TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Oil in the Sea IV: Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers DO - 10.17226/27155 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27155/oil-in-the-sea-iv-quick-guide-for-practitioners-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Earth Sciences AB - This booklet provides key insights from Oil in the Sea IV: Inputs, Fates, and Effects, published in 2022, which benefited from significant advancements in scientific methods to detect the input and fates of oil in the sea, and from lessons learned from the Deepwater Horizon explosion and oil spill in 2010. Going beyond previous reports, Oil in the Sea IV includes analysis of human health impacts of oil in the sea, oil in the Arctic marine environment, and prevention and response efforts that can help to both reduce the amount of oil reaching the sea and minimize its effects. The booklet is meant to serve as a reference guide to all those involved in oil spill research and response. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Toward a New Era of Data Sharing: Summary of the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data DO - 10.17226/27520 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27520/toward-a-new-era-of-data-sharing-summary-of-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Data are at the forefront of efforts to solve many of today's greatest problems, including climate change, misinformation and disinformation, the threat of future global pandemics, and the quest by people everywhere to lead better lives. But if researchers are going to use data to contribute to the solutions of problems, data need to be available for them to use. Over time, data have become increasingly voluminous, complex, and heterogeneous. Massive volumes of data are being generated by new devices and methods, and many of these data are not easy to analyze, interpret, or share. Groups that generate data may be reluctant to share them for a variety of professional, personal, financial, regulatory, and statutory reasons.These issues were addressed during the US-UK Scientific Forum on Researcher Access to Data held in Washington, DC, on September 12–13, 2023. Organized by the National Academy of Sciences and the Royal Society, the forum examined the constellation of issues surrounding researchers' access to data, best practices and lessons learned from exemplary research disciplines, and new ideas and techniques that could drive research forward. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the forum. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Debra A. Schwinn A2 - Leigh Miles Jackson TI - Compounded Topical Pain Creams: Review of Select Ingredients for Safety, Effectiveness, and Use SN - DO - 10.17226/25689 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25689/compounded-topical-pain-creams-review-of-select-ingredients-for-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Pain is both a symptom and a disease. It manifests in multiple forms and its treatment is complex. Physical, social, economic, and emotional consequences of pain can impair an individual's overall health, well-being, productivity, and relationships in myriad ways. The impact of pain at a population level is vast and, while estimates differ, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported that 50 million U.S. adults are living in pain. In terms of pain's global impact, estimates suggest the problem affects approximately 1 in 5 adults across the world, with nearly 1 in 10 adults newly diagnosed with chronic pain each year. In recent years, the issues surrounding the complexity of pain management have contributed to increased demand for alternative strategies for treating pain. One such strategy is to expand use of topical pain medications—medications applied to intact skin. This nonoral route of administration for pain medication has the potential benefit, in theory, of local activity and fewer systemic side effects. Compounding is an age-old pharmaceutical practice of combining, mixing, or adjusting ingredients to create a tailored medication to meet the needs of a patient. The aim of compounding, historically, has been to provide patients with access to therapeutic alternatives that are safe and effective, especially for people with clinical needs that cannot otherwise be met by commercially available FDA-approved drugs. Compounded Topical Pain Creams explores issues regarding the safety and effectiveness of the ingredients in these pain creams. This report analyzes the available scientific data relating to the ingredients used in compounded topical pain creams and offers recommendations regarding the treatment of patients. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Framing Opioid Prescribing Guidelines for Acute Pain: Developing the Evidence SN - DO - 10.17226/25555 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25555/framing-opioid-prescribing-guidelines-for-acute-pain-developing-the-evidence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The opioid overdose epidemic combined with the need to reduce the burden of acute pain poses a public health challenge. To address how evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids for acute pain might help meet this challenge, Framing Opioid Prescribing Guidelines for Acute Pain: Developing the Evidence develops a framework to evaluate existing clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids for acute pain indications, recommends indications for which new evidence-based guidelines should be developed, and recommends a future research agenda to inform and enable specialty organizations to develop and disseminate evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for prescribing opioids to treat acute pain indications. The recommendations of this study will assist professional societies, health care organizations, and local, state, and national agencies to develop clinical practice guidelines for opioid prescribing for acute pain. Such a framework could inform the development of opioid prescribing guidelines and ensure systematic and standardized methods for evaluating evidence, translating knowledge, and formulating recommendations for practice. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research SN - DO - 10.17226/13172 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13172/relieving-pain-in-america-a-blueprint-for-transforming-prevention-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Chronic pain costs the nation up to $635 billion each year in medical treatment and lost productivity. The 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act required the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) to enlist the Institute of Medicine (IOM) in examining pain as a public health problem. In this report, the IOM offers a blueprint for action in transforming prevention, care, education, and research, with the goal of providing relief for people with pain in America. To reach the vast multitude of people with various types of pain, the nation must adopt a population-level prevention and management strategy. The IOM recommends that HHS develop a comprehensive plan with specific goals, actions, and timeframes. Better data are needed to help shape efforts, especially on the groups of people currently underdiagnosed and undertreated, and the IOM encourages federal and state agencies and private organizations to accelerate the collection of data on pain incidence, prevalence, and treatments. Because pain varies from patient to patient, healthcare providers should increasingly aim at tailoring pain care to each person's experience, and self-management of pain should be promoted. In addition, because there are major gaps in knowledge about pain across health care and society alike, the IOM recommends that federal agencies and other stakeholders redesign education programs to bridge these gaps. Pain is a major driver for visits to physicians, a major reason for taking medications, a major cause of disability, and a key factor in quality of life and productivity. Given the burden of pain in human lives, dollars, and social consequences, relieving pain should be a national priority. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lisa Bain A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Clare Stroud TI - The Role of Nonpharmacological Approaches to Pain Management: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25406 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25406/the-role-of-nonpharmacological-approaches-to-pain-management-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Pain is a leading cause of disability globally. The dramatic increase in opioid prescriptions within the past decade in the United States has contributed to the opioid epidemic the country currently faces, magnifying the need for longer term solutions to treat pain. The substantial burden of pain and the ongoing opioid crisis have attracted increased attention in medical and public policy communities, resulting in a revolution in thinking about how pain is managed. This new thinking acknowledges the complexity and biopsychosocial nature of the pain experience and the need for multifaceted pain management approaches with both pharmacological and nonpharmacological therapies. The magnitude and urgency of the twin problems of chronic pain and opioid addiction, combined with the changing landscape of pain management, prompted the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a workshop on December 4–5, 2018, in Washington, DC. The workshop brought together a diverse group of stakeholders to discuss the current status of nonpharmacological approaches to pain management, gaps, and future directions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals SN - DO - 10.17226/12526 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12526/recognition-and-alleviation-of-pain-in-laboratory-animals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The use of animals in research adheres to scientific and ethical principles that promote humane care and practice. Scientific advances in our understanding of animal physiology and behavior often require theories to be revised and standards of practice to be updated to improve laboratory animal welfare. Recognition and Alleviation of Pain in Laboratory Animals, the second of two reports revising the 1992 publication Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals from the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR), focuses on pain experienced by animals used in research. This book aims to educate laboratory animal veterinarians; students, researchers and investigators; Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee members; and animal care staff and animal welfare officers on the current scientific and ethical issues associated with pain in laboratory animals. It evaluates pertinent scientific literature to generate practical and pragmatic guidelines for recognizing and alleviating pain in laboratory animals, focusing specifically on the following areas: physiology of pain in commonly used laboratory species; pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic principles to control pain; identification of humane endpoints; and principles for minimizing pain associated with experimental procedures. Finally, the report identifies areas in which further scientific investigation is needed to improve laboratory animal welfare. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Pain Management and Prescription Opioid-Related Harms: Exploring the State of the Evidence: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/23694 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23694/pain-management-and-prescription-opioid-related-harms-exploring-the-state PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On September 22, 2016, the Committee on Pain Management and Regulatory Strategies to Address Prescription Opioid Abuse held a workshop titled “Pain Management and Prescription Opioid-Related Harms: Exploring the State of the Evidence.” The purpose of this workshop was to gather information about the state of the science and potential best practices in pain management, including the evolving role of opioids in pain management; to understand the epidemiology of the prescription opioid epidemic and discuss possible strategies to address it; and to identify potential areas for future research in the field. Expert speakers were invited to give brief presentations, which were followed by open discussions among the speakers and workshop participants, including committee members. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the dialogue that emerged from the individual speakers' presentations and the discussions that followed. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lisa Bain A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Clare Stroud TI - Advancing Therapeutic Development for Pain and Opioid Use Disorders Through Public-Private Partnerships: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25060 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25060/advancing-therapeutic-development-for-pain-and-opioid-use-disorders-through-public-private-partnerships PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Chronic pain is one of the most prevalent, costly, and disabling health conditions in the United States. Estimates show that more than 11 percent of the American population suffer from chronic pain, yet the federal pain research investment has been minimal. In parallel with a gradual increased recognition of the problems of treating chronic pain, the opioid epidemic has emerged as a growing public health emergency. The intersection of these two crises lies in the fact that an unintended consequence of treating pain has been an increasing number of opioid prescriptions and diversion of drugs for illicit purposes. In May 2017, the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse announced a public–private partnership to develop solutions to the opioid crisis and cut in half the time it takes to develop non-addictive analgesics. To advance the planning of NIH’s anticipated public–private partnerships, the National Academies’ Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Systems Disorders hosted a public workshop that brought together a diverse group of stakeholders from academia, federal agencies, advocacy organizations and companies developing therapeutics for pain and opioid use disorders. Participants discussed potential strategies to accelerate development of non-addictive pain medications and treatments for opioid use disorders. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Richard J. Bonnie A2 - Morgan A. Ford A2 - Jonathan K. Phillips TI - Pain Management and the Opioid Epidemic: Balancing Societal and Individual Benefits and Risks of Prescription Opioid Use SN - DO - 10.17226/24781 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24781/pain-management-and-the-opioid-epidemic-balancing-societal-and-individual PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Drug overdose, driven largely by overdose related to the use of opioids, is now the leading cause of unintentional injury death in the United States. The ongoing opioid crisis lies at the intersection of two public health challenges: reducing the burden of suffering from pain and containing the rising toll of the harms that can arise from the use of opioid medications. Chronic pain and opioid use disorder both represent complex human conditions affecting millions of Americans and causing untold disability and loss of function. In the context of the growing opioid problem, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) launched an Opioids Action Plan in early 2016. As part of this plan, the FDA asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a committee to update the state of the science on pain research, care, and education and to identify actions the FDA and others can take to respond to the opioid epidemic, with a particular focus on informing FDA's development of a formal method for incorporating individual and societal considerations into its risk-benefit framework for opioid approval and monitoring. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Laurene Graig A2 - India Olchefske A2 - Joe Alper TI - Pain Management for People with Serious Illness in the Context of the Opioid Use Disorder Epidemic: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25435 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25435/pain-management-for-people-with-serious-illness-in-the-context-of-the-opioid-use-disorder-epidemic PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The United States is facing an opioid use disorder epidemic with opioid overdoses killing 47,000 people in the U.S. in 2017. The past three decades have witnessed a significant increase in the prescribing of opioids for pain, based on the belief that patients were being undertreated for their pain, coupled with a widespread misunderstanding of the addictive properties of opioids. This increase in prescribing of opioids also saw a parallel increase in addiction and overdose. In an effort to address this ongoing epidemic of opioid misuse, policy and regulatory changes have been enacted that have served to limit the availability of prescription opioids for pain management. Overlooked amid the intense focus on efforts to end the opioid use disorder epidemic is the perspective of clinicians who are experiencing a significant amount of daily tension as opioid regulations and restrictions have limited their ability to treat the pain of their patients facing serious illness. Increased public and clinician scrutiny of opioid use has resulted in patients with serious illness facing stigma and other challenges when filling prescriptions for their pain medications or obtaining the prescription in the first place. Thus clinicians, patients, and their families are caught between the responses to the opioid use disorder epidemic and the need to manage pain related to serious illness. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine sponsored a workshop on November 29, 2018, to examine these unintended consequences of the responses to the opioid use disorder epidemic for patients, families, communities, and clinicians, and to consider potential policy opportunities to address them. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ronald Daniels A2 - Lida Beninson TI - The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through SN - DO - 10.17226/25008 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25008/the-next-generation-of-biomedical-and-behavioral-sciences-researchers-breaking PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Since the end of the Second World War, the United States has developed the world's preeminent system for biomedical research, one that has given rise to revolutionary medical advances as well as a dynamic and innovative business sector generating high-quality jobs and powering economic output and exports for the U.S. economy. However, there is a growing concern that the biomedical research enterprise is beset by several core challenges that undercut its vitality, promise, and productivity and that could diminish its critical role in the nation's health and innovation in the biomedical industry. Among the most salient of these challenges is the gulf between the burgeoning number of scientists qualified to participate in this system as academic researchers and the elusive opportunities to establish long-term research careers in academia. The patchwork of measures to address the challenges facing young scientists that has emerged over the years has allowed the U.S. biomedical enterprise to continue to make significant scientific and medical advances. These measures, however, have not resolved the structural vulnerabilities in the system, and in some cases come at a great opportunity cost for young scientists. These unresolved issues could diminish the nation's ability to recruit the best minds from all sectors of the U.S. population to careers in biomedical research and raise concerns about a system that may favor increasingly conservative research proposals over high-risk, innovative ideas. The Next Generation of Biomedical and Behavioral Sciences Researchers: Breaking Through evaluates the factors that influence transitions into independent research careers in the biomedical and behavioral sciences and offers recommendations to improve those transitions. These recommendations chart a path to a biomedical research enterprise that is competitive, rigorous, fair, dynamic, and can attract the best minds from across the country. ER - TY - BOOK TI - PY - UR - PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK TI - Lab Animal Welfare: Pain and Distress Two-Volume Set SN - DO - 10.17226/12833 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12833/lab-animal-welfare-pain-and-distress-two-volume-set PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Issues for Science and Engineering Researchers in the Digital Age SN - DO - 10.17226/10100 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10100/issues-for-science-and-engineering-researchers-in-the-digital-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Emergency Care for Children: Growing Pains SN - DO - 10.17226/11655 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11655/emergency-care-for-children-growing-pains PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Children represent a special challenge for emergency care providers, because they have unique medical needs in comparison to adults. For decades, policy makers and providers have recognized the special needs of children, but the system has been slow to develop an adequate response to their needs. This is in part due to inadequacies within the broader emergency care system. Emergency Care for Children examines the challenges associated with the provision of emergency services to children and families and evaluates progress since the publication of the Institute of Medicine report Emergency Medical Services for Children (1993), the first comprehensive look at pediatric emergency care in the United States. This new book offers an analysis of: • The role of pediatric emergency services as an integrated component of the overall health system. • System-wide pediatric emergency care planning, preparedness, coordination, and funding. • Pediatric training in professional education. • Research in pediatric emergency care. Emergency Care for Children is one of three books in the Future of Emergency Care series. This book will be of particular interest to emergency health care providers, professional organizations, and policy makers looking to address the pediatric deficiencies within their emergency care systems. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Definition of Pain and Distress and Reporting Requirements for Laboratory Animals: Proceedings of the Workshop Held June 22, 2000 SN - DO - 10.17226/10035 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10035/definition-of-pain-and-distress-and-reporting-requirements-for-laboratory-animals PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - In this first in a proposed series of workshops on regulatory issues in animal care and use, the Institute for Laboratory Animal Research (ILAR) has addressed the existing and proposed requirements for reporting pain and distress in laboratory animals. The Animal Welfare Act, administered by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), mandates that pain and distress in laboratory animals be minimized. USDA is considering two policy changes with regard to this specific mandate. Firstly, since there has been no functional definition of "distress," USDA has prepared such a definition and requested feedback from the scientific community on its usefulness for regulatory and reporting requirements. The second issue concerns the pain and distress categorization scheme for reporting to USDA. Various groups and individuals have questioned the efficacy of the current categories, and specific changes have been proposed by the Humane Society of the United States. USDA is considering these and other potential changes to the existing scheme. Thus, given these potential changes to animal welfare policy, the aim of the ILAR/NIH joint workshop was to provide feedback to the USDA. The speakers were asked to address these two issues as well as to comment upon whether the information contained in the 1992 ILAR report Recognition and Alleviation of Pain and Distress in Laboratory Animals is still useful to investigators in assisting them to comply with regulations. The speakers provided perspectives based on their individual expertise in the areas of science of pain and distress, animal welfare policy, protocol review, and/or as representatives of relevant organizations or institutions. The following proceedings are an edited transcript of their presentations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Enriqueta C. Bond A2 - Sean Mackey A2 - Rebecca English A2 - Cathy T. Liverman A2 - Olivia Yost TI - Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care SN - DO - 10.17226/25652 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25652/temporomandibular-disorders-priorities-for-research-and-care PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), are a set of more than 30 health disorders associated with both the temporomandibular joints and the muscles and tissues of the jaw. TMDs have a range of causes and often co-occur with a number of overlapping medical conditions, including headaches, fibromyalgia, back pain and irritable bowel syndrome. TMDs can be transient or long-lasting and may be associated with problems that range from an occasional click of the jaw to severe chronic pain involving the entire orofacial region. Everyday activities, including eating and talking, are often difficult for people with TMDs, and many of them suffer with severe chronic pain due to this condition. Common social activities that most people take for granted, such as smiling, laughing, and kissing, can become unbearable. This dysfunction and pain, and its associated suffering, take a terrible toll on affected individuals, their families, and their friends. Individuals with TMDs often feel stigmatized and invalidated in their experiences by their family, friends, and, often, the health care community. Misjudgments and a failure to understand the nature and depths of TMDs can have severe consequences - more pain and more suffering - for individuals, their families and our society. Temporomandibular Disorders: Priorities for Research and Care calls on a number of stakeholders - across medicine, dentistry, and other fields - to improve the health and well-being of individuals with a TMD. This report addresses the current state of knowledge regarding TMD research, education and training, safety and efficacy of clinical treatments of TMDs, and burden and costs associated with TMDs. The recommendations of Temporomandibular Disorders focus on the actions that many organizations and agencies should take to improve TMD research and care and improve the overall health and well-being of individuals with a TMD. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Review of Methods for Detecting Soreness in Horses SN - DO - 10.17226/25949 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25949/a-review-of-methods-for-detecting-soreness-in-horses PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture AB - During the last century and today, the Tennessee walking horse has been used primarily for pleasure and show competition. Unique and natural to the breed is a smooth four-beat "running walk" gait. In the 1950s the accentuated or exaggerated running walk, known as the "big lick" became popular at high-level competitions. The combination of exaggerated high-action step in front and long stride behind is still considered desirable in today's horse show competitions, and it is often achieved through soring. Soring is the practice of applying a substance or mechanical device to the lower limb of a horse that will create enough pain that the horse will exaggerate its gait to relieve the discomfort. In 1970 Congress put into law the Horse Protection Act (HPA) to specifically address the practice of soring by prohibiting the showing, exhibition, or sale of Tennessee walking horses that are found to be sore. Sadly, soring is still being done even after 50 years of HPA enforcement. This report reviews the methods for detecting soreness in horses, in hopes of advancing the goal of ultimately eliminating the act of soring in horses and improving the welfare of Tennessee walking horses. A Review of Methods for Detecting Soreness in Horses examines what is known about the quality and consistency of available methods to identify soreness in horses; identifies potential new and emerging methods, approaches, and technologies for detecting hoof and pastern pain and its causes; and identifies research and technology needs to improve the reliability of methods to detect soreness. This independent study will help ensure that HPA inspection protocols are based on sound scientific principles that can be applied with consistency and objectivity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Teresa J. Sylvina TI - Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species and Biodiversity: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26614 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26614/animal-welfare-challenges-in-research-and-education-on-wildlife-non-model-animal-species-and-biodiversity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Research to advance understanding of the ecology and biology of wildlife species is more important than ever as the world confronts issues ranging from biodiversity loss to the emergence of zoonotic diseases. However, the current understanding of animal welfare in research and education has been based on laboratory work with specific domesticated species. Wildlife research represents a starkly different context and with different implications for animal welfare. Wild species that are the subject of research have extremely diverse physiologies and behaviors and live in diverse habitats. This makes it challenging and sometimes impossible for wildlife researchers to follow the recommendations outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 2011) and other guidelines developed for a laboratory-based, biomedically focused research context. To explore issues associated with the unique welfare considerations of wildlife research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (under the auspices of the Roundtable on Science and Animal Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use), hosted a workshop titled Discussing and Understanding Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species, and Biodiversity on February 9-10, 2022. The event, held virtually, included pre-recorded presentations and overarching discussions to explore this topic in breadth and depth. More than 1,800 participants from academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations joined the webcast. This proceedings summarizes key topics covered in the workshop presentations and discussions based on transcripts, recordings, and slides from the event. ER -