions, and civil society organizations aim to work with governments to improve policing practices and reduce police use of excessive force. As a part of that network, the U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance to and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries. Like many donors, it strives to direct its resources to the most effective approaches to achieve its mission.\nPolicies and Practices to Minimize Police Use of Force Internationally, the third in a series of five reports produced for INL, addresses what policies and practices for police use of force are effective in promoting the rule of law and protecting the population (including the officers themselves). This report looks at what is known about effective practices and their implementation and identifies promising actions to be taken by international donors in their efforts to strengthen the effectiveness of law enforcement agencies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26582/policies-and-practices-to-minimize-police-use-of-force-internationally", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Police Training to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population", isbn = "978-0-309-27751-8", abstract = "Training police in the knowledge and skills necessary to support the rule of law and protect the public is a substantial component of the activities of international organizations that provide foreign assistance. Significant challenges with such training activities arise with the wide range of cultural, institutional, political, and social contexts across countries. In addition, foreign assistance donors often have to leverage programs and capacity in their own countries to provide training in partner countries, and there are many examples of training, including in the United States, that do not rely on the best scientific evidence of policing practices and training design. Studies have shown disconnects between the reported goals of training, notably that of protecting the population, and actual behaviors by police officers. These realities present a diversity of challenges and opportunities for foreign assistance donors and police training.\nAt the request of the U.S. State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine examined scientific evidence and assessed research needs for effective policing in the context of the challenges above. This report, the second in a series of five, responds to the following questions: What are the core knowledge and skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? What is known about mechanisms (e.g., basic and continuing education or other capacity building programs) for developing the core skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population?", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26467/police-training-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Larry W. Thomas", title = "Policing and Public Transportation", abstract = "Compliance with transit-equipment and operations guidelines, FTA financing initiatives, private-sector programs, and labor or environmental standards relating to transit operations are some of the legal issues and problems unique to transit agencies.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Legal Research Digest 58: Policing and Public Transportation provides a comprehensive analysis of constitutional issues and summarizes current laws and practices that apply to policing by public transportation agencies.Supplemental to the Digest is Appendix A: Agreements, Policies, Reports, and Other Documents Provided by Public Transportation Authorities for the Report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26652/policing-and-public-transportation", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Katrina Baum Stone", title = "Measuring Law Enforcement Suicide: Challenges and Opportunities: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-70876-0", abstract = "From April 25-26, 2023 the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to identify challenges in and opportunities for measuring suicide in the law enforcement occupation. Experts in the field met to identify ways to improve the measurement of suicide by current and former police and corrections officers, dispatchers, and other sworn and civilian personnel, in public and private organizations. This proceedings provides a synthesis of key themes identified during the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27216/measuring-law-enforcement-suicide-challenges-and-opportunities-proceedings-of-a", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering", editor = "Lance A. Davis and Greg Pearson", title = "Owner-Authorized Handguns: A Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-08975-3", abstract = "The feasibility and potential impact of so-called smart handguns has generated considerable public interest and debate. This report summarizes a June 2002 workshop at the National Academy of Engineering that examined three related issues: the state of technology for owner-authorized handguns; the role of product liability in the development and marketing of such firearms; and the potential impact of these smart guns on health and crime. Smart-gun technology has the potential to prevent unintended or undesirable uses of handguns, such as accidental shootings; the shooting of police officers by assailants using the officers' own weapons; suicides; homicides with stolen handguns; and other gun-related crimes. However, information presented at the workshop suggests that considerably more research is needed to bring a reliable and commercially viable product to the marketplace. The report also notes that the impact of smart-guns will be influenced by legal issues, human behavior, economic conditions, and other factors.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10828/owner-authorized-handguns-a-workshop-summary", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", title = "Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States: A Guide for the Legal Sector", isbn = "978-0-309-31340-7", abstract = "Every day in the United States, children and adolescents are victims of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking. These are not only illegal activities, but also forms of violence and abuse that result in immediate and long-term physical, mental, and emotional harm to victims and survivors.