TY - BOOK TI - PY - UR - PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Additional Observations on Foundational Cybersecurity Research: Improving Science, Engineering, and Institutions: An Annex: Unclassified Abbreviated Version of a Classified Report DO - 10.17226/24949 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24949/additional-observations-on-foundational-cybersecurity-research-improving-science-engineering-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - At the request of the Special Cyber Operations Research and Engineering (SCORE) Interagency Working Group and sponsored with assistance from the National Science Foundation and from the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine appointed an expert committee to explore future research goals and directions for cybersecurity. The committee for this multi-phased sequential study considered future research goals and directions for foundational science in cybersecurity, and included relevant efforts in economics and behavioral science as well as more “traditional” cybersecurity topics. It considered major challenge problems, explored proposed new directions, identified gaps in the current portfolio, considered the complementary roles of research in unclassified and classified settings, and considered how foundational work in an unclassified setting can be translated to meet national security objectives. This abbreviated annex provides background information on the full classified annex resulting from the study. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jessica Wolfman A2 - Nancy Huddleston TI - ChemRxiv: Publishing in the Age of Preprint Servers: Proceedings of a Symposium—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25050 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25050/chemrxiv-publishing-in-the-age-of-preprint-servers-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - The American Chemical Society’s (ACS’s) 2017 launch of ChemRxiv—a free, online preprint server designed specifically for the global chemical sciences community—has sparked renewed debate about the potential impacts of preprint servers on the research enterprise and the publishing process. A workshop held by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Chemical Sciences Roundtable, at the 254th ACS National Meeting on August 22, 2017, provided a neutral forum for representatives of funding agencies, scientific journals, foundations, and academia to discuss their views. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Communication and Information Transmission Using Biotechnology: Abridged Version DO - 10.17226/26579 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26579/communication-and-information-transmission-using-biotechnology-abridged-version PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - At the request of the U.S. Government, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine established a standing committee to identify future biotechnology needs for national security. The standing committee identifies and explores in detail new and emerging research and development of biotechnologies of interest to national security. Communication and Information Transmission Using Biotechnology: Abridged Version is the public version of the committee's classified consensus study that describes current research on DNA, protein, and small molecule-based approaches for transmitting information and the nascent field of molecular communication. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Thomas Arrison A2 - Jennifer Saunders A2 - Emi Kameyama TI - Developing a Toolkit for Fostering Open Science Practices: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26308 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26308/developing-a-toolkit-for-fostering-open-science-practices-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The National Academies Roundtable on Aligning Incentives for Open Science, established in 2019, has taken on an important role in addressing issues with open science. The roundtable convenes critical stakeholders to discuss the effectiveness of current incentives for adopting open science practices, current barriers of all types, and ways to move forward in order to align reward structures and institutional values. The Roundtable convened a virtual public workshop on fostering open science practices on November 5, 2020. The broad goal of the workshop was to identify paths to growing the nascent coalition of stakeholders committed to reenvisioning credit/reward systems (e.g., academic hiring, tenure and promotion, and grants)to fully incentivize open science practices. The workshop explored the information and resource needs of researchers, research institutions, government agencies, philanthropies, professional societies, and other stakeholders interested in further supporting and implementing open science practices. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics: Mission Concept Studies DO - 10.17226/25212 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25212/report-series-committee-on-astronomy-and-astrophysics-mission-concept-studies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The Committee on Astronomy and Astrophysics (CAA) is tasked with monitoring the progress of the recommended priorities of the astronomy and astrophysics decadal survey of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine and providing an independent, authoritative forum for identifying and discussing issues in astronomy and astrophysics between the research community, the federal government, and the interested public. This publication reviews NASA’s plans for delivering mission concept studies (large and medium) to the Decadal Survey Committee. The CAA assessed the appropriateness of NASA’s plans and provided findings for the purpose of improving the value of NASA’s preparations to the Decadal Survey Committee. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Acquisition Strategies for Future Space-Based Optics: Unclassified Summary DO - 10.17226/25337 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25337/acquisition-strategies-for-future-space-based-optics-unclassified-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - This study originated with congressionally directed language from the House Permanent Select Committee for Intelligence (HPSCI) in 2016 and titled “Acquisition Strategies for Future Space Based Optics”. This publication is an unclassified summary of the classified report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Acquisition Strategies for Future Space-Based Optics Follow On Letter Report: Unclassified Summary DO - 10.17226/27148 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27148/acquisition-strategies-for-future-space-based-optics-follow-on-letter-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - In December 2020, the National Reconnaissance Offices Geospatial Intelligence Directorate asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to review the advancements and changes that have occurred since the production of the classified consensus study Acquisition Strategies for Future Space Based Optics in 2018. The resulting letter report and its contents are classified and cannot be summarized here. This publication is the unclassified summary of that report. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of Report and Approach to Evaluating Long-Term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects: Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/25025 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25025/review-of-report-and-approach-to-evaluating-long-term-health-effects-in-army-test-subjects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Between 1942 and 1975, the U.S. Army conducted tests with human subjects to study the effects of a variety of agents, including chemical warfare and biological agents. The potential long-term health effects on the test subjects from their exposures have been evaluated periodically, most recently in a report titled Assessment of Potential Long-Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances: Literature Review and Analysis (the Report), which was prepared by a contractor to assist the Army with making determinations about providing medical care to former test subjects. In response to a request by the Army, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine formed a committee that was tasked with examining whether the Report appropriately identified potential long-term health effects from exposure to the test agents and whether an adequate weight-of-evidence approach was used to characterize the strength of the associations between the agents and their potential health effects. The committee was made aware at its first meeting on November 30, 2017, that the Army had already begun to receive applications for medical care and that some determinations may need to be made before the committee's evaluation of the Report was completed. Because of this urgency, the Army developed a process by which applications for medical care will be reviewed, and as a result, the committee was given the additional task of reviewing the Army's Memorandum that describes the approach that will be used by the Army to evaluate agent- and outcome-specific associations. This interim report was prepared to facilitate the Army's deliberations. A review of the Report is presented first, followed by a review of the Memorandum. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report SN - DO - 10.17226/25326 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25326/considerations-for-the-design-of-a-systematic-review-of-care-interventions-for-individuals-with-dementia-and-their-caregivers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Considerations for the Design of a Systematic Review of Care Interventions for Individuals with Dementia and Their Caregivers: Letter Report provides input into the design of an Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) systematic review of evidence on effective care-related interventions for people with dementia and their caregivers. This letter report describes potential changes and considerations for the key questions and study design that would result in the most informative and timely evidence review on this topic. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Evaluation of Applications to Carry Out Research to Determine the Taxonomy of Wild Canids in the Southeastern United States DO - 10.17226/25661 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25661/evaluation-of-applications-to-carry-out-research-to-determine-the-taxonomy-of-wild-canids-in-the-southeastern-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to develop a request for applications, "Research to determine the taxonomy of wild canid populations in regions of the United States where recent evidence suggests the potential presence of red wolves (Canis rufus)," and to conduct an independent evaluation of the submitted applications. This letter report describes the work of the committee and transmits the final evaluation of applications to carry out research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Enhancing Operational Effectiveness of U.S. Naval Forces in Highly Degraded Environments: Autonomy and Artificial Intelligence in Unmanned Aircraft Systems: Abbreviated Version of Full Report DO - 10.17226/26493 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26493/enhancing-operational-effectiveness-of-us-naval-forces-in-highly-degraded-environments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - At the request of the Chief of Naval Operations, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conducted a classified study that examined U.S. Naval Forces' capabilities to maintain operational effectiveness in the face of an adversary's efforts to deny and degrade mission-critical data. This abbreviated version of the report includes the information available for the public. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Letter Report on Review of Department of Veterans Affairs Monograph on Potential Therapeutic Effects of Service and Emotional Support Dogs on Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder DO - 10.17226/26039 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26039/letter-report-on-review-of-department-of-veterans-affairs-monograph-on-potential-therapeutic-effects-of-service-and-emotional-support-dogs-on-veterans-with-post-traumatic-stress-disorder PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In response to a request from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, this publication reviews the Department of Veterans Affairs Monograph titled A Randomized Trial of Differential Effectiveness of Service Dog Pairing Versus Emotional Support Dog Pairing to Improve Quality of Life for Veterans with PTSD. Review of Department of Veterans Affairs Monograph on Potential Therapeutic Effects of Service and Emotional Support Dogs on Veterans with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder critiques the draft monograph and reviews it for consistency with accepted scientific principles and its suitability for publication. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lisa Bain A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Clare Stroud TI - Evolving the Culture of Science and Training in Neuroscience to Meet a Changing World: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26176 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26176/evolving-the-culture-of-science-and-training-in-neuroscience-to-meet-a-changing-world PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Recent events, including the COVID-19 pandemic and the collective awakening around issues related to racial justice, diversity, and inclusion, have underscored the challenges facing neuroscience and neuroscience training. To address these challenges, the Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a series of virtual workshops on neuroscience training with the goal of reconsidering how we think about neuroscience training in a rapidly changing world. On February 22, 2021, the fifth and final workshop in this series, titled Evolving the Culture of Science and Training in Neuroscience to Meet a Changing World, brought together stakeholders from across the neuroscience ecosystem to discuss how the culture of science and scientific training can become more inclusive, balanced, and adaptive to changing times. This final workshop expanded on many issues raised in previous workshops, including the importance of mental health and well-being in academic research; how to resist the legacy of white supremacy and support diversity in academia; and how to redefine what success means for neuroscientists in both academic and non-academic settings. This publication summarizes the discussions that occurred at the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Harnessing Innovative Biotechnologies for National Security in Material and Human Dimensions: Abridged Version DO - 10.17226/27023 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27023/harnessing-innovative-biotechnologies-for-national-security-in-material-and-human-dimensions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - This publication is the unclassified summary of a classified consensus report linking advanced biotechnologies to national security capability needs and identifying potential pathways for their adoption. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Steve Olson TI - Grand Challenges for Engineering: Imperatives, Prospects, and Priorities: Summary of a Forum SN - DO - 10.17226/23440 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23440/grand-challenges-for-engineering-imperatives-prospects-and-priorities-summary-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Engineering has long gravitated toward great human ambitions: navigation of the oceans, travel to the moon and back, Earth exploration, national security, industrial and agricultural revolutions, communications, and transportation. Some ambitions have been realized, some remain unfulfilled, and some are yet to be determined. In 2008 a committee of distinguished engineers, scientists, entrepreneurs, and visionaries set out to identify the most important, tractable engineering system challenges that must be met in this century for human life as we know it to continue on this planet. For the forum at the National Academy of Engineering’s 2015 annual meeting, 7 of the 18 committee members who formulated the Grand Challenges for Engineering in 2008 reflected on what has happened in the seven year since. Grand Challenges for Engineering: Imperatives, Prospects, and Priorities summarizes the discussions and presentations from this forum. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Threat to America's Global Vigilance, Reach, and Power–High-Speed, Maneuvering Weapons: Unclassified Summary DO - 10.17226/23667 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23667/a-threat-to-americas-global-vigilance-reach-and-power-high-speed-maneuvering-weapons PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked by the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Science, Technology and Engineering to assess the threat of high-speed weapons and recommendations to counter the threat. This report reviews the current and evolving threats, and the current and planned U.S. efforts and capabilities to counter these threats, identifies current gaps and future opportunities where the United States Air Force (USAF) could provide significant contribution to the U.S. effort to counter high-speed threats, and recommends actions the USAF could take in terms of materiel, non-materiel, and technology development to address the identified opportunities and gaps in U.S. efforts to address these threats. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Solar and Space Physics: Heliophysics Science Centers SN - DO - 10.17226/24803 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24803/report-series-committee-on-solar-and-space-physics-heliophysics-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The newly constituted Committee on Solar and Space Physics (CSSP) has been tasked with monitoring the progress of recommendations from the 2013 decadal survey Solar and Space Physics: A Science for a Technological Society. The committee held its first meeting as part of Space Science Week in Washington, D.C., on March 28-30, 2017. In advance of the meeting, and in response to discussions with the leadership of the Heliophysics Division of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the Geospace Section of the National Science Foundation (NSF) Division of Atmospheric and Geospace Science, the committee identified the decadal survey’s recommendation to create NASA-NSF heliophysics science centers (HSCs) as a timely topic for discussion. This report provides a set of options for NASA and NSF to consider for the creation of HSCs, including how to make the HSCs unique from other research elements and strategies for implementation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of Proposals for Research on Statistical Methodologies for Assessing Variables in Eyewitness Performance SN - DO - 10.17226/23633 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23633/review-of-proposals-for-research-on-statistical-methodologies-for-assessing-variables-in-eyewitness-performance PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Recognizing the importance of eyewitness identifications in courts of law and motivated by data showing that at least one erroneous eyewitness identification was associated with almost 75% of cases where defendants were later exonerated by DNA evidence, in 2013 the Laura and John Arnold Foundation asked the National Academy of Sciences to undertake an assessment of the scientific research on eyewitness identification and offer recommendations to improve eyewitness performance. The appointed committee issued its report, Identifying the Culprit: Assessing Eyewitness Identification, in 2014. In order to stimulate new and innovative research on statistical tools and the interrelationships between system and estimator variables, the Arnold Foundation in 2015 again called upon the National Academies. This report describes the development of the request for proposals, the processes followed by the committee as it evaluated the proposals, and the committee’s assessment of the scientific merit and research design of the proposals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Astrobiology and Planetary Science: Review of the Planetary Science Aspects of NASA SMD's Lunar Science and Exploration Initiative SN - DO - 10.17226/25373 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25373/report-series-committee-on-astrobiology-and-planetary-science-review-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - On December 11, 2017, President Donald Trump signed Space Policy Directive-1 (SPD-1). The new directive replaced original text in the National Space Policy of the United States of America and instructed the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to “lead the return of humans to the Moon for long-term exploration and utilization, followed by human missions to Mars and other destinations”. In response to and in support of the vision expressed in SPD-1, this report reviews decadal and other community-guided lunar science priorities as context for NASA’s current lunar plans and then presents and evaluates the actions being taken by NASA’s Planetary Science Division to support lunar science. ER -