%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Stratton, Kathleen %E Kwan, Leslie Y. %E Eaton, David L. %T Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes %@ 978-0-309-46834-3 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24952/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24952/public-health-consequences-of-e-cigarettes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 774 %X Millions of Americans use e-cigarettes. Despite their popularity, little is known about their health effects. Some suggest that e-cigarettes likely confer lower risk compared to combustible tobacco cigarettes, because they do not expose users to toxicants produced through combustion. Proponents of e-cigarette use also tout the potential benefits of e-cigarettes as devices that could help combustible tobacco cigarette smokers to quit and thereby reduce tobacco-related health risks. Others are concerned about the exposure to potentially toxic substances contained in e-cigarette emissions, especially in individuals who have never used tobacco products such as youth and young adults. Given their relatively recent introduction, there has been little time for a scientific body of evidence to develop on the health effects of e-cigarettes. Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes reviews and critically assesses the state of the emerging evidence about e-cigarettes and health. This report makes recommendations for the improvement of this research and highlights gaps that are a priority for future research. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Teutsch, Steven M. %E Geller, Amy B. %E Mead, Aimee M. %T Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects %@ 978-0-309-09106-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26421/premium-cigars-patterns-of-use-marketing-and-health-effects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26421/premium-cigars-patterns-of-use-marketing-and-health-effects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 522 %X The early to mid-1990s saw a large surge in U.S. cigar consumption, including premium cigars. Based on recent import data, premium cigar use may be increasing, though they currently make up a small percent of the total U.S. cigar market. Premium cigars have also been the subject of legal and regulatory efforts for the past decade. In 1998, the National Cancer Institute undertook a comprehensive review of available knowledge about cigars - the only one to date. The resulting research recommendations have largely not been addressed, and many of the identified information gaps persist. Furthermore, there is no single, consistent definition of premium cigars, making research challenging. In response, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the National Institutes of Health commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee of experts to address this issue. The resulting report, Premium Cigars: Patterns of Use, Marketing, and Health Effects, includes 13 findings, 24 conclusions, and nine priority research recommendations and assesses the state of evidence on premium cigar characteristics, current patterns of use, marketing and perceptions of the product, and short- long-term health effects. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects %@ 978-0-309-07456-8 %D 1986 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/943/environmental-tobacco-smoke-measuring-exposures-and-assessing-health-effects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/943/environmental-tobacco-smoke-measuring-exposures-and-assessing-health-effects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 351 %X This comprehensive book examines the recent research investigating the characteristics and composition of different types of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and discusses possible health effects of ETS. The volume presents an overview of methods used to determine exposures to environmental smoke and reviews both chronic and acute health effects. Many recommendations are made for areas of further research, including the differences between smokers and nonsmokers in absorbing, metabolizing, and excreting the components of ETS, and the possible effects of ETS exposure during childhood and fetal life. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Scientific Standards for Studies on Modified Risk Tobacco Products %@ 978-0-309-22398-0 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13294/scientific-standards-for-studies-on-modified-risk-tobacco-products %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13294/scientific-standards-for-studies-on-modified-risk-tobacco-products %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 370 %X Smoking-related diseases kill more Americans than alcohol, illegal drugs, murder and suicide combined. The passage of the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009 gave the FDA authority to regulate "modified risk tobacco products" (MRTPs), tobacco products that are either designed or advertised to reduce harm or the risk of tobacco-related disease. MRTPs must submit to the FDA scientific evidence to demonstrate the product has the potential to reduce tobacco related harms as compared to conventional tobacco products. The IOM identifies minimum standards for scientific studies that an applicant would need to complete to obtain an order to market the product from the FDA. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %E Harwood, Henrick J. %E Myers, Tracy G. %T New Treatments for Addiction: Behavioral, Ethical, Legal, and Social Questions %@ 978-0-309-09128-2 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10876/new-treatments-for-addiction-behavioral-ethical-legal-and-social-questions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10876/new-treatments-for-addiction-behavioral-ethical-legal-and-social-questions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 320 %X New and improved therapies to treat and protect against drug dependence and abuse are urgently needed. In the United States alone about 50 million people regularly smoke tobacco and another 5 million are addicted to other drugs. In a given year, millions of these individuals attempt—with or without medical assistance—to quit using drugs, though relapse remains the norm. Furthermore, each year several million teenagers start smoking and nearly as many take illicit drugs for the first time. Research is advancing on promising new means of treating drug addiction using immunotherapies and sustained-release (depot) medications. The aim of this research is to develop medications that can block or significantly attenuate the psychoactive effects of such drugs as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, phencyclidine, and methamphetamine for weeks or months at a time. This represents a fundamentally new therapeutic approach that shows promise for treating drug addiction problems that were difficult to treat in the past. Despite their potential benefits, however, several characteristics of these new methods pose distinct behavioral, ethical, legal, and social challenges that require careful scrutiny. Such issues can be considered unique aspects of safety and efficacy that are fundamentally related to the distinct nature and properties of these new types of medications. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects: Making Sense of the Evidence %@ 978-0-309-13839-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12649/secondhand-smoke-exposure-and-cardiovascular-effects-making-sense-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12649/secondhand-smoke-exposure-and-cardiovascular-effects-making-sense-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 240 %X Data suggest that exposure to secondhand smoke can result in heart disease in nonsmoking adults. Recently, progress has been made in reducing involuntary exposure to secondhand smoke through legislation banning smoking in workplaces, restaurants, and other public places. The effect of legislation to ban smoking and its effects on the cardiovascular health of nonsmoking adults, however, remains a question. Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects reviews available scientific literature to assess the relationship between secondhand smoke exposure and acute coronary events. The authors, experts in secondhand smoke exposure and toxicology, clinical cardiology, epidemiology, and statistics, find that there is about a 25 to 30 percent increase in the risk of coronary heart disease from exposure to secondhand smoke. Their findings agree with the 2006 Surgeon General's Report conclusion that there are increased risks of coronary heart disease morbidity and mortality among men and women exposed to secondhand smoke. However, the authors note that the evidence for determining the magnitude of the relationship between chronic secondhand smoke exposure and coronary heart disease is not very strong. Public health professionals will rely upon Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Cardiovascular Effects for its survey of critical epidemiological studies on the effects of smoking bans and evidence of links between secondhand smoke exposure and cardiovascular events, as well as its findings and recommendations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Dispelling the Myths About Addiction: Strategies to Increase Understanding and Strengthen Research %@ 978-0-309-06401-9 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5802/dispelling-the-myths-about-addiction-strategies-to-increase-understanding-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5802/dispelling-the-myths-about-addiction-strategies-to-increase-understanding-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 240 %X Every year about half a million men, women, and children in the United States die from the effects of using nicotine, alcohol, and illegal drugs: one of every four American deaths. Yet research to solve this terrible problem is often perceived as less important than other types of biomedical investigation. Focusing on four major classes of drugs with the greatest social and economic impact—nicotine, alcohol, opioids, and stimulants—Dispelling the Myths About Addiction examines what is known about addiction and what is needed to develop a talented cadre of investigators and to educate the public about addiction research. The committee explores these areas: Economic costs of addiction. What has been learned about addiction from research into basic neurobiology and the brain, psychosocial and behavioral factors, and epidemiology. Education and training of researchers and the research infrastructure. Public perceptions and their impact on public policy in this field. This volume outlines the challenges and opportunities in addiction research today and makes recommendations to educators, treatment professionals, public and private institutions, and others for how to build support for addiction research and treatment. %0 Book %E Brigham, Janet %T Dying to Quit: Why We Smoke and How We Stop %@ 978-0-309-06409-5 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6013/dying-to-quit-why-we-smoke-and-how-we-stop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6013/dying-to-quit-why-we-smoke-and-how-we-stop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Health and Medicine %P 307 %X Historians and scientists a few millennia from now are likely to see tobacco as one of the major bafflements of our time, suggests Janet Brigham. Why do we smoke so much, even when we know that tobacco kills more than a million of us a year? Two decades ago, smoking was on the decline in the United States. Now the decline has flattened, and smoking appears to be increasing, most ominously among young people. Cigar smoking is on the rise. Data from a generation of young smokers indicate that many of them want to quit but have no access to effective treatment. Dying to Quit features the real-life smoking day of a young woman who plans to quit—again. Her comments take readers inside her love/hate relationship with tobacco. In everyday language, the book reveals the complex psychological and scientific issues behind the news headlines about tobacco regulations, lawsuits and settlements, and breaking scientific news. What is addiction? Is there such a thing as an addictive personality? What does nicotine do to the body? How does it affect the brain? Why do people stand in subzero temperatures outside office buildings to smoke cigarettes? What is the impact of carefully crafted advertisements and marketing strategies? Why do people who are depressed tend to smoke more? What is the biology behind these common links? These and many fundamental questions are explored drawing on the latest findings from the world's best addictions laboratories. Want to quit? Brigham takes us shopping in the marketplace of gizmos and gadgets designed to help people stop smoking, from wristwatch-like monitors to the lettuce cigarette. She presents the bad news and the not-so-bad news about smoking cessation, including the truth about withdrawal symptoms and weight gain. And she summarizes authoritative findings and recommendations about what actually works in quitting smoking. By training a behavioral scientist—by gift a writing talent—Brigham helps readers understand what people feel when they use tobacco or when they quit. At a time when tobacco smoke has filled nearly every corner of the earth and public confusion grows amid strident claims and counterclaims in the media, Dying to Quit clears the air with dispassion toward facts and compassion toward smokers. This book invites readers on a fascinating journey through the world of tobacco use and points the way toward help for smokers who want to quit. Janet Brigham, Ph.D., is a research psychologist with SRI International in Menlo Park, California, where she studies tobacco use. A former journalist and editor, she has conducted substance use research at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, and the University of Pittsburgh %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Lynch, Barbara S. %E Bonnie, Richard J. %T Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths %@ 978-0-309-05129-3 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4757/growing-up-tobacco-free-preventing-nicotine-addiction-in-children-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4757/growing-up-tobacco-free-preventing-nicotine-addiction-in-children-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 320 %X Tobacco use kills more people than any other addiction and we know that addiction starts in childhood and youth. We all agree that youths should not smoke, but how can this be accomplished? What prevention messages will they find compelling? What effect does tobacco advertising—more than $10 million worth every day—have on youths? Can we responsibly and effectively restrict their access to tobacco products? These questions and more are addressed in Growing Up Tobacco Free, prepared by the Institute of Medicine to help everyone understand the troubling issues surrounding youths and tobacco use. Growing Up Tobacco Free provides a readable explanation of nicotine's effects and the process of addiction, and documents the search for an effective approach to preventing the use of cigarettes, chewing and spitting tobacco, and snuff by children and youths. It covers the results of recent initiatives to limit young people's access to tobacco and discusses approaches to controls or bans on tobacco sales, price sensitivity among adolescents, and arguments for and against taxation as a prevention strategy for tobacco use. The controversial area of tobacco advertising is thoroughly examined. With clear guidelines for public action, everyone can benefit by reading and acting on the messages in this comprehensive and compelling book. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment %@ 978-0-309-07086-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9871/scientific-frontiers-in-developmental-toxicology-and-risk-assessment %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9871/scientific-frontiers-in-developmental-toxicology-and-risk-assessment %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 354 %X Scientific Frontiers in Developmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment reviews advances made during the last 10-15 years in fields such as developmental biology, molecular biology, and genetics. It describes a novel approach for how these advances might be used in combination with existing methodologies to further the understanding of mechanisms of developmental toxicity, to improve the assessment of chemicals for their ability to cause developmental toxicity, and to improve risk assessment for developmental defects. For example, based on the recent advances, even the smallest, simplest laboratory animals such as the fruit fly, roundworm, and zebrafish might be able to serve as developmental toxicological models for human biological systems. Use of such organisms might allow for rapid and inexpensive testing of large numbers of chemicals for their potential to cause developmental toxicity; presently, there are little or no developmental toxicity data available for the majority of natural and manufactured chemicals in use. This new approach to developmental toxicology and risk assessment will require simultaneous research on several fronts by experts from multiple scientific disciplines, including developmental toxicologists, developmental biologists, geneticists, epidemiologists, and biostatisticians. %0 Book %E Mendelsohn, Mortimer L. %E Mohr, Lawrence C. %E Peeters, John P. %T Biomarkers: Medical and Workplace Applications %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6033/biomarkers-medical-and-workplace-applications %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6033/biomarkers-medical-and-workplace-applications %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 464 %X A 38-year-old man who works in a factory applying coatings reports progressive breathing difficulties. A 45-year-old woman attributes her cough to copier "fumes." What are the prospects that compound-specific or diagnostically useful biomarkers can be developed and used for the benefit of workers like these and their employers? What promise do biomarkers of susceptibility offer for reducing risk to occupational exposures? What are the legal and ethical issues associated with the use of such biomarkers? These questions are explored in detail in this volume, which provides a comprehensive report on current and anticipated development in the application of biomarkers. Leading investigators present data, provide expert analyses, and make recommendations in the areas of: Dosimetry and physical measurement of exposure. Use of chromosome aberrations, adducts, and gene mutations as measurement of exposure and response. Metabolic susceptibility. Organ- and system-specific biomarkers. What biomarkers may reveal about carcinogenesis. The book also explores the societal and ethical issues of using biomarkers in the workplace, military, courtroom, and other settings.