%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Nicholson, Anna %E Schumm, Samantha N. %E Beachy, Sarah H. %T Understanding the Role of the Immune System in Improving Tissue Regeneration: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68817-8 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26551/understanding-the-role-of-the-immune-system-in-improving-tissue-regeneration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26551/understanding-the-role-of-the-immune-system-in-improving-tissue-regeneration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 188 %X The Forum on Regenerative Medicine of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a two-day virtual public workshop to address knowledge gaps in the understanding of promising approaches to manipulate the immune system and/or the regenerative medicine product to improve outcomes of tissue repair and regeneration in patients. The workshop, titled "Understanding the Role of the Immune System in Improving Tissue Regeneration," explored the role of the immune system in the success or failure of regenerative medicine therapies. Participants considered potential strategies to effectively "prepare" patients' immune systems to accept regenerative therapies and increase the likelihood of successful clinical outcomes and also discussed risks associated with modulating the immune system. This Proceedings of a Workshop highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Monitoring and Sampling Approaches to Assess Underground Coal Mine Dust Exposures %@ 978-0-309-47601-0 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25111/monitoring-and-sampling-approaches-to-assess-underground-coal-mine-dust-exposures %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25111/monitoring-and-sampling-approaches-to-assess-underground-coal-mine-dust-exposures %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 168 %X Coal remains one of the principal sources of energy for the United States, and the nation has been a world leader in coal production for more than 100 years. According to U.S. Energy Information Administration projections to 2050, coal is expected to be an important energy resource for the United States. Additionally, metallurgical coal used in steel production remains an important national commodity. However, coal production, like all other conventional mining activities, creates dust in the workplace. Respirable coal mine dust (RCMD) comprises the size fraction of airborne particles in underground mines that can be inhaled by miners and deposited in the distal airways and gas-exchange region of the lung. Occupational exposure to RCMD has long been associated with lung diseases common to the coal mining industry, including coal workers' pneumoconiosis, also known as "black lung disease." Monitoring and Sampling Approaches to Assess Underground Coal Mine Dust Exposures compares the monitoring technologies and sampling protocols currently used or required by the United States, and in similarly industrialized countries for the control of RCMD exposure in underground coal mines. This report assesses the effects of rock dust mixtures and their application on RCMD measurements, and the efficacy of current monitoring technologies and sampling approaches. It also offers science-based conclusions regarding optimal monitoring and sampling strategies to aid mine operators' decision making related to reducing RCMD exposure to miners in underground coal mines. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Letter Report on the Orbiting Carbon Observatory %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12723/letter-report-on-the-orbiting-carbon-observatory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12723/letter-report-on-the-orbiting-carbon-observatory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 8 %X A National Research Council committee is conducting a study on how well greenhouse gas emissions can be measured for treaty monitoring and verification. The committee's analysis suggests that NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO), which failed on launch in February 2009, would have provided proof of concept for spaceborne technologies to monitor greenhouse gas emissions, as well as baseline emissions data. This letter focuses on the capabilities of an OCO and currently deployed satellites that measure atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and their potential role in monitoring and verifying a greenhouse gas treaty. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilities: Adaptive Site Management %@ 978-0-309-08748-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10599/environmental-cleanup-at-navy-facilities-adaptive-site-management %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10599/environmental-cleanup-at-navy-facilities-adaptive-site-management %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 376 %X The number of hazardous waste sites across the United States has grown to approximately 217,000, with billions of cubic yards of soil, sediment, and groundwater plumes requiring remediation. Sites contaminated with recalcitrant contaminants or with complex hydrogeological features have proved to be a significant challenge to cleanup on every level—technologically, financially, legally, and sociopolitically. Like many federal agencies, the Navy is a responsible party with a large liability in hazardous waste sites. Environmental Cleanup at Navy Facilitites applies the concepts of adaptive management to complex, high-risk hazardous waste sites that are typical of the military, EPA, and other responsible parties. The report suggests ways to make forward progress at sites with recalcitrant contamination that have stalled prior to meeting cleanup goals. This encompasses more rigorous data collection and analysis, consideration of alternative treatment technologies, and comprehensive long-term stewardship. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Snair, Megan %E Matney, Chanel %E Bowman, Katherine %T Biomarkers for Traumatic Brain Injury: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-70164-8 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26932/biomarkers-for-traumatic-brain-injury-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26932/biomarkers-for-traumatic-brain-injury-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 88 %X The National Academies Forum on Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) convened a workshop in September 2022 to explore biomarkers used to more precisely and objectively diagnose and categorize suspected TBIs. Session discussions addressed developments in TBI biomarker classes including neuroimaging, blood-based, electrophysiological, and other physiological markers; how biomarkers may be used to better guide and monitor treatment after injury; and how they can be used to refine future research studies. Speakers also discussed potential impacts of biomarkers across the trajectory of TBI care and research, efforts to translate and incorporate biomarkers from research settings into clinical practice, and opportunities to advance the field. This Proceedings of a Workshop summarizes the presentations and discussions from the event. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Adaptive Monitoring and Assessment for the Comprehensive Everglades Restoration Plan %@ 978-0-309-08892-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10663/adaptive-monitoring-and-assessment-for-the-comprehensive-everglades-restoration-plan %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10663/adaptive-monitoring-and-assessment-for-the-comprehensive-everglades-restoration-plan %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 122 %X The report evaluates the plan to monitor and assess the condition of Florida's Everglades as restoration efforts proceed. The report finds that the plan is well grounded in scientific theory and principals of adaptive management. However, steps should be taken to ensure that information from those monitoring the ecology of the Everglades is readily available to those implementing the overall restoration effort. Also, the plan needs to place greater consideration on how population growth and land-use changes will affect the restoration effort and vice versa. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Plans and Practices for Groundwater Protection at the Los Alamos National Laboratory: Final Report %@ 978-0-309-10619-1 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11883/plans-and-practices-for-groundwater-protection-at-the-los-alamos-national-laboratory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11883/plans-and-practices-for-groundwater-protection-at-the-los-alamos-national-laboratory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 104 %X The world's first nuclear bomb was a developed in 1954 at a site near the town of Los Alamos, New Mexico. Designated as the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in 1981, the 40-square-mile site is today operated by Log Alamos National Security LLC under contract to the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) of the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Like other sites in the nation's nuclear weapons complex, the LANL site harbors a legacy of radioactive waste and environmental contamination. Radioactive materials and chemical contaminants have been detected in some portions of the groundwater beneath the site. Under authority of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the State of New Mexico regulates protection of its water resources through the New Mexico Environment Department (NMED). In 1995 NMED found LANL's groundwater monitoring program to be inadequate. Consequently LANL conducted a detailed workplan to characterize the site's hydrogeology in order to develop an effective monitoring program. The study described in Plans and Practices for Groundwater Protection at the Los Alamos National Laboratory: Final Report was initially requested by NNSA, which turned to the National Academies for technical advice and recommendations regarding several aspects of LANL's groundwater protection program. The DOE Office of Environmental Management funded the study. The study came approximately at the juncture between completion of LANL's hydrogeologic workplan and initial development of a sitewide monitoring plan. %0 Book %A National Academy of Engineering %T Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2016 Symposium %@ 978-0-309-45036-2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23659/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23659/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 144 %X This volume presents papers on the topics covered at the National Academy of Engineering's 2016 US Frontiers of Engineering Symposium. Every year the symposium brings together 100 outstanding young leaders in engineering to share their cutting-edge research and innovations in selected areas. The 2016 symposium was held September 19-21 at the Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, California. The intent of this book is to convey the excitement of this unique meeting and to highlight innovative developments in engineering research and technical work. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Pankevich, Diana E. %E Wizemann, Theresa M. %E Cuff, Patricia A. %E Altevogt, Bruce M. %T Strengthening Human Resources Through Development of Candidate Core Competencies for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-28606-0 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18348/strengthening-human-resources-through-development-of-candidate-core-competencies-for-mental-neurological-and-substance-use-disorders-in-sub-saharan-africa %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18348/strengthening-human-resources-through-development-of-candidate-core-competencies-for-mental-neurological-and-substance-use-disorders-in-sub-saharan-africa %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 124 %X One of the largest treatment gaps for mental, neurological, and substance use (MNS) disorders in the world can be seen in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of people with serious MNS disorders living in low- and middle-income countries do not receive needed health services. A critical barrier to bridge this treatment gap is the ability to provide adequate human resources for the delivery of essential interventions for MNS disorders. An international workshop was convened in 2009, by the .S. Institute of Medicine (IOM) Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous Systems Disorders and the Uganda National Academy of Sciences (UNAS) Forum on Health and Nutrition, to bring together stakeholders from across SSA and to foster discussions about improving care for people suffering from MNS disorders and what steps, with potential for the greatest impact, might be considered to bridge the treatment gap. Due to the broad interest to further examine the treatment gap, the IOM forum organized a second workshop in Kampala, Uganda on September 4 and 5, 2012. The workshop's purpose was to discuss candidate core competencies that providers might need to help ensure the effective delivery of services for MNS disorders. The workshop focused specifically on depression, psychosis, epilepsy, and alcohol use disorders. Strengthening Human Resources Through Development of Candidate Core Competencies for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary outlines the presentations and discussions by expert panelists and participants of the plenary sessions of the workshop. This summary includes an overview of challenges faced by MNS providers in the SSA, perspectives on the next steps, the 2009 workshop, and more. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Burt, Matthew %E Cluett, Chris %E Schweiger, Carol %E Coogan, Matthew %E Easley, Richard %E Easley, Sharon %T Improving Public Transportation Technology Implementations and Anticipating Emerging Technologies %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13894/improving-public-transportation-technology-implementations-and-anticipating-emerging-technologies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13894/improving-public-transportation-technology-implementations-and-anticipating-emerging-technologies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 86 %X TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 84, e-Transit: Electronic Business Strategies for Public Transportation Volume 8, Improving Public Transportation Technology Implementations and Anticipating Emerging Technologies explores the value of current technologies used in public transportation, examines methods for improving the success of technology implementation, and reviews five promising emerging technologies with application for transit agencies.The declining costs of communications, data storage, and data retrieval are accelerating the opportunities spawned by the Internet and other information and communications technologies. Choosing and sequencing investments in technologies, processes, and people to reduce costs and increase productivity present challenges to the transit manager, who must weigh the costs, benefits, and risks of changing the ways services are delivered. To assist in meeting such challenges, the TCRP Report 84: e-Transit: Electronic Business Strategies for Public Transportation series documents principles, techniques, and strategies that are used in electronic business for public transportation.Appendices for TCRP Report 84, Volume 8 include the following:* Appendix A: Summary of the Transit Agency Leader Focus Group* Appendix B: Summary of the ITS America 2005 Transit GM Summit %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14272/ndt-technology-for-quality-assurance-of-hma-pavement-construction %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14272/ndt-technology-for-quality-assurance-of-hma-pavement-construction %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 112 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 626: NDT Technology for Quality Assurance of HMA Pavement Construction explores the application of nondestructive testing (NDT) technologies in the quality assurance of hot-mix asphalt (HMA) pavement construction. Supplementary material to NCHRP Report 626 was published as NCHRP Web-Only Document 133: Supporting Materials for NCHRP Report 626 %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Park, Hyun-A %E Richter, Lori %E Steudle, Kirk %T Collaborative Practices for Performance-Based Asset Management Between State DOTs and MPOs %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26337/collaborative-practices-for-performance-based-asset-management-between-state-dots-and-mpos %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26337/collaborative-practices-for-performance-based-asset-management-between-state-dots-and-mpos %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 102 %X The degree of collaboration between state departments of transportation (DOTs) and metropolitan planning organzations (MPOs) on goals and performance targets for management of transportation assets varies. Collaboration may also involve investment decisions.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Synthesis 577: Collaborative Practices for Performance-Based Asset Management Between State DOTs and MPOs documents DOT practices for collaborating with MPOs relative to target setting, investment decisions, and performance monitoring of pavement and bridge assets. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Pellegrino, James W. %E Wilson, Mark R. %E Koenig, Judith A. %E Beatty, Alexandra S. %T Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards %@ 978-0-309-28951-1 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18409/developing-assessments-for-the-next-generation-science-standards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18409/developing-assessments-for-the-next-generation-science-standards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 288 %X Assessments, understood as tools for tracking what and how well students have learned, play a critical role in the classroom. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards develops an approach to science assessment to meet the vision of science education for the future as it has been elaborated in A Framework for K-12 Science Education (Framework) and Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). These documents are brand new and the changes they call for are barely under way, but the new assessments will be needed as soon as states and districts begin the process of implementing the NGSS and changing their approach to science education. The new Framework and the NGSS are designed to guide educators in significantly altering the way K-12 science is taught. The Framework is aimed at making science education more closely resemble the way scientists actually work and think, and making instruction reflect research on learning that demonstrates the importance of building coherent understandings over time. It structures science education around three dimensions - the practices through which scientists and engineers do their work, the key crosscutting concepts that cut across disciplines, and the core ideas of the disciplines - and argues that they should be interwoven in every aspect of science education, building in sophistication as students progress through grades K-12. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards recommends strategies for developing assessments that yield valid measures of student proficiency in science as described in the new Framework. This report reviews recent and current work in science assessment to determine which aspects of the Framework's vision can be assessed with available techniques and what additional research and development will be needed to support an assessment system that fully meets that vision. The report offers a systems approach to science assessment, in which a range of assessment strategies are designed to answer different kinds of questions with appropriate degrees of specificity and provide results that complement one another. Developing Assessments for the Next Generation Science Standards makes the case that a science assessment system that meets the Framework's vision should consist of assessments designed to support classroom instruction, assessments designed to monitor science learning on a broader scale, and indicators designed to track opportunity to learn. New standards for science education make clear that new modes of assessment designed to measure the integrated learning they promote are essential. The recommendations of this report will be key to making sure that the dramatic changes in curriculum and instruction signaled by Framework and the NGSS reduce inequities in science education and raise the level of science education for all students. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Inc, Sebesta %T Optimizing Airport Building Operations and Maintenance Through Retrocommissioning: A Whole-Systems Approach %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22129/optimizing-airport-building-operations-and-maintenance-through-retrocommissioning-a-whole-systems-approach %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22129/optimizing-airport-building-operations-and-maintenance-through-retrocommissioning-a-whole-systems-approach %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 186 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 139: Optimizing Airport Building Operations and Maintenance Through Retrocommissioning: A Whole-Systems Approach explores ways to optimize operations and maintenance costs and improve overall building system performance through retrocommissioning. The report is accompanied by a CD that contains additional appendices and a spreadsheet tool to help practitioners evaluate and select appropriate facility optimization measures based on cost, savings, complexity, visibility, and greenhouse gas savings.The CD is also available for download from TRB’s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the .ISO CD-ROM Image(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Approaches for Ecosystem Services Valuation for the Gulf of Mexico After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-21179-6 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13141/approaches-for-ecosystem-services-valuation-for-the-gulf-of-mexico-after-the-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13141/approaches-for-ecosystem-services-valuation-for-the-gulf-of-mexico-after-the-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 162 %X On April 20, 2010, the Deepwater Horizon platform drilling the Macondo well in Mississippi Canyon Block 252 (DWH) exploded, killing 11 workers and injuring another 17. The DWH oil spill resulted in nearly 5 million barrels (approximately 200 million gallons) of crude oil spilling into the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The full impacts of the spill on the GoM and the people who live and work there are unknown but expected to be considerable, and will be expressed over years to decades. In the short term, up to 80,000 square miles of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) were closed to fishing, resulting in loss of food, jobs and recreation. The DWH oil spill immediately triggered a process under the U.S. Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) to determine the extent and severity of the "injury" (defined as an observable or measurable adverse change in a natural resource or impairment of a natural resource service) to the public trust, known as the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA). The assessment, undertaken by the trustees (designated technical experts who act on behalf of the public and who are tasked with assessing the nature and extent of site-related contamination and impacts), requires: (1) quantifying the extent of damage; (2) developing, implementing, and monitoring restoration plans; and (3) seeking compensation for the costs of assessment and restoration from those deemed responsible for the injury. This interim report provides options for expanding the current effort to include the analysis of ecosystem services to help address the unprecedented scale of this spill in U.S. waters and the challenges it presents to those charged with undertaking the damage assessment. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Inc., Katherine B. Preston, Julia Nagy, Harris Miller, Miller & Hanson %E LLC, Jim M. Crites, James M. Crites %E LLC, Steve Barrett, Barrett Energy Resources Group %T Optimizing the Use of Electric Preconditioned Air (PCA) and Ground Power Systems for Airports %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25623/optimizing-the-use-of-electric-preconditioned-air-pca-and-ground-power-systems-for-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25623/optimizing-the-use-of-electric-preconditioned-air-pca-and-ground-power-systems-for-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 142 %X As demand for air travel grows, airport-related emissions are increasing and airports are challenged to reduce associated environmental impacts. In response, expanded regulatory programs and global climate protection initiatives are being developed that require the aviation industry—including U.S. airports—to implement new, clean technologies and to modify operational practices to reduce emissions.One effective option for reducing the emissions associated with aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs) and diesel-powered gate equipment is to convert to electric PCA and electric ground power systems, collectively referred to as “gate electrification systems.”The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Research Report 207: Optimizing the Use of Electric Preconditioned Air (PCA) and Ground Power Systems for Airports provides guidance in identifying and understanding factors that contribute to the use or non-use of gate electrification systems (electric preconditioned air or PCA and electric ground power systems) and ways that airports and airlines can optimize the use of the systems.This research includes case studies at a variety of types and sizes of airports in different climates; an evaluation of how weather and climate impact utilization; the use and impact of other available ground power and PCA units; consideration of aircraft hardstand operations; and airport and airline practices for optimal equipment utilization.The work includes additional resources: the ACRP 02-76 Ground Power and PCA Example Utilization Tracking Methodology and the Self-Assessment Checklist. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations %@ 978-0-309-45348-6 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24635/using-21st-century-science-to-improve-risk-related-evaluations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24635/using-21st-century-science-to-improve-risk-related-evaluations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 200 %X Over the last decade, several large-scale United States and international programs have been initiated to incorporate advances in molecular and cellular biology, -omics technologies, analytical methods, bioinformatics, and computational tools and methods into the field of toxicology. Similar efforts are being pursued in the field of exposure science with the goals of obtaining more accurate and complete exposure data on individuals and populations for thousands of chemicals over the lifespan; predicting exposures from use data and chemical-property information; and translating exposures between test systems and humans. Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations makes recommendations for integrating new scientific approaches into risk-based evaluations. This study considers the scientific advances that have occurred following the publication of the NRC reports Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy and Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy. Given the various ongoing lines of investigation and new data streams that have emerged, this publication proposes how best to integrate and use the emerging results in evaluating chemical risk. Using 21st Century Science to Improve Risk-Related Evaluations considers whether a new paradigm is needed for data validation, how to integrate the divergent data streams, how uncertainty might need to be characterized, and how best to communicate the new approaches so that they are understandable to various stakeholders. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Optimizing the Nation's Investment in Academic Research: A New Regulatory Framework for the 21st Century %@ 978-0-309-37948-9 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21824/optimizing-the-nations-investment-in-academic-research-a-new-regulatory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21824/optimizing-the-nations-investment-in-academic-research-a-new-regulatory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %P 282 %X Research universities are critical contributors to our national research enterprise. They are the principal source of a world-class labor force and fundamental discoveries that enhance our lives and the lives of others around the world. These institutions help to create an educated citizenry capable of making informed and crucial choices as participants in a democratic society. However many are concerned that the unintended cumulative effect of federal regulations undercuts the productivity of the research enterprise and diminishes the return on the federal investment in research. Optimizing the Nation's Investment in Academic Research reviews the regulatory framework as it currently exists, considers specific regulations that have placed undue and often unanticipated burdens on the research enterprise, and reassesses the process by which these regulations are created, reviewed, and retired. This review is critical to strengthen the partnership between the federal government and research institutions, to maximize the creation of new knowledge and products, to provide for the effective training and education of the next generation of scholars and workers, and to optimize the return on the federal investment in research for the benefit of the American people. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Down to Earth: Geographic Information for Sustainable Development in Africa %@ 978-0-309-08478-9 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10455/down-to-earth-geographic-information-for-sustainable-development-in-africa %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10455/down-to-earth-geographic-information-for-sustainable-development-in-africa %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 169 %X In 1992, world leaders adopted Agenda 21, the work program of the 1992 U.N. Conference on Environment and Development. This landmark event provided a political foundation and action items to facilitate the global transition toward sustainable development. The international community marked the tenth anniversary of this conference in Johannesburg, South Africa, in August 2002. Down to Earth, a component of the U.S. State Department's "Geographic Information for Sustainable Development" project for the World Summit, focuses on sub-Saharan Africa with examples drawn from case-study regions where the U.S. Agency for International Development and other agencies have broad experience. Although African countries are the geographic focus of the study, the report has broader applicability. Down to Earth summarizes the importance and applicability of geographic data for sustainable development and draws on experiences in African countries to examine how future sources and applications of geographic data could provide reliable support to decision-makers as they work towards sustainable development. The committee emphasizes the potential of new technologies, such as satellite remote-sensing systems and geographic information systems, that have revolutionized data collection and analysis over the last decade. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico %@ 978-0-309-28845-3 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18387/an-ecosystem-services-approach-to-assessing-the-impacts-of-the-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-in-the-gulf-of-mexico %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18387/an-ecosystem-services-approach-to-assessing-the-impacts-of-the-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-in-the-gulf-of-mexico %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 246 %X As the Gulf of Mexico recovers from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, natural resource managers face the challenge of understanding the impacts of the spill and setting priorities for restoration work. The full value of losses resulting from the spill cannot be captured, however, without consideration of changes in ecosystem services—the benefits delivered to society through natural processes. An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico discusses the benefits and challenges associated with using an ecosystem services approach to damage assessment, describing potential impacts of response technologies, exploring the role of resilience, and offering suggestions for areas of future research. This report illustrates how this approach might be applied to coastal wetlands, fisheries, marine mammals, and the deep sea—each of which provide key ecosystem services in the Gulf—and identifies substantial differences among these case studies. The report also discusses the suite of technologies used in the spill response, including burning, skimming, and chemical dispersants, and their possible long-term impacts on ecosystem services.