@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants: Volume 1", isbn = "978-0-309-09225-8", abstract = "U.S. Navy personnel who work on submarines are in an enclosed and isolated environment for days or weeks at a time when at sea. Unlike a typical work environment, they are potentially exposed to air contaminants 24 hours a day. To protect workers from potential adverse health effects due to those conditions, the U.S. Navy has established exposure guidance levels for a number of contaminants. The Navy asked a subcommittee of the National Research Council (NRC) to review, and develop when necessary, exposure guidance levels for 10 contaminants. \n\nOverall, the subcommittee found the values proposed by the Navy to be suitable for protecting human health. For a few chemicals, the committee proposed levels that were lower than those proposed by the Navy. In conducting its evaluation, the subcommittee found that there is little exposure data available on the submarine environment and echoed a previous recommendation from an earlier NRC report to conduct monitoring that would provide a complete analysis of submarine air and data on exposure of personnel to contaminants.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11170/emergency-and-continuous-exposure-guidance-levels-for-selected-submarine-contaminants", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants: Volume 2", isbn = "978-0-309-11273-4", abstract = "U.S. Navy personnel who work on submarines are in an enclosed and isolated environment for days or weeks at a time when at sea. To protect workers from potential adverse health effects due to those conditions, the U.S. Navy has established exposure guidance levels for a number of contaminants. In this latest report in a series, the Navy asked the National Research Council (NRC) to review, and develop when necessary, exposure guidance levels for 11 contaminants. The report recommends exposure levels for hydrogen that are lower than current Navy guidelines. For all other contaminants (except for two for which there are insufficient data), recommended levels are similar to or slightly higher than those proposed by the Navy. The report finds that, overall, there is very little exposure data available on the submarine environment and echoes recommendations from earlier NRC reports to expand exposure monitoring in submarines.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12032/emergency-and-continuous-exposure-guidance-levels-for-selected-submarine-contaminants", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Emergency and Continuous Exposure Guidance Levels for Selected Submarine Contaminants: Volume 3", isbn = "978-0-309-14379-0", abstract = "U.S. Navy personnel who work on submarines are in an enclosed and isolated environment for days or weeks at a time when at sea. Unlike a typical work environment, they are potentially exposed to air contaminants 24 hours a day. To protect workers from potential adverse health effects due to those conditions, the U.S. Navy has established exposure guidance levels for a number of contaminants. The Navy asked a subcommittee of the National Research Council (NRC) to review, and develop when necessary, exposure guidance levels for specific contaminants. \n\nThis volume, the third in a series, recommends 1-hour and 24-hour emergency exposure guidance levels (EEGLs) and 90-day continuous exposure guidance levels (CEGLs) for acetaldehyde, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, and propylene glycol dinitrate. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12741/emergency-and-continuous-exposure-guidance-levels-for-selected-submarine-contaminants", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the U.S. Navy's Exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers", isbn = "978-0-309-07093-5", abstract = "Manufactured vitreous fibers (MVF), also known as synthetic vitreous fibers, are considered to be less hazardous than asbestos to human health. They are used in many thermal- and acoustical-insulation applications as an asbestos substitute or as a filtration medium. The Navy uses MVF in shipboard and onshore applications. To protect Navy personnel from harmful exposures to MVF, the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) developed occupational exposure standards. The documentation assists industrial hygienists, occupational medicine physicians, and other Navy health professionals in assessing and controlling the health hazards linked with exposure to MVF.\nIn 1997, the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to conduct an independent review of the Navy's toxicological assessment of MVF and to evaluate the scientific validity of its exposure standard of 2 fibers per cubic centimeter of air (f\/cm3). The NRC assigned the task to the Committee on Toxicology, which established the Subcommittee on Manufactured Vitreous Fibers, a multidisciplinary group of experts, to determine whether all relevant toxicological and epidemiological data were correctly considered in developing the exposure standard; and to examine the uncertainty, variability, and quality of data and the appropriateness of assumptions used in the derivation of the exposure standard. The subcommittee was also asked to identify deficiencies in the MVF database and, where appropriate, to make recommendations for future research and data development.\nReview of the U.S. Navy's exposure Standard for Manufactured Vitreous Fibers represents the subcommittee's final report. The committee had expanded its review when in January 1999, the Navy revised its Occupational Safety and Health Program Manual (CNO 1999), changing the occupational exposure limit for MVF to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) of 1 f\/cm3. The report features recommendations by the subcommittee as well as information gaps found throughout investigation. Overall, the subcommittee found that the Navy made a good start in assessing the health effects of MVF, but needed further research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9867/review-of-the-us-navys-exposure-standard-for-manufactured-vitreous-fibers", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "William F. Page and Heather A. Young and Harriet M. Crawford", title = "Long-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense)", isbn = "978-0-309-10210-0", abstract = "More than 5,800 military personnel, mostly Navy personnel and Marines, participated in a series of tests of U.S. warship vulnerability to biological and chemical warfare agents, Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense), in the period 1962-1973. Only some of the involved military personnel were aware of these tests at the time. Many of these tests used simulants, substances with the physical properties of a chemical or biological warfare agent, thought at the time to have been harmless. The existence of these tests did not come to light until many decades later.\nIn September 2002, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) agreed to undertake a scientific study, funded by the Veterans' Affairs, of potential long-term health effects of participation in Project SHAD. In general, there was no difference in all-cause mortality between Project SHAD participants and nonparticipant controls, although participants statistically had a significantly higher risk of death due to heart disease, had higher levels of neurodegenerative medical conditions and higher rates of symptoms with no medical basis.\nLong-Term Health Effects of Participation in Project SHAD focuses on the potential health effects of participation in Project SHAD. It is a useful resource for government defense agencies, scientists and health professionals.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11900/long-term-health-effects-of-participation-in-project-shad-shipboard-hazard-and-defense", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Assessing Health Outcomes Among Veterans of Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense)", isbn = "978-0-309-38071-3", abstract = " Between 1963 and 1969, the U.S. military carried out a series of tests, termed Project SHAD (Shipboard Hazard and Defense), to evaluate the vulnerabilities of U.S. Navy ships to chemical and biological warfare agents. These tests involved use of active chemical and biological agents, stimulants, tracers, and decontaminants. Approximately 5,900 military personnel, primarily from the Navy and Marine Corps, are reported to have been included in Project SHAD testing. \n\nIn the 1990s some veterans who participated in the SHAD tests expressed concerns to the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) that they were experiencing health problems that might be the result of exposures in the testing. These concerns led to a 2002 request from VA to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to carry out an epidemiological study of the health of SHAD veterans and a comparison population of veterans who had served on similar ships or in similar units during the same time period. In response to continuing concerns, Congress in 2010 requested an additional IOM study. This second study expands on the previous IOM work by making use of additional years of follow up and some analysis of diagnostic data from Medicare and the VA health care system. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21846/assessing-health-outcomes-among-veterans-of-project-shad-shipboard-hazard-and-defense", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure", isbn = "978-0-309-16247-0", abstract = "Over 3 million U.S. military personnel were sent to Southeast Asia to fight in the Vietnam War. Since the end of the Vietnam War, veterans have reported numerous health effects. Herbicides used in Vietnam, in particular Agent Orange have been associated with a variety of cancers and other long term health problems from Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes to heart disease. Prior to 1997 laws safeguarded all service men and women deployed to Vietnam including members of the Blue Navy. Since then, the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) has established that Vietnam veterans are automatically eligible for disability benefits should they develop any disease associated with Agent Orange exposure, however, veterans who served on deep sea vessels in Vietnam are not included. These \"Blue Water Navy\" veterans must prove they were exposed to Agent Orange before they can claim benefits. At the request of the VA, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) examined whether Blue Water Navy veterans had similar exposures to Agent Orange as other Vietnam veterans. \nBlue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure comprehensively examines whether Vietnam veterans in the Blue Water Navy experienced exposures to herbicides and their contaminants by reviewing historical reports, relevant legislation, key personnel insights, and chemical analysis to resolve current debate on this issue.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13026/blue-water-navy-vietnam-veterans-and-agent-orange-exposure", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "J. Christopher Johnson and Susan Thaul and William F. Page and Harriet Crawford", title = "Mortality of Veteran Participants in the CROSSROADS Nuclear Test", isbn = "978-0-309-05596-3", abstract = "In 1946, approximately 40,000 U.S. military personnel participated in Operation CROSSROADS, an atmospheric nuclear test that took place at Bikini Atoll in the Marshall Islands. Congress passed a law directing the Veterans Administration to determine whether there were any long-term adverse health effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation from the detonation of nuclear devices. This book contains the results of an extensive epidemiological study of the mortality of participants compared with a similar group of nonparticipants. Topics of discussion include a breakdown of the study rationale; an overview of other studies of veteran participants in nuclear tests; and descriptions of Operation CROSSROADS, data sources for the study, participant and comparison cohorts, exposure details, mortality ascertainment, and findings and conclusions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5428/mortality-of-veteran-participants-in-the-crossroads-nuclear-test", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Review of the U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute's Toxicology Program", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9140/review-of-the-us-naval-medical-research-institutes-toxicology-program", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process", isbn = "978-0-309-07147-5", abstract = "A large number of chemicals are used on land at shore facilities, in the air in combat and reconnaissance aircraft, on seas around the world in surface vessels, and in submarine vessels by the navy and marine corps. Although the chemicals used are for the large part harmless, there is a significant amount of chemicals in use that can be health hazards during specific exposure circumstances. The Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) is primarily tasked with assessing these hazards. The NEHC completes its tasks by reviewing toxicological and related data and preparing health-hazard assessments (HHAs) for the different chemicals.\nSince the NEHC is continually asked to develop these HHAs, the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to assess independently the validity and effectiveness of NEHC's HHA process, in order to determine whether the process as implemented provides the Navy with the best, comprehensive, and defensible evaluations of health hazards and to identify any elements that might require improvement. The task was assigned to the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology's Committee on Toxicology's (COT's) Subcommittee on Toxicological hazard and Risk Assessment.\nReview of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process presents the subcommittee's report. The report is the work of expertise in general toxicology, inhalation toxicology, epidemiology, neurotoxicology, immunotoxicology, reproductive and developmental toxicology, pharmacology, medicine, risk assessment, and biostatistics. It is based on its review of documents provided by NEHC, presentations by NEHC personnel, and site visits to NEHC in Norfolk, Virginia and an aircraft carrier in San Diego, California.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9905/review-of-the-us-navy-environmental-health-centers-health-hazard-assessment-process", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Technology for the United States Navy and Marine Corps, 2000-2035: Becoming a 21st-Century Force: Volume 4: Human Resources", isbn = "978-0-309-05899-5", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5865/technology-for-the-united-states-navy-and-marine-corps-2000-2035-becoming-a-21st-century-force", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Symposium on Tactical Oceanography: Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California, 12-15 March 1990", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9945/symposium-on-tactical-oceanography-naval-postgraduate-school-monterey-california-12", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Alexandra K. Wigdor and Bert F. Green, Jr.", title = "Performance Assessment for the Workplace: Volume I", isbn = "978-0-309-07659-3", abstract = "Although ability testing has been an American preoccupation since the 1920s, comparatively little systematic attention has been paid to understanding and measuring the kinds of human performance that tests are commonly used to predict\u2014such as success at school or work. Now, a sustained, large-scale effort has been made to develop measures that are very close to actual performance on the job. The four military services have carried out an ambitious study, called the Joint-Service Job Performance Measurement\/Enlistment Standards (JPM) Project, that brings new sophistication to the measurement of performance in work settings.\nVolume 1 analyzes the JPM experience in the context of human resource management policy in the military. Beginning with a historical overview of the criterion problem, it looks closely at substantive and methodological issues in criterion research suggested by the project: the development of performance measures; sampling, logistical, and standardization problems; evaluating the reliability and content representativeness of performance measures; and the relationship between predictor scores and performance measures\u2014valuable information that can also be useful in the civilian workplace.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1862/performance-assessment-for-the-workplace-volume-i", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Recommendations for Research on the Health of Military Women: Bibliographies", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9049/recommendations-for-research-on-the-health-of-military-women-bibliographies", year = 1995, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Assessing Readiness in Military Women: The Relationship of Body, Composition, Nutrition, and Health", isbn = "978-0-309-06075-2", abstract = "U.S. military personnel are required to adhere to standards of body composition, fitness, and appearance to achieve and maintain readiness\u2014that is, the maintenance of optimum health and performance so they are ready for deployment at any moment. In 1992, the Committee on Military Nutrition Research reviewed the existing standards and found, among other things, that the standards for body composition required for women to achieve an appearance goal seemed to conflict with those necessary to ensure the ability to perform many types of military tasks. This report addresses that conflict, and reviews and makes recommendations about current policies governing body composition and fitness, as well as postpartum return-to-duty standards, Military Recommended Dietary Allowances, and physical activity and nutritional practices of military women to determine their individual and collective impact on the health, fitness, and readiness of active-duty women.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6104/assessing-readiness-in-military-women-the-relationship-of-body-composition", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Review of the US Navy's Human Health Risk Assessment of the Naval Air Facility at Atsugi, Japan", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10053/review-of-the-us-navys-human-health-risk-assessment-of-the-naval-air-facility-at-atsugi-japan", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Symposium on Naval Warfare and Coastal Oceanography: Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek, Virginia, April 29-May 2, 1991", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9946/symposium-on-naval-warfare-and-coastal-oceanography-naval-amphibious-base", year = 1992, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Recapitalizing the Navy: A Strategy for Managing the Infrastructure", isbn = "978-0-309-06335-7", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6391/recapitalizing-the-navy-a-strategy-for-managing-the-infrastructure", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "The National Research Council's Committee on Toxicology: The First 50 Years 1947-1997", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9487/the-national-research-councils-committee-on-toxicology-the-first-50", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Manpower and Personnel Needs for a Transformed Naval Force", isbn = "978-0-309-11265-9", abstract = "The Department of Defense (DOD) is committed to transforming the nation's armed forces to meet the military challenges of the future. One approach to achieving this transformation is by leveraging advances in science and technology. New technologies and innovations are integral to today's military actions, and associated changes have rippled through all aspects of operations, highlighting the need for changes in policies related to military personnel. At the request of the Force Chief of Naval Operations, the NRC reviewed the military manpower and personnel policies and studies currently underway in the DOD and developed an implementation strategy for the Department of the Navy's future military manpower and personnel needs. This book presents an introduction to current personnel policies of and concerns facing the Naval forces; an assessment of demographic, technological, and other forces affecting future personnel needs and availability; a summary and assessment of previous studies; an examination of the role of research tools in implementing personnel policy change; and an analysis of obstacles to and strategies for transforming the Naval forces.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12030/manpower-and-personnel-needs-for-a-transformed-naval-force", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }