TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population: An Evidence-Based Approach SN - DO - 10.17226/26217 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26217/policing-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems. While the science of policing outcomes has grown in recent years, it is limited in context, with much of the research conducted on policing taking place in the Global North countries (e.g., the United Kingdom and United States). It is also limited in purpose, with much research focused on examining crime reduction as opposed to examining the harms to the public as the result of crimes, violence, and any effects of policing activities. At the request of INL, Policing to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population explores the organizational policies, structures, or practices (e.g., HR and recruiting, legal authorities, reporting lines, etc.) that will enable a police service to promote the rule of law and protect the population. This report presents an overview of the state of research and highlights promising areas to guide policing reform and interventions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors: Compilation of Reports SN - DO - 10.17226/26782 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26782/evidence-to-advance-reform-in-the-global-security-and-justice-sectors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The U.S. Department of State, through its Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), provides foreign assistance and supports capacity building for criminal justice systems and police organizations in approximately 90 countries around the world. It has a mandate to strengthen fragile states, support democratic transitions, and stabilize conflict-affected societies by helping partner countries develop effective and accountable criminal justice sector institutions and systems. At the request of INL, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine assembled the Committee on Evidence to Advance Reform in the Global Security and Justice Sectors to review the available research evidence on police and policing practices, with emphasis on how police reform can promote the rule of law and protect the public. The 5 consensus studies that are part of this project provide evidence-driven policy and research recommendations for key stakeholders with the goal of informing capacity-building activities. This report is a compilation of those 5 studies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Katherine Turnbull TI - Air Traffic Control: Symposium on Organizational Reform Options DO - 10.17226/22033 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22033/air-traffic-control-symposium-on-organizational-reform-options PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Meeting Summary 2: Air Traffic Control: Symposium on Organizational Reform Options presents key elements from a conference held in Washington, D.C., on July 7, 2015. The symposium explored the impetus for reforming the organizational structure of air traffic control (ATC) in the United States and previous efforts at restructuring. The panel sessions addressed examples of the ATC organizational structures and funding options used in other countries, factors to consider in possible changes in the United States, and stakeholder perspectives.Videos capturing the presentations made during the symposium are also available. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Industrial Methods for the Effective Development and Testing of Defense Systems SN - DO - 10.17226/13291 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13291/industrial-methods-for-the-effective-development-and-testing-of-defense-systems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - During the past decade and a half, the National Research Council, through its Committee on National Statistics, has carried out a number of studies on the application of statistical methods to improve the testing and development of defense systems. These studies were intended to provide advice to the Department of Defense (DOD), which sponsored these studies. The previous studies have been concerned with the role of statistical methods in testing and evaluation, reliability practices, software methods, combining information, and evolutionary acquisition. Industrial Methods for the Effective Testing and Development of Defense Systems is the latest in a series of studies, and unlike earlier studies, this report identifies current engineering practices that have proved successful in industrial applications for system development and testing. This report explores how developmental and operational testing, modeling and simulation, and related techniques can improve the development and performance of defense systems, particularly techniques that have been shown to be effective in industrial applications and are likely to be useful in defense system development. In addition to the broad issues, the report identifies three specific topics for its focus: finding failure modes earlier, technology maturity, and use of all relevant information for operational assessments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Danielle Whicher A2 - Kristin Rosengren A2 - Sameer Siddiqi A2 - Lisa Simpson TI - The Future of Health Services Research: Advancing Health Systems Research and Practice in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/27113 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27113/the-future-of-health-services-research-advancing-health-systems-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Health services research is "the multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to health care and the quality and cost of health care." Since the 1960s, health services research has provided the foundation for progress, effectiveness, and value in health care. Ironically, at a time in which appreciation has never been higher for both the need and potential from health services research, the political and financial support for sustenance and growth appear to be weakening. With funding support from AcademyHealth, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, the American Board of Family Medicine, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Federation of American Hospitals, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, this National Academy of Medicine Special Publication identifies the range of issues that health services research must consider, address, and potentially overcome to transform the field to meet the needs of a 21st-century health care system. These issues are broad, multidisciplinary, and will require a coordinated effort to address—as well as dedicated and sustainable funding. Federal support for health services research has never been more critical. Now is a critical time for the field to articulate its priorities, demonstrate its utility, and transform to meet the needs of a 21st-century health care system. The physical and financial health of the nation is at stake. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Kaye Husbands Fealing A2 - Alexandra S. Beatty A2 - Constance F. Citro TI - Science of Science and Innovation Policy: Principal Investigators' Conference Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18741 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18741/science-of-science-and-innovation-policy-principal-investigators-conference-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The National Science Foundation developed the Science of Science and Innovation Policy program (SciSIP) in 2006 to fund basic and applied research that bears on and can help guide public- and private-sector policy making for science and innovation. By design, SciSIP has engaged researchers from many domains in the development of a community of practice who work together to continually develop frameworks, tools, and datasets for implementing science and innovation policy. Since its inception, the SciSIP program has funded more than 150 researchers and their graduate students. The program also contributed to the initiation of the STAR METRICS (Science and Technology for America's Reinvestment: Measuring the Effect of Research on Innovation, Competitiveness and Science) program, a collaborative effort between the National Science Foundation and the National Institutes of Health. The STAR METRICS program develops tools and mechanisms for measuring federal expenditures on scientific activities, with particular focus on quantifying productivity and employment outcomes. Science of Science and Innovation Policy summarizes a public conference convened by the Committee on National Statistics of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council to present research funded by SciSIP and foster intellectual exchange among funded researchers, science, technology, and innovation policy practitioners, and other members of the science community. The conference highlighted advances in the emerging field of the science of science and innovation policy, in particular, models, frameworks, tools, and datasets comprising the evidentiary basis for science and innovation policy. This report focuses on return on investment models; organizational structures that foster accelerated scientific productivity; linkages between commercialized scientific knowledge and job creation; the roles of universities and government in technology transfer and innovation; technology diffusion and economic growth; non-economic impacts of science and innovation expenditures; regional and global networks of knowledge generation and innovation; mechanisms for encouraging creativity and measuring outputs and outcomes from transformative research; and development, manipulation and visualization of data representing scientific activities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Airline and Airline–Airport Consortiums to Manage Terminals and Equipment DO - 10.17226/22834 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22834/airline-and-airline-airport-consortiums-to-manage-terminals-and-equipment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 31: Airline and Airline–Airport Consortiums to Manage Terminals and Equipment discusses the current state of Airline-Airport consortiums in the United States.Issued addressed in the report include scope of responsibilities, consortium formation, membership, contractual agreements and insurance, organizational structures, performance standards, financial models, and organizing tips and lessons learned from existing consortiums. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering: Report of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/11766 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11766/biological-social-and-organizational-components-of-success-for-women-in-academic-science-and-engineering PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education KW - Industry and Labor AB - During the last 40 years, the number of women studying science and engineering (S&E) has increased dramatically. Nevertheless, women do not hold academic faculty positions in numbers that commensurate with their increasing share of the S&E talent pool. The discrepancy exists at both the junior and senior faculty levels. In December 2005, the National Research Council held a workshop to explore these issues. Experts in a number of disciplines met to address what sex-differences research tells us about capability, behavior, career decisions, and achievement; the role of organizational structures and institutional policy; cross-cutting issues of race and ethnicity; key research needs and experimental paradigms and tools; and the ramifications of their research for policy, particularly for evaluating current and potential academic faculty. Biological, Social, and Organizational Components of Success for Women in Academic Science and Engineering consists of three elements: an introduction, summaries of panel discussions including public comment sessions, and poster abstracts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Nancy J. Cooke A2 - Margaret L. Hilton TI - Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science SN - DO - 10.17226/19007 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19007/enhancing-the-effectiveness-of-team-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Education KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The past half-century has witnessed a dramatic increase in the scale and complexity of scientific research. The growing scale of science has been accompanied by a shift toward collaborative research, referred to as "team science." Scientific research is increasingly conducted by small teams and larger groups rather than individual investigators, but the challenges of collaboration can slow these teams' progress in achieving their scientific goals. How does a team-based approach work, and how can universities and research institutions support teams? Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science synthesizes and integrates the available research to provide guidance on assembling the science team; leadership, education and professional development for science teams and groups. It also examines institutional and organizational structures and policies to support science teams and identifies areas where further research is needed to help science teams and groups achieve their scientific and translational goals. This report offers major public policy recommendations for science research agencies and policymakers, as well as recommendations for individual scientists, disciplinary associations, and research universities. Enhancing the Effectiveness of Team Science will be of interest to university research administrators, team science leaders, science faculty, and graduate and postdoctoral students. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Quality Assurance in Design-Build Projects DO - 10.17226/23222 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23222/quality-assurance-in-design-build-projects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 376: Quality Assurance in Design-Build Projects examines how state transportation agencies have successfully approached quality assurance for design-build, including in procurement, design, construction, and post-construction operations and maintenance. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Forging a Poison Prevention and Control System SN - DO - 10.17226/10971 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10971/forging-a-poison-prevention-and-control-system PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Poisoning is a far more serious health problem in the U.S. than has generally been recognized. It is estimated that more than 4 million poisoning episodes occur annually, with approximately 300,000 cases leading to hospitalization. The field of poison prevention provides some of the most celebrated examples of successful public health interventions, yet surprisingly the current poison control “system” is little more than a loose network of poison control centers, poorly integrated into the larger spheres of public health. To increase their effectiveness, efforts to reduce poisoning need to be linked to a national agenda for public health promotion and injury prevention. Forging a Poison Prevention and Control System recommends a future poison control system with a strong public health infrastructure, a national system of regional poison control centers, federal funding to support core poison control activities, and a national poison information system to track major poisoning epidemics and possible acts of bioterrorism. This framework provides a complete “system” that could offer the best poison prevention and patient care services to meet the needs of the nation in the 21st century. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - James J. Blascovich A2 - Christine R. Hartel TI - Human Behavior in Military Contexts SN - DO - 10.17226/12023 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12023/human-behavior-in-military-contexts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Human behavior forms the nucleus of military effectiveness. Humans operating in the complex military system must possess the knowledge, skills, abilities, aptitudes, and temperament to perform their roles effectively in a reliable and predictable manner, and effective military management requires understanding of how these qualities can be best provided and assessed. Scientific research in this area is critical to understanding leadership, training and other personnel issues, social interactions and organizational structures within the military. The U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences (ARI) asked the National Research Council to provide an agenda for basic behavioral and social research focused on applications in both the short and long-term. The committee responded by recommending six areas of research on the basis of their relevance, potential impact, and timeliness for military needs: intercultural competence; teams in complex environments; technology-based training; nonverbal behavior; emotion; and behavioral neurophysiology. The committee suggests doubling the current budget for basic research for the behavioral and social sciences across U.S. military research agencies. The additional funds can support approximately 40 new projects per year across the committee's recommended research areas. Human Behavior in Military Contexts includes committee reports and papers that demonstrate areas of stimulating, ongoing research in the behavioral and social sciences that can enrich the military's ability to recruit, train, and enhance the performance of its personnel, both organizationally and in its many roles in other cultures. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward SN - DO - 10.17226/12589 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12589/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community. The benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs. While this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - New Organizational Responses to the Changing Transit Environment: Special Report 217 SN - DO - 10.17226/11355 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11355/new-organizational-responses-to-the-changing-transit-environment-special-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Special Report 217: New Organizational Responses to the Changing Transit Environment assesses the effectiveness of transit organizational structures now being used and those developed in recent years, and identifies further organization changes appropriate to the new conditions and pressures transit faces. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Inventory Management for Bus and Rail Public Transit Systems: Final Report DO - 10.17226/6352 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6352/inventory-management-for-bus-and-rail-public-transit-systems-final PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kimberly A. Kenville A2 - James F. Smith TI - Issues with Airport Organization and Reorganization DO - 10.17226/22570 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22570/issues-with-airport-organization-and-reorganization PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 40: Issues with Airport Organization and Reorganization examines organizational design, and current trends and practices in airport management.TR News 292: May-June 2014 includes an article about the report. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Barriers to Science: Technical Management of the Department of Energy Environmental Remediation Program DO - 10.17226/10229 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10229/barriers-to-science-technical-management-of-the-department-of-energy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Preserving Scientific Data on Our Physical Universe: A New Strategy for Archiving the Nation's Scientific Information Resources SN - DO - 10.17226/4871 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4871/preserving-scientific-data-on-our-physical-universe-a-new-strategy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Earth Sciences AB - This book advises the National Archives and Records Administration and federal R&D agencies on the long-term retention of scientific and technical data, particularly in electronic formats. It proposes the creation of a National Scientific Information Resource Federation, which would apply a strategic data life-cycle management plan to better link the government's existing scientific data holdings and improve public access to those holdings. The book is expected to draw attention to data management concerns in the context of the current government emphasis on promoting a National Information Infrastructure and to make a significant contribution to improving the inadequate situation regarding our nation's valuable scientific data and information resources. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Toward a Coordinated Spatial Data Infrastructure for the Nation SN - DO - 10.17226/2105 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2105/toward-a-coordinated-spatial-data-infrastructure-for-the-nation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) is the means to assemble geographic information that describes the arrangement and attributes of features and phenomena on the Earth. This book advocates the need to make the NSDI more robust. The infrastructure includes the materials, technology, and people necessary to acquire, process, store, and distribute such information to meet a wide variety of needs. The NSDI is more than hardware, software, and data; it is the public foundation on which a marketplace for spatial products will evolve. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Marine Salvage Capabilities: Responding to Terrorist Attacks in U.S. Ports — Actions to Improve Readiness DO - 10.17226/11044 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11044/marine-salvage-capabilities-responding-to-terrorist-attacks-in-us-ports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Conference Proceedings 30: Marine Salvage Capabilities: Responding to Terrorist Attacks in U.S. Ports—Actions to Improve Readiness is the report of the TRB Marine Board Workshop on Marine Salvage Response Capability held on August 5-6, 2003, in Washington, DC. The workshop addressed economic, legal, forensic, environmental, and human casualty issues related to salvage. The report contains a summary of workshop discussions and committee recommendations highlighting important topics and issues associated with marine salvage that warrant further, more detailed inquiry by the responsible federal agencies. ER -