\nIn 2013, the Institute of Medicine\/National Research Council released the report Confronting Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Minors in the United States. The report found that the United States is in the very early stages of recognizing, understanding, and developing solutions for these crimes.\nLaw enforcement professionals, attorneys, and judges all have important roles to play in responding to commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors in the United States. Their knowledge and ability to identify victims, investigate cases, and make appropriate referrals is crucial to the development of an overall response to these crimes.\nThis Guide for the Legal Sector provides a summary of information from the original report that is most relevant to individuals within the legal sector who interact in some way with victims, survivors, and perpetrators of commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of minors. This includes federal, state, county, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies; police officers and investigators; probation officers; parole officers; corrections officers; prosecutors and defense attorneys; victim advocates; and judges.\nThis guide includes definitions of key terms and an overview of risk factors and consequences; noteworthy examples of efforts by law enforcement personnel, attorneys, the juvenile and criminal justice systems, and the judiciary; multisector and interagency efforts in which the legal sector plays an important role; and recommendations aimed at identifying, preventing, and responding to these crimes. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18969/confronting-commercial-sexual-exploitation-and-sex-trafficking-of-minors-in-the-united-states", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "David Weisburd and Malay K. Majmundar", title = "Proactive Policing: Effects on Crime and Communities", isbn = "978-0-309-46713-1", abstract = "Proactive policing, as a strategic approach used by police agencies to prevent crime, is a relatively new phenomenon in the United States. It developed from a crisis in confidence in policing that began to emerge in the 1960s because of social unrest, rising crime rates, and growing skepticism regarding the effectiveness of standard approaches to policing. In response, beginning in the 1980s and 1990s, innovative police practices and policies that took a more proactive approach began to develop. This report uses the term \"proactive policing\" to refer to all policing strategies that have as one of their goals the prevention or reduction of crime and disorder and that are not reactive in terms of focusing primarily on uncovering ongoing crime or on investigating or responding to crimes once they have occurred. \n\nProactive policing is distinguished from the everyday decisions of police officers to be proactive in specific situations and instead refers to a strategic decision by police agencies to use proactive police responses in a programmatic way to reduce crime. Today, proactive policing strategies are used widely in the United States. They are not isolated programs used by a select group of agencies but rather a set of ideas that have spread across the landscape of policing. \n\nProactive Policing reviews the evidence and discusses the data and methodological gaps on: (1) the effects of different forms of proactive policing on crime; (2) whether they are applied in a discriminatory manner; (3) whether they are being used in a legal fashion; and (4) community reaction. This report offers a comprehensive evaluation of proactive policing that includes not only its crime prevention impacts but also its broader implications for justice and U.S. communities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24928/proactive-policing-effects-on-crime-and-communities", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Emergency Response Procedures for Natural Gas Transit Vehicles", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 58: Emergency Response Procedures for Natural Gas Transit Vehicles identifies and documents the state of the practice on emergency response protocols to incidents involving natural gas-filled transit buses. The report is designed to assist first responders to natural gas incidents\u2014emergency response professionals such as police officers and fire-fighters; transit agency operations and maintenance employees, police, and security guards; and certain members of the general public.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23328/emergency-response-procedures-for-natural-gas-transit-vehicles", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Wesley Skogan and Kathleen Frydl", title = "Fairness and Effectiveness in Policing: The Evidence", isbn = "978-0-309-28965-8", abstract = "Because police are the most visible face of government power for most citizens, they are expected to deal effectively with crime and disorder and to be impartial. Producing justice through the fair, and restrained use of their authority. The standards by which the public judges police success have become more exacting and challenging.\n\nFairness and Effectiveness in Policing explores police work in the new century. It replaces myths with research findings and provides recommendations for updated policy and practices to guide it. The book provides answers to the most basic questions: What do police do? It reviews how police work is organized, explores the expanding responsibilities of police, examines the increasing diversity among police employees, and discusses the complex interactions between officers and citizens. It also addresses such topics as community policing, use of force, racial profiling, and evaluates the success of common police techniques, such as focusing on crime \u201chot spots.\u201d It goes on to look at the issue of legitimacy\u2014how the public gets information about police work, and how police are viewed by different groups, and how police can gain community trust. \n\nFairness and Effectiveness in Policing will be important to anyone concerned about police work: policy makers, administrators, educators, police supervisors and officers, journalists, and interested citizens. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10419/fairness-and-effectiveness-in-policing-the-evidence", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Erin Hammers Forstag", title = "Community Safety and Policing: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "The Committee on Reducing Racial Inequalities in the Criminal Justice System of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in January 2021 as part of its exploration of ways to reduce racial inequalities in criminal justice outcomes in the United States. In this workshop, speakers described the historical underpinnings that have linked policing with systemic racism and explored how policing in specific communities has shaped disparities in rates of crime and victimization across racial and ethnic groups. Speakers from both the criminal justice system and several communities spoke about how they are working to address racial inequalities today and about the problems of over-policing and under-protection in certain communities. This workshop, the first in a series of three, enabled the committee to gather information from a diverse set of stakeholders and experts to inform the consensus study process. This publication highlights the presentations of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26099/community-safety-and-policing-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in-brief", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Darla Thompson", title = "Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "In June 2016 the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on public health approaches to reducing and preventing community violence. Participants discussed the effects of trauma and violence on communities and explored approaches that communities and multi-sector partners are using to build safe, resilient, and healthy communities. They also explored community- and hospital-based anti-violence programs, community policing, blight reduction, and the community\u2019s participation in initiatives, including the youth and adults at risk or responsible for much of the violence in communities. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23668/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Laura Wolfgram and Cyndy Pollan and Kirstie Hostetter and Amy Martin and Tina Spencer and Scott Rodda and Andrew Amey", title = "Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion", abstract = "Fare evasion is generally defined as a passenger using public transit without paying the required fare or possessing the required fare media or valid proof of fare payment. Fare evasion has significant implications for the financial sustainability of transit systems and must be replaced by another stable source of funding.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program TCRP Research Report 234: Measuring and Managing Fare Evasion explores in detail the recent past and emerging future of fare enforcement on transit systems.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26514/measuring-and-managing-fare-evasion", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Developing Policing Practices that Build Legitimacy", isbn = "978-0-309-69246-5", abstract = "Scholars, policymakers, and the public view police legitimacy and community trust in the police alike as essential components of an effective police organization. An extensive network of international and regional organizations, bilateral donors, international financial institutions, and civil society organizations aims to work with governments to improve policing practices and enhance police legitimacy. As a part of that network, the U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance to and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries. Like many donors, it strives to direct its resources to the most effective approaches to achieve its mission.\nAt the request of INL, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened an ad hoc committee to review, assess, and reach consensus on existing evidence on policing institutions, police practices and capacities, and police legitimacy in the international context. The committee produced five reports, addressing questions of interest to INL and the State Department. Developing Policing Practices that Build Legitimacy, the fourth in this series, responds to the question: What policing practices build community trust and legitimacy in countries with low-to-moderate criminal justice sector capacity? This report focuses on the concept of legitimacy and ways of building legitimacy to foster this kind of trust and expectations.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26678/developing-policing-practices-that-build-legitimacy", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports", isbn = "978-0-309-69610-4", abstract = "The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems.\nAt the request of INL, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled the Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors to review the available research evidence on police and policing practices, with emphasis on how police reform can promote the rule of law and protect the public. The 5 consensus studies that are part of this project provide evidence-driven policy and research recommendations for key stakeholders with the goal of informing capacity-building activities. This report is a compilation of those 5 studies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26782/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-and-justice-sectors", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Abigail Allen and Emily Backes", title = "Crime Rates During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Law and Justice convened a workshop through its Planning Committee on Crime Rates during the SARS-CoV-2 or COVID-19 pandemic on November 10, 2022, to explore crime rate changes during the pandemic, potential explanations for those rates, and opportunities for future methods, data, and research. Specifically, it sought to (1) explore existing data on the trends in multiple criminal offenses during the pandemic; (2) explore existing explanations for the crime rate changes in multiple offense types during the pandemic for their scope, logical consistency, empirical support, and limitations, with special attention to explanations related to the pandemic and associated population restrictions (e.g., stay at home orders, social gathering restrictions, etc.), as well as the diffusion and availability of firearms; and (3) discuss methodological issues, data infrastructure needs, and research gaps to inform understanding of crime problems and rates. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26920/crime-rates-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-proceedings-of-a", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population: An Evidence-Based Approach", isbn = "978-0-309-68535-1", abstract = "The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems.\nWhile the science of policing outcomes has grown in recent years, it is limited in context, with much of the research conducted on policing taking place in the Global North countries (e.g., the United Kingdom and United States). It is also limited in purpose, with much research focused on examining crime reduction as opposed to examining the harms to the public as the result of crimes, violence, and any effects of policing activities.\nAt the request of INL, Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population explores the organizational policies, structures, or practices (e.g., HR and recruiting, legal authorities, reporting lines, etc.) that will enable a police service to promote the rule of law and protect the population. This report presents an overview of the state of research and highlights promising areas to guide policing reform and interventions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26217/policing-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Darla Thompson and Joe Alper", title = "Community Violence as a Population Health Issue: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-45047-8", abstract = "On June 16, 2016, the Roundtable on Population Health Improvement held a workshop at the Lutheran Church of the Good Shepherd in Brooklyn, New York, to explore the influence of trauma and violence on communities. The workshop highlighted examples of community-based organizations using trauma-informed approaches to treat violence and build safe and healthy communities. Presentations showcased examples that can serve as models in different sectors and communities and shared lessons learned. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the event.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23661/community-violence-as-a-population-health-issue-proceedings-of-a", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Patricia Bye and Deborah Matherly", title = "Transit Exclusion Policies in Public Transportation Systems", abstract = "Many operators of passenger public transportation maintain an exclusion or trespass policy that effectively bans violators from using the system for a period of time in conjunction with, or in lieu of, other penalties related to the violation. Exclusion policies vary in scope, qualifiers, purpose, and approach.\nTCRP Synthesis 173: Transit Exclusion Policies in Public Transportation Systems, from TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program, documents the practice of the use of transportation exclusion policies in North American transit systems. It is designed to help transit agencies in understanding the usefulness of such policies, as well as understanding the methods for creating, amending, or supplementing exclusion policies to maximize their effectiveness in reducing crime and disorder within their respective transit systems.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27474/transit-exclusion-policies-in-public-transportation-systems", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Deepali Patel", title = "Violence and Mental Health: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Detection: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-46662-2", abstract = "On February 26\u201327, 2014, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine\u2019s Forum on Global Violence Prevention convened a workshop titled Mental Health and Violence: Opportunities for Prevention and Early Intervention. The workshop brought together advocates and experts in public health and mental health, anthropology, biomedical science, criminal justice, global health and development, and neuroscience to examine experience, evidence, and practice at the intersection of mental health and violence. Participants explored how violence impacts mental health and how mental health influences violence and discussed approaches to improve research and practice in both domains. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24916/violence-and-mental-health-opportunities-for-prevention-and-early-detection", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Harvard University", title = "Violence in Urban America: Mobilizing a Response", isbn = "978-0-309-05039-5", abstract = "In this summary of a unique conference on urban violence, mayors, police chiefs, local, state, and federal agency experts, and researchers provide a wealth of practical ideas to combat violence in urban America. This book will be a valuable guide to concerned community residents as well as local officials in designing new approaches to the violence that afflicts America's cities.\nsingle copy, $12.95; 2-9 copies, $9.95 each; 10 or more copies, $6.95 each (no other discounts apply)", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4419/violence-in-urban-america-mobilizing-a-response", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }