%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Evaluating the Taxonomic Status of the Mexican Gray Wolf and the Red Wolf %@ 978-0-309-48824-2 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25351/evaluating-the-taxonomic-status-of-the-mexican-gray-wolf-and-the-red-wolf %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25351/evaluating-the-taxonomic-status-of-the-mexican-gray-wolf-and-the-red-wolf %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 104 %X Scientists strive to develop clear rules for naming and grouping living organisms. But taxonomy, the scientific study of biological classification and evolution, is often highly debated. Members of a species, the fundamental unit of taxonomy and evolution, share a common evolutionary history and a common evolutionary path to the future. Yet, it can be difficult to determine whether the evolutionary history or future of a population is sufficiently distinct to designate it as a unique species. A species is not a fixed entity – the relationship among the members of the same species is only a snapshot of a moment in time. Different populations of the same species can be in different stages in the process of species formation or dissolution. In some cases hybridization and introgression can create enormous challenges in interpreting data on genetic distinctions between groups. Hybridization is far more common in the evolutionary history of many species than previously recognized. As a result, the precise taxonomic status of an organism may be highly debated. This is the current case with the Mexican gray wolf (Canis lupus baileyi) and the red wolf (Canis rufus), and this report assesses the taxonomic status for each. %0 Book %T (NAS Colloquium) Genetics and the Origin of Species: From Darwin to Molecular Biology 60 Years After Dobzhansky %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5923/nas-colloquium-genetics-and-the-origin-of-species-from-darwin %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5923/nas-colloquium-genetics-and-the-origin-of-species-from-darwin %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 121 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs %@ 978-0-309-48535-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25279/a-research-review-of-interventions-to-increase-the-persistence-and-resilience-of-coral-reefs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 258 %X Coral reef declines have been recorded for all major tropical ocean basins since the 1980s, averaging approximately 30-50% reductions in reef cover globally. These losses are a result of numerous problems, including habitat destruction, pollution, overfishing, disease, and climate change. Greenhouse gas emissions and the associated increases in ocean temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations have been implicated in increased reports of coral bleaching, disease outbreaks, and ocean acidification (OA). For the hundreds of millions of people who depend on reefs for food or livelihoods, the thousands of communities that depend on reefs for wave protection, the people whose cultural practices are tied to reef resources, and the many economies that depend on reefs for fisheries or tourism, the health and maintenance of this major global ecosystem is crucial. A growing body of research on coral physiology, ecology, molecular biology, and responses to stress has revealed potential tools to increase coral resilience. Some of this knowledge is poised to provide practical interventions in the short-term, whereas other discoveries are poised to facilitate research that may later open the doors to additional interventions. A Research Review of Interventions to Increase the Persistence and Resilience of Coral Reefs reviews the state of science on genetic, ecological, and environmental interventions meant to enhance the persistence and resilience of coral reefs. The complex nature of corals and their associated microbiome lends itself to a wide range of possible approaches. This first report provides a summary of currently available information on the range of interventions present in the scientific literature and provides a basis for the forthcoming final report. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Ayala, Francisco J. %E Fitch, Walter M. %E Clegg, Michael T. %T Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years After Stebbins %@ 978-0-309-07099-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9766/variation-and-evolution-in-plants-and-microorganisms-toward-a-new %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9766/variation-and-evolution-in-plants-and-microorganisms-toward-a-new %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 352 %X "The present book is intended as a progress report on [the] synthetic approach to evolution as it applies to the plant kingdom." With this simple statement, G. Ledyard Stebbins formulated the objectives of Variation and Evolution in Plants, published in 1950, setting forth for plants what became known as the "synthetic theory of evolution" or "the modern synthesis." The pervading conceit of the book was the molding of Darwin's evolution by natural selection within the framework of rapidly advancing genetic knowledge. At the time, Variation and Evolution in Plants significantly extended the scope of the science of plants. Plants, with their unique genetic, physiological, and evolutionary features, had all but been left completely out of the synthesis until that point. Fifty years later, the National Academy of Sciences convened a colloquium to update the advances made by Stebbins. This collection of 17 papers marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Stebbins' classic. Organized into five sections, the book covers: early evolution and the origin of cells, virus and bacterial models, protoctist models, population variation, and trends and patterns in plant evolution. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne Frances %E Anestidou, Lida %T Care, Use, and Welfare of Marmosets as Animal Models for Gene Editing-Based Biomedical Research: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-48851-8 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25356/care-use-and-welfare-of-marmosets-as-animal-models-for-gene-editing-based-biomedical-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25356/care-use-and-welfare-of-marmosets-as-animal-models-for-gene-editing-based-biomedical-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 122 %X The marmoset, a type of small monkey native to South America, is a research model of increasing importance for biomedical research in the United States and globally. Marmosets offer a range of advantages as animal models in neuroscience, aging, infectious diseases, and other fields of study. They may be particularly useful for the development of new disease models using genetic engineering and assisted reproductive technologies. However, concerns have been voiced with respect to the development of new marmoset-based models of disease, ethical considerations for their use, the supply of marmosets available for research, and gaps in guidance for their care and management. To explore and address these concerns, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use hosted a public workshop on October 22-23, 2018, in Washington, DC. The workshop focused on the availability of marmosets in the United States and abroad; animal welfare and ethical considerations stemming from the use of wildtype and genetically modified marmosets; and standards of housing and care, dietary needs, and feeding requirements for marmosets in captivity. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Animals for Research: A Directory of Sources, Tenth Edition and Supplement %@ 978-0-309-02920-9 %D 1979 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1674/animals-for-research-a-directory-of-sources-tenth-edition-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1674/animals-for-research-a-directory-of-sources-tenth-edition-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 196 %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Hey, Jody %E Fitch, Walter M. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T Systematics and the Origin of Species: On Ernst Mayr's 100th Anniversary %@ 978-0-309-09536-5 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11310/systematics-and-the-origin-of-species-on-ernst-mayrs-100th %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11310/systematics-and-the-origin-of-species-on-ernst-mayrs-100th %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 382 %X In December 2004, the National Academy of Sciences sponsored a colloquium on “Systematics and the Origin of Species” to celebrate Ernst Mayr’s 100th anniversary and to explore current knowledge concerning the origin of species. In 1942, Ernst Mayr, one of the twentieth century’s greatest scientists, published Systematics and the Origin of Species, a seminal book of the modern theory of evolution, where he advanced the significance of population variation in the understanding of evolutionary process and the origin of new species. Mayr formulated the transition from Linnaeus’s static species concept to the dynamic species concept of the modern theory of evolution and emphasized the species as a community of populations, the role of reproductive isolation, and the ecological interactions between species. In addition to a preceding essay by Edward O. Wilson, this book includes the 16 papers presented by distinguished evolutionists at the colloquium. The papers are organized into sections covering the origins of species barriers, the processes of species divergence, the nature of species, the meaning of “species,” and genomic approaches for understanding diversity and speciation. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Avise, John C. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T In the Light of Evolution: Volume III: Two Centuries of Darwin %@ 978-0-309-13986-1 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12692/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-iii-two-centuries-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12692/in-the-light-of-evolution-volume-iii-two-centuries-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Explore Science %P 430 %X Two Centuries of Darwin is the outgrowth of an Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium, sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 16-17, 2009. In the chapters of this book, leading evolutionary biologists and science historians reflect on and commemorate the Darwinian Revolution. They canvass modern research approaches and current scientific thought on each of the three main categories of selection (natural, artificial, and sexual) that Darwin addressed during his career. Although Darwin's legacy is associated primarily with the illumination of natural selection in The Origin, he also contemplated and wrote extensively about what we now term artificial selection and sexual selection. In a concluding section of this book, several science historians comment on Darwin's seminal contributions. Two Centuries of Darwin is the third book of the In the Light of Evolution series. Each installment in the series explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. The ILE series aims to interpret phenomena in various areas of biology through the lens of evolution and address some of the most intellectually engaging, as well as pragmatically important societal issues of our times. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T A Research Strategy to Examine the Taxonomy of the Red Wolf %@ 978-0-309-68147-6 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25891/a-research-strategy-to-examine-the-taxonomy-of-the-red-wolf %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25891/a-research-strategy-to-examine-the-taxonomy-of-the-red-wolf %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 138 %X A Research Strategy to Examine the Taxonomy of the Red Wolf provides independent guidance about taxonomic research on the red wolf, Canis rufus. Building from the 2019 report Evaluating the Taxonomic Status of the Mexican Gray Wolf and the Red Wolf, this report reviews and ranks research applications to determine the taxonomy of wild canid populations in southern Louisiana and other relevant locations. The report then develops a research strategy to examine the evolutionary relationships between ancient red wolves, the extant managed red wolf populations, and the unidentified canid populations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Predicting Invasions of Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests %@ 978-0-309-08264-8 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10259/predicting-invasions-of-nonindigenous-plants-and-plant-pests %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10259/predicting-invasions-of-nonindigenous-plants-and-plant-pests %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Earth Sciences %P 212 %X Nonindigenous plants and plant pests that find their way to the United States and become invasive can often cause problems. They cost more than $100 billion per year in crop and timber losses plus the expense of herbicides and pesticides. And this figure does not include the costs of invasions in less intensively managed ecosystems such as wetlands. Nonindigenous Plants and Plant Pests examines this growing problem and offers recommendations for enhancing the science base in this field, improving our detection of potential invaders, and refining our ability to predict their impact. The book analyzes the factors that shape an invader’s progress through four stages: arriving through one of many possible ports of entry, reaching a threshold of survival, thriving through proliferation and geographic spread, and ultimate impact on the organism’s new environment. The book also reviews approaches to predicting whether a species will become an invader as well as the more complex challenge of predicting and measuring its impact on the environment, a process involving value judgments and risk assessment. This detailed analysis will be of interest to policymakers, plant scientists, agricultural producers, environmentalists, and public agencies concerned with invasive plant and plant pest species. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms %@ 978-0-309-09085-8 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10880/biological-confinement-of-genetically-engineered-organisms %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10880/biological-confinement-of-genetically-engineered-organisms %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Agriculture %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 276 %X Genetically engineered organisms (GEOs) have been under development for more than 20 years while GE crops have been grown commercially during the last decade. During this time, a number of questions have cropped up concerning the potential consequences that certain GEOs might have on natural or managed ecosystems and human health. Interest in developing methods to confine some GEOs and their transgenes to specifically designated release settings has increased and the success of these efforts could facilitate the continued growth and development of this technology. Biological Confinement of Genetically Engineered Organisms examines biological methods that may be used with genetically engineered plants, animals, microbes, and fungi. Bioconfinement methods have been applied successfully to a few non-engineered organisms, but many promising techniques remain in the conceptual and experimental stages of development. This book reviews and evaluates these methods, discusses when and why to consider their use, and assesses how effectively they offer a significant reduction of the risks engineered organisms can present to the environment. Interdisciplinary research to develop new confinement methods could find ways to minimize the potential for unintended effects on human health and the environment. Need for this type of research is clear and successful methods could prove helpful in promoting regulatory approval for commercialization of future genetically engineered organisms. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Biographical Memoirs: Volume 74 %@ 978-0-309-06086-8 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6201/biographical-memoirs-volume-74 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6201/biographical-memoirs-volume-74 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 398 %X Biographic Memoirs: Volume 74 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. %0 Book %T Investigation of the Scientific and Economic Relations of the Sorghum Sugar Industry: Being a Report Made in Response to a Request From the Hon. George B. Loring %D 1883 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18454/investigation-of-the-scientific-and-economic-relations-of-the-sorghum-sugar-industry %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18454/investigation-of-the-scientific-and-economic-relations-of-the-sorghum-sugar-industry %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Agriculture %P 157 %X Sorghum is a plant that for many years has been used in the United States in an attempt to produce sugar. For over 25 years sorghum had been used to create syrup and it was believed that it sorghum would become a vital source of cane-sugar. Despite attempts, sorghum did not produce enough sugar to be of worth commercially. On January 30, 1882 the United States Commissioner of Agriculture of the Department of Agriculture, Hon. George B. Loring, requested that the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) review "the sorghum question"; that is the sugar-producing value of sorghum. Investigation of the Scientific and Economic Relations of the Sorghum Sugar Industry presents the NAS sorghum Committee's results following its investigation into the matter. The report includes the findings of the committee, the failures and success of producing sugar from sorghum, letters of transmittal, and more. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %A National Research Council %T Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research %@ 978-0-309-09653-9 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11278/guidelines-for-human-embryonic-stem-cell-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11278/guidelines-for-human-embryonic-stem-cell-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 224 %X Since 1998, the volume of research being conducted using human embryonic stem (hES) cells has expanded primarily using private funds because of restrictions on the use of federal funds for such research. Given limited federal involvement, privately funded hES cell research has thus far been carried out under a patchwork of existing regulations, many of which were not designed with this research specifically in mind. In addition, hES cell research touches on many ethical, legal, scientific, and policy issues that are of concern to the public. This report provides guidelines for the conduct of hES cell research to address both ethical and scientific concerns. The guidelines are intended to enhance the integrity of privately funded hES cell research by encouraging responsible practices in the conduct of that research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Incorporating Science, Economics, and Sociology in Developing Sanitary and Phytosanitary Standards in International Trade: Proceedings of a Conference %@ 978-0-309-07090-4 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9868/incorporating-science-economics-and-sociology-in-developing-sanitary-and-phytosanitary-standards-in-international-trade %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9868/incorporating-science-economics-and-sociology-in-developing-sanitary-and-phytosanitary-standards-in-international-trade %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Food and Nutrition %K Health and Medicine %P 289 %X The rapid expansion of international trade has brought to the fore issues of conflicting national regulations in the area of plant, animal, and human health. These problems include the concern that regulations designed to protect health can also be used for protection of domestic producers against international competition. At a time when progressive tariff reform has opened up markets and facilitated trade, in part responding to consumer demands for access to a wide choice of products and services at reasonable prices, closer scrutiny of regulatory measures has become increasingly important. At the same time, there are clear differences among countries and cultures as to the types of risk citizens are willing to accept. The activities of this conference were based on the premise that risk analyses (i.e., risk assessment, management, and communication) are not exclusively the domain of the biological and natural sciences; the social sciences play a prominent role in describing how people in different contexts perceive and respond to risks. Any effort to manage sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) issues in international trade must integrate all the sciences to develop practices for risk assessment, management, and communication that recognize international diversity in culture, experience, and institutions. Uniform international standards can help, but no such norms are likely to be acceptable to all countries. Political and administrative structures also differ, causing differences in approaches and outcomes even when basic aims are compatible. Clearly there is considerable room for confusion and mistrust. The issue is how to balance the individual regulatory needs and approaches of countries with the goal of promoting freer trade. This issue arises not only for SPS standards but also in regard to regulations that affect other areas such as environmental quality, working conditions, and the exercise of intellectual property rights. This conference focused on these issues in the specific area of SPS measures. This area includes provisions to protect plant and animal health and life and, more generally, the environment, and regulations that protect humans from foodborne risks. The Society for Risk Analysis defines a risk as the potential for realization of unwanted, adverse consequences to human life, health, property, or the environment; estimation of risk is usually based on the expected value of the conditional probability of the event occurring times the consequence of the event given that it has occurred. The task of this conference and of this report was to elucidate the place of science, culture, politics, and economics in the design and implementation of SPS measures and in their international management. The goal was to explore the critical roles and the limitations of the biological and natural sciences and the social sciences, such as economics, sociology, anthropology, philosophy, and political science in the management of SPS issues and in judging whether particular SPS measures create unacceptable barriers to international trade. The conference's objective also was to consider the elements that would compose a multidisciplinary analytical framework for SPS decision making and needs for future research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Science and the Endangered Species Act %@ 978-0-309-09017-9 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4978/science-and-the-endangered-species-act %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4978/science-and-the-endangered-species-act %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 288 %X The Endangered Species Act (ESA) is a far-reaching law that has sparked intense controversies over the use of public lands, the rights of property owners, and economic versus environmental benefits. In this volume a distinguished committee focuses on the science underlying the ESA and offers recommendations for making the act more effective. The committee provides an overview of what scientists know about extinction—and what this understanding means to implementation of the ESA. Habitat—its destruction, conservation, and fundamental importance to the ESA—is explored in detail. The book analyzes: Concepts of species—how the term "species" arose and how it has been interpreted for purposes of the ESA. Conflicts between species when individual species are identified for protection, including several case studies. Assessment of extinction risk and decisions under the ESA—how these decisions can be made more effectively. The book concludes with a look beyond the Endangered Species Act and suggests additional means of biological conservation and ways to reduce conflicts. It will be useful to policymakers, regulators, scientists, natural-resource managers, industry and environmental organizations, and those interested in biological conservation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Scientific Bases for Preservation of the Mariana Crow %@ 978-0-309-05581-9 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5372/the-scientific-bases-for-preservation-of-the-mariana-crow %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5372/the-scientific-bases-for-preservation-of-the-mariana-crow %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 103 %X This book, while focusing on current preservation challenges posed by the Aga, or Mariana crow, also reflects the larger issues and challenges of biodiversity conservation in all oceanic island ecosystems. It evaluates causes for the continuing decline of the Aga, which exists on only the two southernmost islands in the Mariana archipelago, Guam and Rota, and reviews actions to halt or reverse the decrease. This book reminds us of the importance and challenge of preserving the unique environmental heritage of islands of the Mariana archipelago, the need for increased knowledge to restore and maintain native species and habitats, and the compelling and lasting value of extensive public education to stimulate environmentally informed public policy development. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Marine Mammal Populations and Ocean Noise: Determining When Noise Causes Biologically Significant Effects %@ 978-0-309-09449-8 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11147/marine-mammal-populations-and-ocean-noise-determining-when-noise-causes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11147/marine-mammal-populations-and-ocean-noise-determining-when-noise-causes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 142 %X Attention has been drawn to the subject of how ocean noise affects marine mammals by a series of marine mammal strandings, lawsuits, and legislative hearings, and most recently, the report from the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy. One way to assess the impact of ocean noise is to consider whether it causes changes in animal behavior that are "biologically significant," that is, those that affect an animal's ability to grow, survive, and reproduce. This report offers a conceptual model designed to clarify which marine mammal behaviors are biologically significant for conservation purposes. The report is intended to help scientists and policymakers interpret provisions of the federal Marine Mammal Protection Act. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Endangered and Threatened Fishes in the Klamath River Basin: Causes of Decline and Strategies for Recovery %@ 978-0-309-09097-1 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10838/endangered-and-threatened-fishes-in-the-klamath-river-basin-causes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10838/endangered-and-threatened-fishes-in-the-klamath-river-basin-causes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Agriculture %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 424 %X In 1988 the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed two endemic fishes of the upper Klamath River basin of Oregon and California, the sucker and the Lost River sucker, as endangered under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA). In 1997, the National Marine Fisheries Service added the Southern Oregon Northern coastal California (SONCC) coho salmon as a threatened species to the list. The leading factors attributed to the decline of these species were overfishing, blockage of migration, entrainment by water management structures, habitat degradation, nonnative species, and poor water quality. Endangered and Threatened Fishes of the Klamath River Basin addresses the scientific aspects related to the continued survival of coho salmon and shortnose and Lost River suckers in the Klamath River. The book further examines and identifies gaps in the knowledge and scientific information needed for recovery of the listed species and proves an assessment of scientific considerations relevant to strategies for promoting the recovery of those species. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Mack, Alison %T Global Health Impacts of Vector-Borne Diseases: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-37759-1 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21792/global-health-impacts-of-vector-borne-diseases-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21792/global-health-impacts-of-vector-borne-diseases-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 396 %X Pathogens transmitted among humans, animals, or plants by insects and arthropod vectors have been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality throughout recorded history. Such vector-borne diseases – including malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and plague – together accounted for more human disease and death in the 17th through early 20th centuries than all other causes combined. Over the past three decades, previously controlled vector-borne diseases have resurged or reemerged in new geographic locations, and several newly identified pathogens and vectors have triggered disease outbreaks in plants and animals, including humans. Domestic and international capabilities to detect, identify, and effectively respond to vector-borne diseases are limited. Few vaccines have been developed against vector-borne pathogens. At the same time, drug resistance has developed in vector-borne pathogens while their vectors are increasingly resistant to insecticide controls. Furthermore, the ranks of scientists trained to conduct research in key fields including medical entomology, vector ecology, and tropical medicine have dwindled, threatening prospects for addressing vector-borne diseases now and in the future. In June 2007, as these circumstances became alarmingly apparent, the Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a workshop to explore the dynamic relationships among host, pathogen(s), vector(s), and ecosystems that characterize vector-borne diseases. Revisiting this topic in September 2014, the Forum organized a workshop to examine trends and patterns in the incidence and prevalence of vector-borne diseases in an increasingly interconnected and ecologically disturbed world, as well as recent developments to meet these dynamic threats. Participants examined the emergence and global movement of vector-borne diseases, research priorities for understanding their biology and ecology, and global preparedness for and progress toward their prevention, control, and mitigation. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.