TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kelsey R. Babik A2 - Autumn Downey A2 - Joe Alper TI - Personal Protective Equipment and Personal Protective Technology Product Standardization for a Resilient Public Health Supply Chain: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27094 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27094/personal-protective-equipment-and-personal-protective-technology-product-standardization-for-a-resilient-public-health-supply-chain PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Strategy for a Resilient Public Health Supply Chain lays out the U.S. government vision to protect the health and security of Americans by ensuring a supply chain for personal protective equipment (PPE) and technology (PPT), medical devices, medicines, and other public health supplies that is resilient against disruptions from pandemics and other biological threats. Additional forethought and collaboration amongst policy makers, manufacturers, and users is needed to make PPE and PPT innovation, standardization, stockpiling, and use more resilient. The National Academies convened a public workshop in March 2023 to explore innovative approaches and technologies needed to update and streamline the U.S. standardization system for PPE and PPT in support of supply chain resiliency. Discussions included ways to improve the effectiveness, safety, supply stability, and accessibility of PPE and PPT designed for use in health care settings, by critical infrastructure workers, and by the general public. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the discussions held during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kellyn Betts A2 - Andrea Hodgson A2 - Ourania Kosti TI - Measuring Personal Environmental Exposures: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/24711 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24711/measuring-personal-environmental-exposures-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in-brief PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Increased access to personal biological testing and advances in personal sensor technologies are enabling members of the public to gather data about their individual and their communities’ environmental exposures. The members of the public who are using these devices and are gathering data are private users wanting to learn about their personal exposures, citizen scientists wanting to engage in research and learn more about their communities, or people working with researchers at an institution doing community-based participatory research. These trends are enhanced by the growing value that society places on open and transparent research and data sharing. They also raise a wide range of questions about how data on individual or community-based environmental exposures can be used to inform decisions about health and policies at the level of the individual, a research institution, a private company, a regulatory body, or society at large. In November 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 2-day workshop to explore the implications of producing and accessing individual- and community-level environmental exposure data in the United States. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Howard J. Cohen A2 - Catharyn T. Liverman TI - Certifying Personal Protective Technologies: Improving Worker Safety SN - DO - 10.17226/12962 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12962/certifying-personal-protective-technologies-improving-worker-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Health and Medicine AB - When you purchase a product, you expect it to work. Construction workers on high-rise buildings need to be confident that their safety harnesses will arrest a fall. Firefighters need to know that their gloves and other protective equipment can withstand high temperatures. Healthcare workers administering highly toxic chemotherapy agents need to know that their gloves will withstand penetration. For personal protective technologies (PPT)—where the major purpose of the product is to protect the wearer against a hazard—a deficit in product effectiveness can mean injury, illness, or death. Examining the extent to which products meet specific performance or design criteria is the focus of conformity assessment efforts. For PPT conformity assessment, the ultimate goal is preventing worker illness, injury, or death from hazardous working conditions. Certifying Personal Protective Technologies focuses on conformity assessment for occupational PPT—ensuring that PPT are effective in preventing or reducing hazardous exposures or situations that workers face in their jobs. Because respirators already have an extensive testing and conformity assessment process in place, this book specifically addresses conformity assessment processes for other types of PPT, including eye and face protection, gloves, hearing protectors, and protective clothing. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sharon Feigon A2 - Colin Murphy TI - Broadening Understanding of the Interplay Among Public Transit, Shared Mobility, and Personal Automobiles DO - 10.17226/24996 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24996/broadening-understanding-of-the-interplay-among-public-transit-shared-mobility-and-personal-automobiles PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Report 195: Broadening Understanding of the Interplay Among Public Transit, Shared Mobility, and Personal Automobiles explores the effects of app-based transportation network companies on the cities in which they operate, including on public transit ridership, single-occupancy vehicle trips, and traffic congestion. Built upon the findings of TCRP Research Report 188, this report explores how shared modes—and ridesourcing companies in particular—interact with the use of public transit and personal automobiles. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Personal Cars and China SN - DO - 10.17226/10491 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10491/personal-cars-and-china PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - This collaborative study between the NRC and the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) addresses the problems facing China in the next twenty years as it attempts to provide personal transport desired by millions of Chinese, while preserving the environment and the livability of its cities. According to Song Jian, president of the CAE, the decision has already been taken to produce a moderate cost family car in China, which will greatly increase the number of vehicles on the roads. This study explores the issues confronting the country, including health issues, the challenge to urban areas, particularly the growing number of megacities, environmental protection, infrastructure requirements, and technological options for Chinese vehicles. It draws on the experience of the United States and other countries and review model approaches to urban transportation and land use planning. Recommendations and policy choices for China are described in detail. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Standardized Procedures for Personal Travel Surveys DO - 10.17226/13805 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13805/standardized-procedures-for-personal-travel-surveys PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 571: Standardized Procedures for Personal Travel Surveys explores the aspects of personal travel surveys that could be standardized with the goal of improving the quality, consistency, and accuracy of the resulting data. The technical appendix to NCHRP Report 571 was published as NCHRP Web-Only Document 93. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Elaine L. Larson A2 - Catharyn T. Liverman TI - Preventing Transmission of Pandemic Influenza and Other Viral Respiratory Diseases: Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Personnel: Update 2010 SN - DO - 10.17226/13027 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13027/preventing-transmission-of-pandemic-influenza-and-other-viral-respiratory-diseases PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2009, the H1N1 influenza pandemic brought to the forefront the many unknowns about the virulence, spread, and nature of the virus, as well as questions regarding personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare personnel. In this book, the Institute of Medicine assesses the progress of PPE research and identifies future directions for PPE for healthcare personnel. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Michael Greene TI - The Future of Personal Transport in China: Summary of a Symposium, January 12, 2001 DO - 10.17226/10214 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10214/the-future-of-personal-transport-in-china-summary-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - AB - In August 1999 a delegation from the Chinese Academy of Engineering (CAE) visited The National Academies in Washington to discuss opportunities for collaboration on a study of the future of personal use vehicles in China. Barely motorized at present, China is confronted with the prospect of a massive increase in demand for automobiles. This is a summary of the first meeting of the Committee on the Future of Personal Use Vehicles in China, where the committee invited a group of experts to join some members of the committee to review the issues surrounding rapid motorization in China and the world experience in confronting similar problems in other countries. This symposium was designed to serve as the initial technical presentation to the committee and enabled some of the more difficult issues to be introduced by non-member experts in a setting outside of the committee room where they would be debated. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Technical Appendix to NCHRP Report 571: Standardized Procedures for Personal Travel Surveys DO - 10.17226/22042 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22042/technical-appendix-to-nchrp-report-571-standardized-procedures-for-personal-travel-surveys PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 93 is the technical appendix to NCHRP Report 571: Standardized Procedures for Personal Travel Surveys, which explores the aspects of personal travel surveys that could be standardized with the goal of improving the quality, consistency, and accuracy of the resulting data. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Lewis R. Goldfrank A2 - Catharyn T. Liverman TI - Preparing for an Influenza Pandemic: Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers SN - DO - 10.17226/11980 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11980/preparing-for-an-influenza-pandemic-personal-protective-equipment-for-healthcare PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During an influenza pandemic, healthcare workers will be on the front lines delivering care to patients and preventing further spread of the disease. As the nation prepares for pandemic influenza, multiple avenues for protecting the health of the public are being carefully considered, ranging from rapid development of appropriate vaccines to quarantine plans should the need arise for their implementation. One vital aspect of pandemic influenza planning is the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)—the respirators, gowns, gloves, face shields, eye protection, and other equipment that will be used by healthcare workers and others in their day-to-day patient care responsibilities. However, efforts to appropriately protect healthcare workers from illness or from infecting their families and their patients are greatly hindered by the paucity of data on the transmission of influenza and the challenges associated with training and equipping healthcare workers with effective personal protective equipment. Due to this lack of knowledge on influenza transmission, it is not possible at the present time to definitively inform healthcare workers about what PPE is critical and what level of protection this equipment will provide in a pandemic. The outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 have underscored the importance of protecting healthcare workers from infectious agents. The surge capacity that will be required to reduce mortality from a pandemic cannot be met if healthcare workers are themselves ill or are absent due to concerns about PPE efficacy. The IOM committee determined that there is an urgent need to address the lack of preparedness regarding effective PPE for use in an influenza pandemic. Preparing for an Influenza Pandemic : Personal Protective Equipment for Healthcare Workers identifies that require expeditious research and policy action: (1) Influenza transmission research should become an immediate and short-term research priority so that effective prevention and control strategies can be developed and refined. The current paucity of knowledge significantly hinders prevention efforts. (2) Employer and employee commitment to worker safety and appropriate use of PPE should be strengthened. Healthcare facilities should establish and promote a culture of safety. (3) An integrated effort is needed to understand the PPE requirements of the worker and to develop and utilize innovative materials and technologies to create the next generation of PPE capable of meeting these needs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - The Personal Protective Technology Program at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health SN - DO - 10.17226/12203 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12203/the-personal-protective-technology-program-at-niosh-reviews-of-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Health and Medicine AB - Maintaining the health and safety of workers in the United States and globally is accomplished in part by reducing hazardous exposures through the use of personal protective equipment. Personal protective technologies (PPT) include respirators worn by construction workers and miners; protective clothing, respirators, and gloves worn by firefighters and mine rescue workers; and respirators and protective clothing worn by healthcare workers. An estimated 5 million workers are required to wear respirators in 1.3 million U.S. workplaces. For some occupations, such as firefighting, the worker's protective equipment is the only form of protection against life-threatening hazards; for other workers, the PPT is a supplement to ventilation and other environmental, engineering, or administrative hazard controls. In the United States, federal responsibility for civilian worker PPT is integral to the mission of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). This book examines the NIOSH Personal Protective Technology Program (PPT Program) and specifically focuses on the relevance and impact of this program in reducing hazardous exposures and improving worker health and safety. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Research Council TI - Measuring Personal Travel and Goods Movement: A Review of the Bureau of Transportation Statistics' Surveys -- Special Report 277 DO - 10.17226/10837 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10837/measuring-personal-travel-and-goods-movement-a-review-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Special Report 277 - Measuring Personal Travel and Goods Movement recommends a series of actions the U.S. Department of Transportation's Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS) should take to render its flagship surveys -- the National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) and the Commodity Flow Survey (CFS) -- more effective in meeting the needs of a broad spectrum of data users. The report also recommends approaches BTS and its survey partners should adopt to develop more effective survey methods and address institutional issues affecting survey stability and quality. Report Summary published in the October-September 2004 issue of the TR News. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Katiria Ortiz TI - Borders, Cyber Resilience, and the Implications of Data Localization: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26670 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26670/borders-cyber-resilience-and-the-implications-of-data-localization-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Forum on Cyber Resilience convened a workshop motivated by a July 16, 2020, decision of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning data flows between Europe and the United States. The decision is of interest from a cyber resilience perspective not only because of its potential to limit services that rely on flows of personal data from the European Union to the United States but also because it is a fresh reminder of broader global data sovereignty trends. Symposium speakers reviewed the CJEU decision, provided perspectives on its policy context and implications, discussed historical antecedents and broader issues surrounding digital trade, and considered the technology and cybersecurity implications of this and other data localization regulations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Memorial Tributes: Volume 23 SN - DO - 10.17226/26229 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26229/memorial-tributes-volume-23 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - This is the twenty-third volume in the series of Memorial Tributes compiled by the National Academy of Engineering as a personal remembrance of the lives and outstanding achievements of its members and foreign associates. These volumes are intended to stand as an enduring record of the many contributions of engineers and engineering to the benefit of humankind. In most cases, the authors of the tributes are contemporaries or colleagues who had personal knowledge of the interests and the engineering accomplishments of the deceased. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Larry W. Thomas TI - Policing and Public Transportation DO - 10.17226/26652 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26652/policing-and-public-transportation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Compliance with transit-equipment and operations guidelines, FTA financing initiatives, private-sector programs, and labor or environmental standards relating to transit operations are some of the legal issues and problems unique to transit agencies.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Legal Research Digest 58: Policing and Public Transportation provides a comprehensive analysis of constitutional issues and summarizes current laws and practices that apply to policing by public transportation agencies.Supplemental to the Digest is Appendix A: Agreements, Policies, Reports, and Other Documents Provided by Public Transportation Authorities for the Report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Toward a New Era of Data Sharing: Summary of the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data DO - 10.17226/27520 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27520/toward-a-new-era-of-data-sharing-summary-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Data are at the forefront of efforts to solve many of today's greatest problems, including climate change, misinformation and disinformation, the threat of future global pandemics, and the quest by people everywhere to lead better lives. But if researchers are going to use data to contribute to the solutions of problems, data need to be available for them to use. Over time, data have become increasingly voluminous, complex, and heterogeneous. Massive volumes of data are being generated by new devices and methods, and many of these data are not easy to analyze, interpret, or share. Groups that generate data may be reluctant to share them for a variety of professional, personal, financial, regulatory, and statutory reasons.These issues were addressed during the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data held in Washington, DC, on September 12–13, 2023. Organized by the National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society, the forum examined the constellation of issues surrounding researchers' access to data, best practices and lessons learned from exemplary research disciplines, and new ideas and techniques that could drive research forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the forum. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Eve Higginbotham A2 - Maria Lund Dahlberg TI - The Impact of COVID-19 on the Careers of Women in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine SN - DO - 10.17226/26061 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26061/the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-careers-of-women-in-academic-sciences-engineering-and-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The spring of 2020 marked a change in how almost everyone conducted their personal and professional lives, both within science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) and beyond. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted global scientific conferences and individual laboratories and required people to find space in their homes from which to work. It blurred the boundaries between work and non-work, infusing ambiguity into everyday activities. While adaptations that allowed people to connect became more common, the evidence available at the end of 2020 suggests that the disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic endangered the engagement, experience, and retention of women in academic STEMM, and may roll back some of the achievement gains made by women in the academy to date. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Careers of Women in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine identifies, names, and documents how the COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the careers of women in academic STEMM during the initial 9-month period since March 2020 and considers how these disruptions - both positive and negative - might shape future progress for women. This publication builds on the 2020 report Promising Practices for Addressing the Underrepresentation of Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine to develop a comprehensive understanding of the nuanced ways these disruptions have manifested. The Impact of COVID-19 on the Careers of Women in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine will inform the academic community as it emerges from the pandemic to mitigate any long-term negative consequences for the continued advancement of women in the academic STEMM workforce and build on the adaptations and opportunities that have emerged. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Matthew Daus TI - Legal Issues and Emerging Technologies DO - 10.17226/26786 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26786/legal-issues-and-emerging-technologies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - The nation’s 6,800 plus public transportation agencies need to have access to a program that can provide authoritatively researched, specific studies of legal issues and problems having national significance and application to the public transportation industry. Some legal issues and problems are unique to transit agencies. The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Legal Research Digest 59: Legal Issues and Emerging Technologies provides transportation attorneys with guidance and resources to assist with these legal changes resulting from the implementation of technology, including regulatory challenges, risk management, cybersecurity, privacy, handling confidential and proprietary information, intellectual property rights, civil rights and environmental justice compliance, labor and employment law, and procurement issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anna Nicholson A2 - Olivia Yost A2 - Claire Giammaria TI - Current Issues in the Assessment of Respiratory Protective Devices for Occupational and Non-Occupational Uses: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25951 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25951/current-issues-in-the-assessment-of-respiratory-protective-devices-for-occupational-and-non-occupational-uses PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - To address approaches to the respirator approval process in the current landscape for both occupational and non-occupational use of respirators, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Standing Committee on Personal Protective Equipment for Workplace Safety and Health convened a virtual workshop, Current Issues in the Assessment of Respiratory Protective Devices: Nontraditional Workers and Public Use on August 4–5, 2020. Additionally, the workshop considered gaps in respiratory protection for outdoor workers and the general public. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Technical Feasibility of a Wheelchair Securement Concept for Airline Travel: A Preliminary Assessment DO - 10.17226/26323 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26323/technical-feasibility-of-a-wheelchair-securement-concept-for-airline-travel PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - There appear to be, in this preliminary assessment, no formidable issues that present design and engineering challenges for installing in-cabin wheelchair securement systems in airplanes. While equipping enough airplanes with securement systems to provide meaningful levels of airline service would require substantial effort, the types of cabin modifications required to provide the needed space and structural support would likely be of moderate technical complexity for many individual airplanes.TRB’s Special Report 341: Technical Feasibility of a Wheelchair Securement Concept for Airline Travel: A Preliminary Assessment identifies and examines potential technical challenges to the development and implementation of an in-cabin wheelchair securement system. ER -