TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Effective Chemistry Communication in Informal Environments SN - DO - 10.17226/21790 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21790/effective-chemistry-communication-in-informal-environments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Education AB - Chemistry plays a critical role in daily life, impacting areas such as medicine and health, consumer products, energy production, the ecosystem, and many other areas. Communicating about chemistry in informal environments has the potential to raise public interest and understanding of chemistry around the world. However, the chemistry community lacks a cohesive, evidence-based guide for designing effective communication activities. This report is organized into two sections. Part A: The Evidence Base for Enhanced Communication summarizes evidence from communications, informal learning, and chemistry education on effective practices to communicate with and engage publics outside of the classroom; presents a framework for the design of chemistry communication activities; and identifies key areas for future research. Part B: Communicating Chemistry: A Framework for Sharing Science is a practical guide intended for any chemists to use in the design, implementation, and evaluation of their public communication efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Performance Measures to Improve Transportation Systems: Summary of the Second National Conference DO - 10.17226/13658 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13658/performance-measures-to-improve-transportation-systems-summary-of-the-second-national-conference PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Conference Proceedings 36, Performance Measures to Improve Transportation Systems: Summary of the Second National Conference are the proceedings from a conference held on August 22-24, 2004, in Irvine, California. The purpose of the conference was to explore the implementation and use of performance measures and to discuss how to monitor the impact of performance measures on the delivery and quality of transportation services. The proceedings include summaries of presentations made in each conference session and of resource papers. These summaries highlight a variety of agencies' experiences with the use of performance measures and identify research that could improve the use of performance measures. The resource papers prepared for the conference are also included in the proceedings. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Experiences and Challenges of Science and Ethics: Proceedings of an American-Iranian Workshop DO - 10.17226/10700 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10700/the-experiences-and-challenges-of-science-and-ethics-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In April 2002, the U.S. National Academies hosted an interacademy workshop involving participants from the United States and Iran on the topic of Science and Ethics. The explicit purposes of the workshop were (a) to engage important members of the American and Iranian scientific communities in meaningful discussions of the topic of science and ethics and particularly differences in the approaches in the west and in Islamic countries in general and Iran in particular, (b) to encourage greater participation by Iranian scientists in international scientific discussions by exposing them to seasoned veterans in international meetings, and (c) to identify specific topics and approaches that could be carried out by the Academies in the two countries to contribute to international understanding of the importance of considering the ethical dimensions of scientific research and related activities. This report includes documents prepared by four breakout groups and a statement on priority areas for future interacademy cooperation developed at the final plenary session. Also included are background papers prepared by some participants prior to the workshop that were not previously published. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Linda J. Waite A2 - Thomas J. Plewes TI - New Directions in the Sociology of Aging SN - DO - 10.17226/18508 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18508/new-directions-in-the-sociology-of-aging PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The aging of the population of the United States is occurring at a time of major economic and social changes. These economic changes include consideration of increases in the age of eligibility for Social Security and Medicare and possible changes in benefit levels. Furthermore, changes in the social context in which older individuals and families function may well affect the nature of key social relationships and institutions that define the environment for older persons. Sociology offers a knowledge base, a number of useful analytic approaches and tools, and unique theoretical perspectives that can facilitate understanding of these demographic, economic, and social changes and, to the extent possible, their causes, consequences and implications. New Directions in the Sociology of Aging evaluates the recent contributions of social demography, social epidemiology and sociology to the study of aging and identifies promising new research directions in these sub-fields. Included in this study are nine papers prepared by experts in sociology, demography, social genomics, public health, and other fields, that highlight the broad array of tools and perspectives that can provide the basis for further advancing the understanding of aging processes in ways that can inform policy. This report discusses the role of sociology in what is a wide-ranging and diverse field of study; a proposed three-dimensional conceptual model for studying social processes in aging over the life cycle; a review of existing databases, data needs and opportunities, primarily in the area of measurement of interhousehold and intergenerational transmission of resources, biomarkers and biosocial interactions; and a summary of roadblocks and bridges to transdisciplinary research that will affect the future directions of the field of sociology of aging. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Successful K-12 STEM Education: Identifying Effective Approaches in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics SN - DO - 10.17226/13158 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13158/successful-k-12-stem-education-identifying-effective-approaches-in-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) are cultural achievements that reflect our humanity, power our economy, and constitute fundamental aspects of our lives as citizens, consumers, parents, and members of the workforce. Providing all students with access to quality education in the STEM disciplines is important to our nation's competitiveness. However, it is challenging to identify the most successful schools and approaches in the STEM disciplines because success is defined in many ways and can occur in many different types of schools and settings. In addition, it is difficult to determine whether the success of a school's students is caused by actions the school takes or simply related to the population of students in the school. Successful K-12 STEM Education defines a framework for understanding "success" in K-12 STEM education. The book focuses its analysis on the science and mathematics parts of STEM and outlines criteria for identifying effective STEM schools and programs. Because a school's success should be defined by and measured relative to its goals, the book identifies three important goals that share certain elements, including learning STEM content and practices, developing positive dispositions toward STEM, and preparing students to be lifelong learners. A successful STEM program would increase the number of students who ultimately pursue advanced degrees and careers in STEM fields, enhance the STEM-capable workforce, and boost STEM literacy for all students. It is also critical to broaden the participation of women and minorities in STEM fields. Successful K-12 STEM Education examines the vast landscape of K-12 STEM education by considering different school models, highlighting research on effective STEM education practices, and identifying some conditions that promote and limit school- and student-level success in STEM. The book also looks at where further work is needed to develop appropriate data sources. The book will serve as a guide to policy makers; decision makers at the school and district levels; local, state, and federal government agencies; curriculum developers; educators; and parent and education advocacy groups. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - IT Roadmap to a Geospatial Future SN - DO - 10.17226/10661 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10661/it-roadmap-to-a-geospatial-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Earth Sciences AB - A grand challenge for science is to understand the human implications of global environmental change and to help society cope with those changes. Virtually all the scientific questions associated with this challenge depend on geospatial information (geoinformation) and on the ability of scientists, working individually and in groups, to interact with that information in flexible and increasingly complex ways. Another grand challenge is how to respond to calamities-terrorist activities, other human-induced crises, and natural disasters. Much of the information that underpins emergency preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation is geospatial in nature. In terrorist situations, for example, origins and destinations of phone calls and e-mail messages, travel patterns of individuals, dispersal patterns of airborne chemicals, assessment of places at risk, and the allocation of resources all involve geospatial information. Much of the work addressing environment- and emergency-related concerns will depend on how productively humans are able to integrate, distill, and correlate a wide range of seemingly unrelated information. In addition to critical advances in location-aware computing, databases, and data mining methods, advances in the human-computer interface will couple new computational capabilities with human cognitive capabilities.This report outlines an interdisciplinary research roadmap at the intersection of computer science and geospatial information science. The report was developed by a committee convened by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Freight Demand Modeling: Tools for Public-Sector Decision Making DO - 10.17226/23090 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23090/freight-demand-modeling-tools-for-public-sector-decision-making PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Conference Proceedings 40, Freight Demand Modeling: Tools for Public-Sector Decision Making, summarizes a September 25–27, 2006, conference held in Washington, D.C. that focused on freight modeling methodologies, applications of existing models, and related data needed to support modeling efforts. The proceedings also includes five papers prepared in connection with the conference. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Theresa Wizemann A2 - Megan Reeve Snair A2 - Jack Herrmann TI - Rapid Medical Countermeasure Response to Infectious Diseases: Enabling Sustainable Capabilities Through Ongoing Public- and Private-Sector Partnerships: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21809 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21809/rapid-medical-countermeasure-response-to-infectious-diseases-enabling-sustainable-capabilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Emerging infectious disease threats that may not have available treatments or vaccines can directly affect the security of the world's health since these diseases also know no boundaries and will easily cross borders. Sustaining public and private investment in the development of medical countermeasures (MCMs) before an emerging infectious disease becomes a public health emergency in the United States has been extremely challenging. Interest and momentum peak during a crisis and wane between events, and there is little interest in disease threats outside the United States until they impact people stateside. On March 26 and 27, 2015, the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop in Washington, DC to discuss how to achieve rapid and nimble MCM capability for new and emerging threats. Public- and private-sector stakeholders examined recent efforts to prepare for and respond to outbreaks of Ebola Virus Disease, pandemic influenza, and coronaviruses from policy, budget, and operational standpoints. Participants discussed the need for rapid access to MCM to ensure national security and considered strategies and business models that could enhance stakeholder interest and investment in sustainable response capabilities. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Terrorism: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Improving Responses: U.S.-Russian Workshop Proceedings SN - DO - 10.17226/10968 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10968/terrorism-reducing-vulnerabilities-and-improving-responses-us-russian-workshop-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - This book is devoted primarily to papers prepared by American and Russian specialists on cyber terrorism and urban terrorism. It also includes papers on biological and radiological terrorism from the American and Russian perspectives. Of particular interest are the discussions of the hostage situation at Dubrovko in Moscow, the damge inflicted in New York during the attacks on 9/11, and Russian priorities in addressing cyber terrorism. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Alexandra Beatty TI - Studying Media Effects on Children and Youth: Improving Methods and Measures: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11706 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11706/studying-media-effects-on-children-and-youth-improving-methods-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The presence and intensity of media influences television, radio, music, computers, films, videos, and the Internet are increasingly recognized as an important part of the social ecology of children and youth, and these influences have become more visible and volatile in recent decades. Research that explores the level and effects of media influences calls for measurements of the quantity and character of exposure to a variety of potentially overlapping media sources, an analysis of the content of the media output, and examination of the social context and relationships that are associated with the media experience. Recognizing the importance of this research, the Board on Children, Youth, and Families, under the auspices of the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine, and with the sponsorship of the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, held a workshop in March 2006. Its purpose was twofold: to examine the quality of the measures used in studies of the effects of media on children's health and development and to identify gaps in both research and practice. The goal was for a variety of experts to consider steps and strategies that could move this research forward and improve its utility for helping parents, practitioners, and policy makers guide young people in navigating a media-rich environment. Studying Media Effects on Children and Youth provides a summary of that discussion, supplemented with information from two papers prepared for the workshop. It begins with an examination of the potential impact of media exposure, followed by a description of the basic research questions and the methods currently used to study them. Methodological questions and challenges and theoretical approaches are described; they are discussed from the perspective of other kinds of epidemiological research. This report closes with a discussion of future directions for the field. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Derek Vollmer TI - Enhancing the Effectiveness of Sustainability Partnerships: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12541 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12541/enhancing-the-effectiveness-of-sustainability-partnerships-summary-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Sustainable development--meeting human needs while nurturing and restoring the planet's life support systems--requires a continuous process of scientific innovation, new knowledge and learning, and collaborative approaches to implementing technologies and policies. To address these challenges, different stakeholder groups are increasingly seeking to ally themselves through partnership, in order to implement projects, deliver services, establish secure funding mechanisms, and achieve on the ground results. Advocates of this collaborative approach point to the failure of governmental regulations, international commitments, or business as usual. However, skeptics often question the effectiveness of partnerships at achieving sustainable development goals and, in the absence of demonstrated results, wonder where partnerships are adding value. A symposium held in June 2008 and summarized in this volume, attempted to advance the dialogue on partnerships for sustainability in order to catalyze existing knowledge and inform future efforts. Ideas that came out of discussions at the symposium will help leaders in government, the private sector, foundations and NGOs, and universities, both in the United States and internationally, as they develop and participate in new partnerships for sustainability. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Willis D. Hawley A2 - Timothy Ready TI - Measuring Access to Learning Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/10673 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10673/measuring-access-to-learning-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Since 1968 the Elementary and Secondary School Civil Rights Compliance Report (known as the E&S survey) has been used to gather information about possible disparities in access to learning opportunities and violations of students’ civil rights. Thirty-five years after the initiation of the E&S survey, large disparities remain both in educational outcomes and in access to learning opportunities and resources. These disparities may reflect violations of students’ civil rights, the failure of education policies and practices to provide students from all backgrounds with a similar educational experience, or both. They may also reflect the failure of schools to fully compensate for disparities and current differences in parents’ education, income, and family structure. The Committee on Improving Measures of Access to Equal Educational Opportunities concludes that the E&S survey continues to play an essential role in documenting these disparities and in providing information that is useful both in guiding efforts to protect students’ civil rights and for informing educational policy and practice. The committee also concludes that the survey’s usefulness and access to the survey data could be improved. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Educating the Engineer of 2020: Adapting Engineering Education to the New Century SN - DO - 10.17226/11338 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11338/educating-the-engineer-of-2020-adapting-engineering-education-to-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Educating the Engineer of 2020 is grounded by the observations, questions, and conclusions presented in the best-selling book The Engineer of 2020: Visions of Engineering in the New Century. This new book offers recommendations on how to enrich and broaden engineering education so graduates are better prepared to work in a constantly changing global economy. It notes the importance of improving recruitment and retention of students and making the learning experience more meaningful to them. It also discusses the value of considering changes in engineering education in the broader context of enhancing the status of the engineering profession and improving the public understanding of engineering. Although certain basics of engineering will not change in the future, the explosion of knowledge, the global economy, and the way engineers work will reflect an ongoing evolution. If the United States is to maintain its economic leadership and be able to sustain its share of high-technology jobs, it must prepare for this wave of change. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Susan L. Graham A2 - Marc Snir A2 - Cynthia A. Patterson TI - Getting Up to Speed: The Future of Supercomputing SN - DO - 10.17226/11148 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11148/getting-up-to-speed-the-future-of-supercomputing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - Supercomputers play a significant and growing role in a variety of areas important to the nation. They are used to address challenging science and technology problems. In recent years, however, progress in supercomputing in the United States has slowed. The development of the Earth Simulator supercomputer by Japan that the United States could lose its competitive advantage and, more importantly, the national competence needed to achieve national goals. In the wake of this development, the Department of Energy asked the NRC to assess the state of U.S. supercomputing capabilities and relevant R&D. Subsequently, the Senate directed DOE in S. Rpt. 107-220 to ask the NRC to evaluate the Advanced Simulation and Computing program of the National Nuclear Security Administration at DOE in light of the development of the Earth Simulator. This report provides an assessment of the current status of supercomputing in the United States including a review of current demand and technology, infrastructure and institutions, and international activities. The report also presents a number of recommendations to enable the United States to meet current and future needs for capability supercomputers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Melissa G. French TI - Health Insurance and Insights from Health Literacy: Helping Consumers Understand: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/24613 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24613/health-insurance-and-insights-from-health-literacy-helping-consumers-understand PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On July 21, 2016, the Roundtable on Health Literacy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on health literacy and health insurance literacy in the context of health reform in the United States. Since 2010, the year the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) became law, the roundtable has convened two workshops related to this topic as well as commissioned two papers, and several members have prepared individually written perspectives. The roundtable's attention to the topic of health insurance is appropriate because health reform has created major changes in the health care system in this country. It has brought millions of people into the system that previously did not have access. In addition, many of these individuals have limited experience with health care and health insurance and are from populations that traditionally have high rates of low health literacy. The workshop focused on the challenges and opportunities in helping consumers obtain, understand, and use health insurance. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Working Papers Prepared as Background for Testing for Effects of Chemicals on Ecosystems DO - 10.17226/19667 PY - 1981 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19667/working-papers-prepared-as-background-for-testing-for-effects-of-chemicals-on-ecosystems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Marilyn J. Field A2 - Alan M. Jette A2 - Linda Martin TI - Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look: Summary and Background Papers SN - DO - 10.17226/11579 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11579/workshop-on-disability-in-america-a-new-look-summary-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Beginning in late 2004, the IOM began a project to take a new look at disability in America. It will review developments and progress since the publication of the 1991 and 1997 Institute reports. For technical contracting reasons, the new project was split into two phases. During the limited first phase, a committee appointed by IOM planned and convened a 1-day workshop to examine a subset of topics as background for the second phase of project. As was agreed upon with the sponsor of the workshop, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the topics were: methodological and policy issues related to the conceptualization, definition, measurement, and monitoring of disability and health over time; trends in the amount, types, and causes of disability; disability across the age spectrum and in the context of normal aging; and secondary health conditions. The phase-one workshop was held in Washington, D.C. on August 1, 2005. Its participants included researchers, clinicians, social service professionals, policy experts, and consumer representatives and advocates. The meeting agenda and list of participants are included in Appendix A. Workshop on Disability in America: A New Look- Summary and Background Papers summarizes the workshop presentations and discussions. The background papers prepared for the workshop are included in Appendixes B through O. Some papers were submitted and circulated in advance of the meeting, whereas others were first presented at the meeting. The analyses, definitions, and views presented in the papers are those of the paper authors and are not necessarily those of the IOM committee. Likewise, the discussion summary is limited to the views of the workshop participants. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Andrew C. Porter A2 - Adam Gamoran TI - Methodological Advances in Cross-National Surveys of Educational Achievement SN - DO - 10.17226/10322 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10322/methodological-advances-in-cross-national-surveys-of-educational-achievement PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - In November 2000, the Board on International Comparative Studies in Education (BICSE) held a symposium to draw on the wealth of experience gathered over a four--decade period, to evaluate improvement in the quality of the methodologies used in international studies, and to identify the most pressing methodological issues that remain to be solved. Since 1960, the United States has participated in 15 large--scale cross--national education surveys. The most assessed subjects have been science and mathematics through reading comprehension, geography, nonverbal reasoning, literature, French, English as a foreign language, civic education, history, computers in education, primary education, and second--language acquisition. The papers prepared for this symposium and discussions of those papers make up the volume, representing the most up--to--date and comprehensive assessment of methodological strengths and weaknesses of international comparative studies of student achievement. These papers answer the following questions: (1) What is the methodological quality of the most recent international surveys of student achievement? How authoritative are the results? (2) Has the methodological quality of international achievement studies improved over the past 40 years? and (3) What are promising opportunities for future improvement? ER - TY - BOOK TI - Background Papers: Prepared for the National Academy of Engineering Marine Board Environmental Data Buoy Technology Workshop DO - 10.17226/20364 PY - 1973 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20364/background-papers-prepared-for-the-national-academy-of-engineering-marine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK TI - Risk & Innovation: Small Companies in Six Industries: Background Papers Prepared for the NAE Risk and Innovation Study DO - 10.17226/9191 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9191/risk-innovation-small-companies-in-six-industries-background-papers-prepared PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER -