@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Danielle Goldsmith and Berna Oztekin-Gunaydin and Negin Sobhani and Paula Whitacre", title = "Benefits, Applications, and Opportunities of Natural Infrastructure: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief", abstract = "Natural infrastructure is the practice of using naturally occurring aspects of the landscape and\/or nature based solutions that use or imitate natural processes (e.g., wetlands, living shorelines, municipal green infrastructure) to support natural hazard resilience, climate change adaptation, and other benefits to people and ecosystems. Recognition of the multiple benefits of natural \"green\" infrastructure has increased over the past several decades, used alone or in combination with built \"gray\" infrastructure solutions, such as seawalls and levees. Yet many potential opportunities remain untapped. On May 10-11, 2022, the Resilient America program at the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore opportunities to link the benefits of natural infrastructure across geographic scales and multiple objectives. Sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and hosted by the Institute for Resilient Infrastructure Systems at the University of Georgia, the hybrid workshop was targeted to the engineering community, as well as scientists, policy makers, planners, and others involved with designing, developing, and funding natural infrastructure. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26660/benefits-applications-and-opportunities-of-natural-infrastructure-proceedings-of-a", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Global Change Research Needs and Opportunities for 2022-2031", isbn = "978-0-309-26134-0", abstract = "The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) is a collection of 13 Federal entities charged by law to assist the United States and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change. Global Change Research Needs and Opportunities for 2022-2031 advises the USGCRP on how best to meet its mandate in light of climate change impacts happening today and projected into the future. This report identifies critical climate change risks, research needed to support decision-making relevant to managing these risks, and opportunities for the USGCRP's participating agencies and other partners to advance these research priorities over the next decade.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26055/global-change-research-needs-and-opportunities-for-2022-2031", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Next Generation Earth Systems Science at the National Science Foundation", isbn = "978-0-309-22446-8", abstract = "The National Science Foundation (NSF) has played a key role over the past several decades in advancing understanding of Earth's systems by funding research on atmospheric, ocean, hydrologic, geologic, polar, ecosystem, social, and engineering-related processes. Today, however, those systems are being driven like never before by human technologies and activities. Our understanding has struggled to keep pace with the rapidity and magnitude of human-driven changes, their impacts on human and ecosystem sustainability and resilience, and the effectiveness of different pathways to address those challenges.\nGiven the urgency of understanding human-driven changes, NSF will need to sustain and expand its efforts to achieve greater impact. The time is ripe to create a next-generation Earth systems science initiative that emphasizes research on complex interconnections and feedbacks between natural and social processes. This will require NSF to place an increased emphasis on research inspired by real-world problems while maintaining their strong legacy of curiosity driven research across many disciplines \u2013 as well as enhance the participation of social, engineering, and data scientists, and strengthen efforts to include diverse perspectives in research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26042/next-generation-earth-systems-science-at-the-national-science-foundation", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Margo Corum and Brent Heard and Anne Johnson and Nancy D. Lamontagne", title = "Climate Intervention in an Earth Systems Science Framework: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "To consider how an Earth system science approach can inform research on climate intervention, The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a virtual workshop on June 20-22, 2023 titled Climate Intervention in an Earth Systems Science Framework. Individuals with a wide range of physical, ecological, and social sciences expertise explored climate interventions within the context of convergent research and the capacities of the National Science Foundation (NSF). The workshop drew on the National Academies report Next Generation Earth Systems Science at the National Science Foundation, which called upon NSF to pursue an Earth systems science initiative that emphasizes research on interconnections and feedback between natural and social processes; focuses on real-world problems; enhances the participation of social, engineering, and data scientists; and strengthens efforts to include diverse perspectives in research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27476/climate-intervention-in-an-earth-systems-science-framework-proceedings-of", year = 2024, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space: An Overview for Decision Makers and the Public", isbn = "978-0-309-49243-0", abstract = "We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities \u2013 social, economic, security, and more \u2013 that such knowledge can bring.\n\nBy continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space (National Academies Press, 2018) provides detailed guidance on how relevant federal agencies can ensure that the United States receives the maximum benefit from its investments in Earth observations from space, while operating within realistic cost constraints. This short booklet, designed to be accessible to the general public, provides a summary of the key ideas and recommendations from the full decadal survey report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25437/thriving-on-our-changing-planet-a-decadal-strategy-for-earth-observation-from-space", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Understanding the Long-Term Evolution of the Coupled Natural-Human Coastal System: The Future of the U.S. Gulf Coast", isbn = "978-0-309-47584-6", abstract = "The U.S. Gulf Coast provides a valuable setting to study deeply connected natural and human interactions and feedbacks that have led to a complex, interconnected coastal system. The physical landscape in the region has changed significantly due to broad-scale, long-term processes such as coastal subsidence and river sediment deposition as well as short-term episodic events such as hurricanes. Modifications from human activities, including building levees and canals and constructing buildings and roads, have left their own imprint on the natural landscape. This coupled natural-human coastal system and the individual aspects within it (physical, ecological, and human) are under increased pressure from accelerating environmental stressors such as sea level rise, intensifying hurricanes, and continued population increase with its accompanying coastal development. Promoting the resilience and maintaining the habitability of the Gulf Coast into the future will need improved understanding of the coupled natural-human coastal system, as well as effective sharing of this understanding in support of decision-making and policies.\n\nUnderstanding the Long-term Evolution of the Coupled Natural-Human Coastal System presents a research agenda meant to enable a better understanding of the multiple and interconnected factors that influence long-term processes along the Gulf Coast. This report identifies scientific and technical gaps in understanding the interactions and feedbacks between human and natural processes, defines essential components of a research and development program in response to the identified gaps, and develops priorities for critical areas of research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25108/understanding-the-long-term-evolution-of-the-coupled-natural-human-coastal-system", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Natural Attenuation for Groundwater Remediation", isbn = "978-0-309-06932-8", abstract = "In the past decade, officials responsible for clean-up of contaminated groundwater have increasingly turned to natural attenuation-essentially allowing naturally occurring processes to reduce the toxic potential of contaminants-versus engineered solutions. This saves both money and headaches. To the people in surrounding communities, though, it can appear that clean-up officials are simply walking away from contaminated sites.\nWhen is natural attenuation the appropriate approach to a clean-up? This book presents the consensus of a diverse committee, informed by the views of researchers, regulators, and community activists. The committee reviews the likely effectiveness of natural attenuation with different classes of contaminants-and describes how to evaluate the \"footprints\" of natural attenuation at a site to determine whether natural processes will provide adequate clean-up. Included are recommendations for regulatory change.\nThe committee emphasizes the importance of the public's belief and attitudes toward remediation and provides guidance on involving community stakeholders throughout the clean-up process.\nThe book explores how contamination occurs, explaining concepts and terms, and includes case studies from the Hanford nuclear site, military bases, as well as other sites. It provides historical background and important data on clean-up processes and goes on to offer critical reviews of 14 published protocols for evaluating natural attenuation.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9792/natural-attenuation-for-groundwater-remediation", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program", isbn = "978-0-309-45501-5", abstract = "The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) is an interagency program, established by the Global Change Research Act (GCRA) of 1990, mandated by Congress to \"assist the Nation and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change\". Since the USGCRP began, scientific understanding of global change has increased and the information needs of the nation have changed dramatically. \n\nA better understanding of what is changing and why can help decision makers in the public and private sectors cope with ongoing change. Accomplishments of the U.S. Global Change Research Program highlights the growth of global change science in the quarter century that the USGCRP has been in existence, and documents some of its contributions to that growth through its primary functions of interagency planning and coordination, and of synthesis of research and practice to inform decision making.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24670/accomplishments-of-the-us-global-change-research-program", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Enhancing Participation in the U.S. Global Change Research Program", isbn = "978-0-309-38026-3", abstract = "The US Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) is a collection of 13 Federal entities charged by law to assist the United States and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change. As the understanding of global change has evolved over the past decades and as demand for scientific information on global change has increased, the USGCRP has increasingly focused on research that can inform decisions to cope with current climate variability and change, to reduce the magnitude of future changes, and to prepare for changes projected over coming decades.\nOverall, the current breadth and depth of research in these agencies is insufficient to meet the country's needs, particularly to support decision makers. This report provides a rationale for evaluating current program membership and capabilities and identifying potential new agencies and departments in the hopes that these changes will enable the program to more effectively inform the public and prepare for the future. It also offers actionable recommendations for adjustments to the methods and procedures that will allow the program to better meet its stated goals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21837/enhancing-participation-in-the-us-global-change-research-program", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Alexandra Beatty", title = "Characterizing Risk in Climate Change Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-44551-1", abstract = "The U.S. Global Change Research Program (USGCRP) was established in 1990 to \"assist the Nation and the world to understand, assess, predict, and respond to human-induced and natural processes of global change.\"1 A key responsibility for the program is to conduct National Climate Assessments (NCAs) every 4 years.2 These assessments are intended to inform the nation about \"observed changes in climate, the current status of the climate, and anticipated trends for the future.\" The USGCRP hopes that government entities from federal agencies to small municipalities, citizens, communities, and businesses will rely on these assessments of climate- related risks for planning and decision-making. The third NCA (NCA3) was published in 2014 and work on the fourth is beginning. \n\nThe USGCRP asked the Board on Environmental Change and Society of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to conduct a workshop to explore ways to frame the NCA4 and subsequent NCA reports in terms of risks to society. The workshop was intended to collect experienced views on how to characterize and communicate information about climate-related hazards, risks, and opportunities that will support decision makers in their efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, reduce vulnerability to likely changes in climate, and increase resilience to those changes. Characterizing Risk in Climate Change Assessments summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23569/characterizing-risk-in-climate-change-assessments-proceedings-of-a-workshop", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "An Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico", isbn = "978-0-309-28845-3", abstract = "As the Gulf of Mexico recovers from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill, natural resource managers face the challenge of understanding the impacts of the spill and setting priorities for restoration work. The full value of losses resulting from the spill cannot be captured, however, without consideration of changes in ecosystem services\u2014the benefits delivered to society through natural processes.\nAn Ecosystem Services Approach to Assessing the Impacts of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico discusses the benefits and challenges associated with using an ecosystem services approach to damage assessment, describing potential impacts of response technologies, exploring the role of resilience, and offering suggestions for areas of future research. This report illustrates how this approach might be applied to coastal wetlands, fisheries, marine mammals, and the deep sea\u2014each of which provide key ecosystem services in the Gulf\u2014and identifies substantial differences among these case studies. The report also discusses the suite of technologies used in the spill response, including burning, skimming, and chemical dispersants, and their possible long-term impacts on ecosystem services.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18387/an-ecosystem-services-approach-to-assessing-the-impacts-of-the-deepwater-horizon-oil-spill-in-the-gulf-of-mexico", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Thriving on Our Changing Planet: A Decadal Strategy for Earth Observation from Space", isbn = "978-0-309-46757-5", abstract = "We live on a dynamic Earth shaped by both natural processes and the impacts of humans on their environment. It is in our collective interest to observe and understand our planet, and to predict future behavior to the extent possible, in order to effectively manage resources, successfully respond to threats from natural and human-induced environmental change, and capitalize on the opportunities \u2013 social, economic, security, and more \u2013 that such knowledge can bring.\n\nBy continuously monitoring and exploring Earth, developing a deep understanding of its evolving behavior, and characterizing the processes that shape and reshape the environment in which we live, we not only advance knowledge and basic discovery about our planet, but we further develop the foundation upon which benefits to society are built. Thriving on Our Changing Planet presents prioritized science, applications, and observations, along with related strategic and programmatic guidance, to support the U.S. civil space Earth observation program over the coming decade.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24938/thriving-on-our-changing-planet-a-decadal-strategy-for-earth", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Understanding Climate Change Feedbacks", isbn = "978-0-309-09072-8", abstract = "During the past decade, scientists have learned much about the complex natural\nprocesses that influence climate variability and change, and our ability to model\nclimate has increased significantly. We also have begun to better identify those parts\nof the climate system that are particularly important and not well understood and\nthat therefore limit our ability to project the future evolution of Earth\u2019s climate. One\nof these critical areas is our understanding of the role of feedbacks in the climate system\nand their role in determining climate sensitivity. Feedbacks are processes in the\nclimate system that can either amplify or dampen the system\u2019s response to changed\nforcings. This study looks at what is known and not known about climate change\nfeedbacks and seeks to identify the feedback processes most in need of improved\nunderstanding. It identifies key observations needed to monitor and understand climate\nfeedbacks, discusses ways to evaluate progress in understanding climate feedbacks,\nrecommends ways to improve climate modeling and analysis for climate feedbacks\nresearch, and identifies priority areas for research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10850/understanding-climate-change-feedbacks", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Abrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises", isbn = "978-0-309-07434-6", abstract = "The climate record for the past 100,000 years clearly indicates that the climate system has undergone periodic\u2014and often extreme\u2014shifts, sometimes in as little as a decade or less. The causes of abrupt climate changes have not been clearly established, but the triggering of events is likely to be the result of multiple natural processes.\n\nAbrupt climate changes of the magnitude seen in the past would have far-reaching implications for human society and ecosystems, including major impacts on energy consumption and water supply demands. Could such a change happen again? Are human activities exacerbating the likelihood of abrupt climate change? What are the potential societal consequences of such a change? \n\nAbrupt Climate Change: Inevitable Surprises looks at the current scientific evidence and theoretical understanding to describe what is currently known about abrupt climate change, including patterns and magnitudes, mechanisms, and probability of occurrence. It identifies critical knowledge gaps concerning the potential for future abrupt changes, including those aspects of change most important to society and economies, and outlines a research strategy to close those gaps. \n\nBased on the best and most current research available, this book surveys the history of climate change and makes a series of specific recommendations for the future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10136/abrupt-climate-change-inevitable-surprises", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP editor = "Robert M. Hazen", title = "Genesis: The Scientific Quest for Life's Origin", abstract = "Life on Earth arose nearly 4 billion\nyears ago, bursting forth from air,\nwater, and rock. Though the process\nobeyed all the rules of chemistry and\nphysics, the details of that original\nevent pose as deep a mystery as any\nfacing science. How did non-living\nchemicals become alive? While the\nquestion is (deceivingly) simple, the\nanswers are unquestionably complex.\nScience inevitably plays a key role in any discussion of life\u2019s origins, dealing less\nwith the question of why life appeared on Earth than with where, when, and\nhow it emerged on the blasted, barren face of our primitive planet.\nAstrobiologist Robert Hazen has spent many years dealing with the fundamental\nquestions of life\u2019s genesis. As an active research scientist, he is down\ndeep in all the messy details that science has to offer on the subject, tracing the\ninexorable sequence of events that led to the complicated interactions of carbonbased\nmolecules. As he takes us through the astounding process of emergence,\nwe are witness to the first tentative steps toward life\u2014from the unfathomable\nabundance of carbon biomolecules synthesized in the black vacuum of space to\nthe surface of the Earth to deep within our planet\u2019s restless crust. We are privy\nto the breathtaking drama that rapidly unfolds as life prevails.\nThe theory of emergence is poised to answer a multitude of questions\u2014even\nas it raises the possibility that natural processes exist beyond what we now\nknow, perhaps beyond what we even comprehend. Genesis tells the tale of\ntransforming scientific advances in our quest for life\u2019s origins. Written with\ngrace, beauty, and authority, it goes directly to the heart of who we are and\nwhy we are here.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10753/genesis-the-scientific-quest-for-lifes-origin", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "A Review of the Landscape Conservation Cooperatives", isbn = "978-0-309-37985-4", abstract = "The United States' tradition of conserving fish, wildlife, habitats, and cultural resources dates to the mid-19th century. States have long sought to manage fish and wildlife species within their borders, whereas many early federal conservation efforts focused on setting aside specific places as parks, sanctuaries, or reserves. With advances in landscape ecology over the past quarter-century, conservation planners, scientists, and practitioners began to stress the importance of conservation efforts at the scale of landscapes and seascapes. These larger areas were thought to harbor relatively large numbers of species that are likely to maintain population viability and sustain ecological processes and natural disturbance regimes - often considered critical factors in conserving biodiversity. \n\nBy focusing conservation efforts at the level of whole ecosystems and landscape, practitioners can better attempt to conserve the vast majority of species in a particular ecosystem. Successfully addressing the large-scale, interlinked problems associated with landscape degradation will necessitate a planning process that bridges different scientific disciplines and across sectors, as well as an understanding of complexity, uncertainty, and the local context of conservation work. The landscape approach aims to develop shared conservation priorities across jurisdictions and across many resources to create a single, collaborative conservation effort that can meet stakeholder needs. \n\nConservation of habitats, species, ecosystem services, and cultural resources in the face of multiple stressors requires governance structures that can bridge the geographic and jurisdictional boundaries of the complex socio-ecological systems in which landscape-level conservation occurs. The Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCC) Network was established to complement and add value to the many ongoing state, tribal, federal, and nongovernmental efforts to address the challenge of conserving species, habitats, ecosystem services, and cultural resources in the face of large-scale and long-term threats, including climate change. A Review of the Landscape Conservation Cooperatives evaluates the purpose, goals, and scientific merits of the LCC program within the context of similar programs, and whether the program has resulted in measurable improvements in the health of fish, wildlife, and their habitats. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21829/a-review-of-the-landscape-conservation-cooperatives", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }