@BOOK{NAP title = "Degradation of Synthetic Organic Molecules in the Biosphere: Natural, Pesticidal, and Various Other Man-Made Compounds", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20440/degradation-of-synthetic-organic-molecules-in-the-biosphere-natural-pesticidal", year = 1972, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Vapor-Phase Organic Pollutants: Volatile Hydrocarbons and Oxidation Products", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19963/vapor-phase-organic-pollutants-volatile-hydrocarbons-and-oxidation-products", year = 1976, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Ellen Mantus", title = "Astrochemistry: Discoveries to Inform the Chemical Sciences and Engineering Communities: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "Throughout much of human history, space was thought to be a void in which only ions or radicals existed. It was only in the last half of the 20th century that scientists began to discover the existence of molecules, such as ammonia, in space. Discovery has accelerated in the last decade with the installation of new facilities and cutting-edge advances in spectroscopic analysis. These exciting discoveries in astrochemistry\u2014a multidisciplinary field that focuses on the chemical composition of and processes in astrophysical and planetary environments\u2014have potential applications to the general chemistry and chemical-engineering communities. Accordingly, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on November 8\u20139, 2018, to (1) explore the chemistry of space\u2014its novel chemicals and reaction mechanisms, (2) discuss information from remote sensing through spectroscopy, and (3) consider discoveries from spacecraft missions in the solar system and laboratory studies of extraterrestrial samples. The ultimate goals of the workshop were to bring the various communities together to explore how discoveries in astrochemistry might provide insights or opportunities for the general chemistry and chemical-engineering communities and to promote understanding in the chemistry and chemical-engineering communities of how they might be able to help the astrochemistry community approach its challenges. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25541/astrochemistry-discoveries-to-inform-the-chemical-sciences-and-engineering-communities", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Carl Sagan", title = "Organic Matter and the Moon, by Carl Sagan", abstract = "The immediate future seems to hold both the promise and the responsibility of extensive contact between man-made objects and the Moon.\nCurrent United States plans tentatively call for the soft landing on the Moon of instrumentation designed to detect indigenous organisms or organic matter, possibly in a roving vehicle, by 1964-67 in the Surveyor and Prospector Programs. The Soviet Union apparently has the capability of performing similar experiments at an earlier date. It is clear that positive results would give significant information on such problems as the early history of the Solar System, the chemical composition of matter in the remote past, the origin of life on Earth, and the distribution of life beyond the Earth. By the same token, biological contamination of the Moon would represent an unparalleled scientific disaster, eliminating possible approaches to these problems. Because of the Moon's unique situation as a large unweathered body at an intermediate distance from the Sun, scientific opportunities lost on the Moon may not be recoupable elsewhere.\nThis monograph is concerned with the possibility of finding indigenous lunar organisms or organic matter, and with the possibility of their contamination by deposited terrestrial organisms or organic matter.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18476/organic-matter-and-the-moon-by-carl-sagan", year = 1961, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Robert M. Hazen", title = "Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life's Origin", abstract = "Life on Earth arose nearly 4 billion\nyears ago, bursting forth from air,\nwater, and rock. Though the process\nobeyed all the rules of chemistry and\nphysics, the details of that original\nevent pose as deep a mystery as any\nfacing science. How did non-living\nchemicals become alive? While the\nquestion is (deceivingly) simple, the\nanswers are unquestionably complex.\nScience inevitably plays a key role in any discussion of life\u2019s origins, dealing less\nwith the question of why life appeared on Earth than with where, when, and\nhow it emerged on the blasted, barren face of our primitive planet.\nAstrobiologist Robert Hazen has spent many years dealing with the fundamental\nquestions of life\u2019s genesis. As an active research scientist, he is down\ndeep in all the messy details that science has to offer on the subject, tracing the\ninexorable sequence of events that led to the complicated interactions of carbonbased\nmolecules. As he takes us through the astounding process of emergence,\nwe are witness to the first tentative steps toward life\u2014from the unfathomable\nabundance of carbon biomolecules synthesized in the black vacuum of space to\nthe surface of the Earth to deep within our planet\u2019s restless crust. We are privy\nto the breathtaking drama that rapidly unfolds as life prevails.\nThe theory of emergence is poised to answer a multitude of questions\u2014even\nas it raises the possibility that natural processes exist beyond what we now\nknow, perhaps beyond what we even comprehend. Genesis tells the tale of\ntransforming scientific advances in our quest for life\u2019s origins. Written with\ngrace, beauty, and authority, it goes directly to the heart of who we are and\nwhy we are here.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10753/genesis-the-scientific-quest-for-lifes-origin", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Exploring Organic Environments in the Solar System", isbn = "978-0-309-10235-3", abstract = "The sources, distributions, and transformation of organic compounds in the solar system are active study areas as a means to provide information about the evolution of the solar system and the possibilities of life elsewhere in the universe. There are many organic synthesis processes, however, and ambiguity surrounds the relative effectiveness of these processes in explaining the distribution of organic compounds in the solar system. As a consequence, NASA directed the NRC to determine what processes account for the reduced carbon compounds found throughout the solar system and to examine how planetary exploration can advance understanding of this central issue. This report presents a discussion of the chemistry of carbon; an analysis of the formation, modification, and preservation of organic compounds in the solar system; and an assessment of research opportunities and strategies for enhancing our understanding of organic material in the solar system.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11860/exploring-organic-environments-in-the-solar-system", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations", isbn = "978-0-309-05733-2", abstract = "The Space Studies Board of the National Research Council (NRC) serves as the primary adviser to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) on planetary protection policy, the purpose of which is to preserve conditions for future biological and organic exploration of planets and other solar system objects and to protect Earth and its biosphere from potential extraterrestrial sources of contamination. In October 1995 the NRC received a letter from NASA requesting that the Space Studies Board examine and provide advice on planetary protection issues related to possible sample-return missions to near-Earth solar system bodies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5563/mars-sample-return-issues-and-recommendations", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Signs of Life: A Report Based on the April 2000 Workshop on Life Detection Techniques", isbn = "978-0-309-08306-5", abstract = "A workshop to assess the science and technology of life detection techniques was organized by the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (COEL) of the Board on Life Sciences (BLS) and the Space Studies Board (SSB). Topics discussed in the workshop included the search for extraterrestrial life in situ and in the laboratory, extant life and the signature of extinct life, and determination of the point of origin (terrestrial or not) of detected organisms.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10265/signs-of-life-a-report-based-on-the-april-2000", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Innovations in Catalysis to Address Modern Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Chemical Sciences Roundtable convened a workshop to discuss how the chemistry and chemical engineering communities can contribute practical solutions for improving chemical production through innovations in catalysis. Keynote presentations highlighted the implementation of sustainability in catalysis, including policy considerations and systems-level approaches to catalysis innovations. Throughout three presentation sessions, workshop participants discussed opportunities in various fields of catalysis, such as biocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis, as well as novel approaches to catalyst design and catalytic processes and reactions. The workshop also featured a session titled Vistas in Catalysis, in which 14 participants gave 3-minute presentations on topics ranging from photoelectrochemical water-splitting to machine learning in catalyst development. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27161/innovations-in-catalysis-to-address-modern-challenges-proceedings-of-a", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Robert Pool", title = "Frontiers in Synthetic Moiré Quantum Matter: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-08440-6", abstract = "On May 18-19, 2021, the Condensed Matter and Materials Research Committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a public workshop to examine the frontiers of research on moir\u00e9 quantum matter. Participants at the workshop discussed the challenges and possibilities that this new material presents. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26594/frontiers-in-synthetic-moir-quantum-matter-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems", isbn = "978-0-309-10484-5", abstract = "The search for life in the solar system and beyond has to date been governed by a model based on what we know about life on Earth (terran life). Most of NASA's mission planning is focused on locations where liquid water is possible and emphasizes searches for structures that resemble cells in terran organisms. It is possible, however, that life exists that is based on chemical reactions that do not involve carbon compounds, that occurs in solvents other than water, or that involves oxidation-reduction reactions without oxygen gas. To assist NASA incorporate this possibility in its efforts to search for life, the NRC was asked to carry out a study to evaluate whether nonstandard biochemistry might support life in solar system and conceivable extrasolar environments, and to define areas to guide research in this area. This book presents an exploration of a limited set of hypothetical chemistries of life, a review of current knowledge concerning key questions or hypotheses about nonterran life, and suggestions for future research.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11919/the-limits-of-organic-life-in-planetary-systems", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Assessment of Planned Scientific Content of the CRAF Mission: Letter Report (1987)", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12339/assessment-of-planned-scientific-content-of-the-craf-mission-letter", year = 1987, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "New Frontiers in Solar System Exploration", abstract = "Over the last four decades, robotic spacecraft have visited nearly every planet, from torrid Mercury to frigid Neptune. The data returned by these Pioneers, Mariners, Vikings, and Voyagers have revolutionized our understanding of the solar system. These achievements rank among the greatest accomplishments of the 20th century. Now, at the opening of the 21st, it is appropriate to ask, where do we go from here?\nIn 2001, NASA asked the National Academies to study the current state of solar system exploration in the United States and devise a set of scientific priorities for missions in the upcoming decade (2003-2013). After soliciting input from hundreds of scientists around the nation and abroad, the Solar System Exploration Survey produced the discipline's first long-range, community-generated strategy and set of mission priorities: New Frontiers in the Solar System: An Integrated Exploration Strategy. The key mission recommendations made in the report, and the scientific goals from which the recommendations flow, are summarized in this booklet.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10898/new-frontiers-in-solar-system-exploration", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "A Science Strategy for the Exploration of Europa", isbn = "978-0-309-06493-4", abstract = "Since its discovery in 1610, Europa\u2014one of Jupiter's four large moons\u2014has been an object of interest to astronomers and planetary scientists. Much of this interest stems from observations made by NASA's Voyager and Galileo spacecraft and from Earth-based telescopes indicating that Europa's surface is quite young, with very little evidence of cratering, and made principally of water ice.\nMore recently, theoretical models of the jovian system and Europa have suggested that tidal heating may have resulted in the existence of liquid water, and perhaps an ocean, beneath Europa's surface. NASA's ongoing Galileo mission has profoundly expanded our understanding of Europa and the dynamics of the jovian system, and may allow us to constrain theoretical models of Europa's subsurface structure.\nMeanwhile, since the time of the Voyagers, there has been a revolution in our understanding of the limits of life on Earth. Life has been detected thriving in environments previously thought to be untenable\u2014around hydrothermal vent systems on the seafloor, deep underground in basaltic rocks, and within polar ice. Elsewhere in the solar system, including on Europa, environments thought to be compatible with life as we know it on Earth are now considered possible, or even probable. Spacecraft missions are being planned that may be capable of proving their existence.\nAgainst this background, the Space Studies Board charged its Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) to perform a comprehensive study to assess current knowledge about Europa, outline a strategy for future spacecraft missions to Europa, and identify opportunities for complementary Earth-based studies of Europa. (See the preface for a full statement of the charge.)", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9451/a-science-strategy-for-the-exploration-of-europa", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Life Sciences: Space Science in the Twenty-First Century -- Imperatives for the Decades 1995 to 2015", isbn = "978-0-309-03880-5", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/752/life-sciences-space-science-in-the-twenty-first-century-imperatives", year = 1988, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Joseph R. Schmitt", title = "Searching for Life Across Space and Time: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-46394-2", abstract = "The search for life is one of the most active fields in space science and involves a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including planetary science, astronomy and astrophysics, chemistry, biology, chemistry, and geoscience. In December 2016, the Space Studies Board hosted a workshop to explore the possibility of habitable environments in the solar system and in exoplanets, techniques for detecting life, and the instrumentation used. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24860/searching-for-life-across-space-and-time-proceedings-of-a", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Origins, Worlds, and Life: Planetary Science and Astrobiology in the Next Decade", abstract = "The next decade of planetary science and astrobiology holds tremendous promise. This booklet highlights key science questions, identifies priority missions, and presents a research strategy that includes both planetary defense and human exploration.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27209/origins-worlds-and-life-planetary-science-and-astrobiology-in-the", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Chemical Reference Materials: Setting the Standards for Ocean Science", isbn = "978-0-309-08500-7", abstract = "The accuracy of chemical oceanographic measurements depends on calibration against reference materials to ensure comparability over time and among laboratories. Several key parameters lack reference materials for measurements in seawater, particles in the water column, and sediments. Without reference materials it is difficult to produce the reliable data sets or long-term baseline studies that are essential to verify global change and oceanic stability. Chemical Reference Materials : Setting the Standards for Ocean Science identifies the most urgently required chemical reference materials based on key themes for oceanographic research and provides suggestions as to how they can be developed within realistic cost constraints.\nChemical analyses of seawater are uniquely difficult given the poorly known speciation and the low concentration of many of the analytes of interest. Analyses of suspended and sedimentary marine particulate materials present their own distinct challenges, primarily due to potential interference by predominant mineral phases of different types. Of all the analytical methods applied to marine waters and particles, at present only a small fraction can be systematically evaluated via comparison to reference materials that represent the appropriate natural concentrations and matrices.\nSpecifically, the committee was charged with the following tasks:\n- compile from available sources a list of important oceanographic research questions that may benefit from chemical reference standards;\n- create a comprehensive list of reference materials currently available for oceanographic studies;\n \n- identify and prioritize the reference materials needed to study the identified research questions;\n \n- determine for each priority analyte whether reference materials and\/or analytic methods should be standardized; and\n \n- identify the most appropriate approaches for the development and future production of reference materials for ocean sciences.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10476/chemical-reference-materials-setting-the-standards-for-ocean-science", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Search for Life's Origins: Progress and Future Directions in Planetary Biology and Chemical Evolution", isbn = "978-0-309-04246-8", abstract = "The field of planetary biology and chemical evolution draws together experts in astronomy, paleobiology, biochemistry, and space science who work together to understand the evolution of living systems.\nThis field has made exciting discoveries that shed light on how organic compounds came together to form self-replicating molecules\u2014the origin of life.\nThis volume updates that progress and offers recommendations on research programs\u2014including an ambitious effort centered on Mars\u2014to advance the field over the next 10 to 15 years.\nThe book presents a wide range of data and research results on these and other issues:\n\n The biogenic elements and their interaction in the interstellar clouds and in solar nebulae.\n Early planetary environments and the conditions that lead to the origin of life.\n The evolution of cellular and multicellular life.\n The search for life outside the solar system.\n\nThis volume will become required reading for anyone involved in the search for life's beginnings\u2014including exobiologists, geoscientists, planetary scientists, and U.S. space and science policymakers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1541/the-search-for-lifes-origins-progress-and-future-directions-in", year = 1990, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Lynn Goldman and Christine Coussens", title = "Implications of Nanotechnology for Environmental Health Research", isbn = "978-0-309-09577-8", abstract = "Nanotechnology is often described as an emerging technology - one that not only holds promise for society, but also is capable of revolutionizing our approaches to common problems. Nanotechnology is not a completely new field; however, it is only recently that discoveries in this field have advanced so far as to warrant examination of their impact upon the world around us.\nNanotechnology has direct beneficial applications for medicine and the environment, but like all technologies it may have unintended effects that can adversely impact the environment, both within the human body and within the natural ecosystem. How does the science move forward in a way that best protects the public and gets health and safety right the first time? Implications of Nanotechnology for Environmental Health Research identifies the areas in which additional research is needed and the processes by which changes can occur.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11248/implications-of-nanotechnology-for-environmental-health-research", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }