TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases SN - DO - 10.17226/13145 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13145/a-nationwide-framework-for-surveillance-of-cardiovascular-and-chronic-lung-diseases PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Chronic diseases are common and costly, yet they are also among the most preventable health problems. Comprehensive and accurate disease surveillance systems are needed to implement successful efforts which will reduce the burden of chronic diseases on the U.S. population. A number of sources of surveillance data—including population surveys, cohort studies, disease registries, administrative health data, and vital statistics—contribute critical information about chronic disease. But no central surveillance system provides the information needed to analyze how chronic disease impacts the U.S. population, to identify public health priorities, or to track the progress of preventive efforts. A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases outlines a conceptual framework for building a national chronic disease surveillance system focused primarily on cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases. This system should be capable of providing data on disparities in incidence and prevalence of the diseases by race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geographic region, along with data on disease risk factors, clinical care delivery, and functional health outcomes. This coordinated surveillance system is needed to integrate and expand existing information across the multiple levels of decision making in order to generate actionable, timely knowledge for a range of stakeholders at the local, state or regional, and national levels. The recommendations presented in A Nationwide Framework for Surveillance of Cardiovascular and Chronic Lung Diseases focus on data collection, resource allocation, monitoring activities, and implementation. The report also recommends that systems evolve along with new knowledge about emerging risk factors, advancing technologies, and new understanding of the basis for disease. This report will inform decision-making among federal health agencies, especially the Department of Health and Human Services; public health and clinical practitioners; non-governmental organizations; and policy makers, among others. ER - TY - BOOK TI - PY - UR - PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Byron Mason TI - Law, Science, and Disaster: Summary of the October 18, 2005 Workshop of the Disasters Roundtable DO - 10.17226/11593 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11593/law-science-and-disaster-summary-of-the-october-18-2005 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - The Disasters Roundtable convened its 15th workshop on Law, Science, and Disaster on October 18, 2005. It is recognized that science and technology can provide part of the basis for more effective hazard-related laws and regulations, including zoning laws, building codes, and hazard disclosure requirements. It is also clear that issues unrelated to science and technology also drive the development of hazard and disaster law. This workshop examined recent developments and trends in hazard and disaster law and its implementation, and drew on the September 11, 2001 experience to discuss the related issue of victim compensation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - National Spatial Data Infrastructure Partnership Programs: Rethinking the Focus SN - DO - 10.17226/10241 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10241/national-spatial-data-infrastructure-partnership-programs-rethinking-the-focus PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - The National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) was envisioned as a way of enhancing the accessibility, communication, and use of geospatial data to support a wide variety of decisions at all levels of society. The goals of the NSDI are to reduce redundancy in geospatial data creation and maintenance, reduce the costs of geospatial data creation and maintenance, improve access to geospatial data, and improve the accuracy of geospatial data used by the broader community. At the core of the NSDI is the concept of partnerships, or collaborations, between different agencies, corporations, institutions, and levels of government. In a previous report, the Mapping Science Committee (MSC) defined a partnership as "...a joint activity of federal and state agencies, involving one or more agencies as joint principals focusing on geographic information." The concept of partnerships was built on the foundation of shared responsibilities, shared costs, shared benefits, and shared control. Partnerships are designed to share the costs of creation and maintenance of geospatial data, seeking to avoid unnecessary duplication, and to make it possible for data collected by one agency at a high level of spatial detail to be used by another agency in more generalized form. Over the past seven years, a series of funding programs administered by the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) has stimulated the creation of such partnerships, and thereby promoted the objectives of the NSDI, by raising awareness of the need for a coordinated national approach to geospatial data creation, maintenance, and use. They include the NSDI Cooperative Agreements Program, the Framework Demonstration Projects Program, the Community Demonstration Projects, and the Community-Federal Information Partnerships proposal. This report assesses the success of the FGDC partnership programs that have been established between the federal government and state and local government, industry, and academic communities in promoting the objectives of the National Spatial Data Infrastructure. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - An Integrated Framework for Assessing the Value of Community-Based Prevention SN - DO - 10.17226/13487 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13487/an-integrated-framework-for-assessing-the-value-of-community-based-prevention PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - During the past century the major causes of morbidity and mortality in the United States have shifted from those related to communicable diseases to those due to chronic diseases. Just as the major causes of morbidity and mortality have changed, so too has the understanding of health and what makes people healthy or ill. Research has documented the importance of the social determinants of health (for example, socioeconomic status and education) that affect health directly as well as through their impact on other health determinants such as risk factors. Targeting interventions toward the conditions associated with today's challenges to living a healthy life requires an increased emphasis on the factors that affect the current cause of morbidity and mortality, factors such as the social determinants of health. Many community-based prevention interventions target such conditions. Community-based prevention interventions offer three distinct strengths. First, because the intervention is implemented population-wide it is inclusive and not dependent on access to a health care system. Second, by directing strategies at an entire population an intervention can reach individuals at all levels of risk. And finally, some lifestyle and behavioral risk factors are shaped by conditions not under an individual's control. For example, encouraging an individual to eat healthy food when none is accessible undermines the potential for successful behavioral change. Community-based prevention interventions can be designed to affect environmental and social conditions that are out of the reach of clinical services. Four foundations - the California Endowment, the de Beaumont Foundation, the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation - asked the Institute of Medicine to convene an expert committee to develop a framework for assessing the value of community-based, non-clinical prevention policies and wellness strategies, especially those targeting the prevention of long-term, chronic diseases. The charge to the committee was to define community-based, non-clinical prevention policy and wellness strategies; define the value for community-based, non-clinical prevention policies and wellness strategies; and analyze current frameworks used to assess the value of community-based, non-clinical prevention policies and wellness strategies, including the methodologies and measures used and the short- and long-term impacts of such prevention policy and wellness strategies on health care spending and public health. An Integrated Framework for Assessing the Value of Community-Based Prevention summarizes the committee's findings. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Sharyl J. Nass A2 - Margie Patlak TI - Contemporary Issues for Protecting Patients in Cancer Research: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18823 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18823/contemporary-issues-for-protecting-patients-in-cancer-research-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In the nearly 40 years since implementation of federal regulations governing the protection of human participants in research, the number of clinical studies has grown exponentially. These studies have become more complex, with multisite trials now common, and there is increasing use of archived biospecimens and related data, including genomics data. In addition, growing emphasis on targeted cancer therapies requires greater collaboration and sharing of research data to ensure that rare patient subsets are adequately represented. Electronic records enable more extensive data collection and mining, but also raise concerns about the potential for inappropriate or unauthorized use of data, bringing patient protections into a new landscape. There are also long-standing concerns about the processes and forms used to obtain informed consent from patients participating in clinical studies. These changes and challenges raise new ethical and practical questions for the oversight of clinical studies, and for protecting patients and their health information in an efficient manner that does not compromise the progress of biomedical research. Contemporary Issues for Protecting Patients in Cancer Research is the summary of a workshop convened by the National Cancer Policy Forum of the Institute of Medicine in February 2014 to explore contemporary issues in human subjects protections as they pertain to cancer research, with the goal of identifying potential relevant policy actions. Clinical researchers, government officials, members of Institutional Review Boards, and patient advocates met to discuss clinical cancer research and oversight. This report examines current regulatory provisions that may not adequately protect patients or may be hindering research, and discusses potential strategies and actions to address those challenges. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Informing the Future: Critical Issues in Health, Sixth Edition DO - 10.17226/13180 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13180/informing-the-future-critical-issues-in-health-sixth-edition PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - This report illustrates the work of IOM committees in selected, major areas in recent years, followed by a description of IOM's convening and collaborative activities and fellowship programs. The last section provides a comprehensive bibliography of IOM reports published since 2007. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Shana Johnson A2 - Sofie Rhoads A2 - Rebecca Slocum A2 - Trey Miller A2 - Laura Duke TI - Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associated with Bus Network Redesigns DO - 10.17226/26487 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26487/assessing-equity-and-identifying-impacts-associated-with-bus-network-redesigns PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Numerous transit agencies, of all sizes, have undertaken bus network redesigns across the United States and Canada over the past decade. The importance of incorporating equity considerations in the planning process is an emerging topic that is rapidly evolving, especially since 2020.The TRB Transit Cooperative Research Program's TCRP Synthesis 159: Assessing Equity and Identifying Impacts Associated with Bus Network Redesigns documents the current practice of how transit providers are defining, assessing, and addressing the equity impacts of bus network redesigns, including and beyond the Federal Transit Administration’s Title VI regulatory requirements. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Danielle Whicher A2 - Mahnoor Ahmed A2 - Sameer Siddiqi A2 - Inez Adams A2 - Maryan Zirkle A2 - Claudia Grossmann A2 - Kristin L. Carman TI - Health Data Sharing to Support Better Outcomes: Building a Foundation of Stakeholder Trust SN - DO - 10.17226/27110 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27110/health-data-sharing-to-support-better-outcomes-building-a-foundation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The effective use of data is foundational to the concept of a learning health system—one that leverages and shares data to learn from every patient experience, and feeds the results back to clinicians, patients and families, and health care executives to transform health, health care, and health equity. More than ever, the American health care system is in a position to harness new technologies and new data sources to improve individual and population health.Learning health systems are driven by multiple stakeholders—patients, clinicians and clinical teams, health care organizations, academic institutions, government, industry, and payers. Each stakeholder group has its own sources of data, its own priorities, and its own goals and needs with respect to sharing that data. However, in America’s current health system, these stakeholders operate in silos without a clear understanding of the motivations and priorities of other groups. The three stakeholder working groups that served as the authors of this Special Publication identified many cultural, ethical, regulatory, and financial barriers to greater data sharing, linkage, and use. What emerged was the foundational role of trust in achieving the full vision of a learning health system.This Special Publication outlines a number of potentially valuable policy changes and actions that will help drive toward effective, efficient, and ethical data sharing, including more compelling and widespread communication efforts to improve awareness, understanding, and participation in data sharing. Achieving the vision of a learning health system will require eliminating the artificial boundaries that exist today among patient care, health system improvement, and research. Breaking down these barriers will require an unrelenting commitment across multiple stakeholders toward a shared goal of better, more equitable health.We can improve together by sharing and using data in ways that produce trust and respect. Patients and families deserve nothing less. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Weaving a National Map: A Review of the U.S. Geological Survey Concept of 'The National Map' SN - DO - 10.17226/10606 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10606/weaving-a-national-map-a-review-of-the-us-geological PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Weaving a National Map draws on contributions to a September 2002 workshop and the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) "vision" document for The National Map, envisioned by the USGS as a database providing "public domain core geographic data about the United States and its territories that other agencies can extend, enhance, and reference as they concentrate on maintaining other data that are unique to their needs." The demand for up-to-date information in real time for public welfare and safety informs this need to update an aging paper map series that is, on average, 23 years old. The NRC report describes how The National Map initiative would gain from improved definition so that the unprecedented number of partners needed for success will become energized to participate. The challenges faced by USGS in implementing The National Map are more organizational than technical. To succeed, the USGS will need to continue to learn from challenges encountered in its ongoing pilot studies as well as from other federal-led programs that have partnered with multiple sectors. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research SN - DO - 10.17226/18384 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18384/the-experimental-program-to-stimulate-competitive-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The primary federal program designed to ensure that all states are capable of participating the nation's research enterprise fall under the general rubric of the Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR). The National Science Foundation (NSF), Department of Energy, Department of Agriculture, and National Aeronautics and Space Administration have active EPSCOR programs. Since its inaugural year in 1979, the EPSCOR program has grown from funding programs in five states to awarding funding to 31 states in 2012. The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research assesses the effectiveness of EPSCOR and similar federal agency programs in improving national research capabilities, promoting an equitable distribution of research funding, and integrating their efforts with other initiatives designed to strengthen the nation's research capacity. This report also looks at the effectiveness of EPSCOR states in using awards to develop science engineering research and education, as well a science and engineering infrastructure within their state. The Experimental Program to Stimulate Competitive Research makes recommendations for improvement for each agency to create a more focused program with greater impact. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Deborah Matherly A2 - Patricia Bye A2 - Eryca Dinsdale TI - Emergency Response: Organizational and Operational Models Used by State DOTs DO - 10.17226/27287 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27287/emergency-response-organizational-and-operational-models-used-by-state-dots PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Large-scale emergencies and disasters (weather-related and other) may be somewhat rare but are not as rare as they used to be, and are generally increasing in intensity and frequency. How state departments of transportation (DOTs) train and coordinate prior to emergencies makes a big difference in how effectively they respond to an emergency. NCHRP Web-Only Document 378: Emergency Response: Organizational and Operational Models Used by State DOTs, from the TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program, is designed to help transportation agencies improve their emergency response and support robustness and resilience into their operations. The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1088: State DOT Models for Organizing and Operating Emergency Response: A Guide. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Development of Levels of Service for the Interstate Highway System DO - 10.17226/22909 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22909/development-of-levels-of-service-for-the-interstate-highway-system PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 677: Development of Levels of Service for the Interstate Highway System examines a level-of-service-based approach to describing the performance of Interstate Highway System (IHS) assets. The report also includes a template and process that state departments of transportation (DOTs) may use to implement this approach for managing their IHS assets.The appendices to NCHRP Report 677 were published on a CD-ROM that is included with the report. Titles of the appendices are as follows:• Appendix A: State-of-the-Practice Research• Appendix B: Development of Levels of Service for the IHSThe CD-ROM is also available for download from TRB’s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the .ISO CD-ROM Image(Warning: This is a large and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively “TRB’) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operations of this product. TRB makes no representation or warrant of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Development and Deployment of Standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems: Review of the Federal Program -- Special Report 280 DO - 10.17226/10897 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10897/development-and-deployment-of-standards-for-intelligent-transportation-systems-review PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Special Report 280: Development and Deployment of Standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): Review of the Federal Program presents recommendations for future management of the Federal Highway Administration’s ITS Standards Program.A summary of Special Report 280 as published in the January-February 2005 issue of TR News is available. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - An Emergency Management Playbook for State Transportation Agencies DO - 10.17226/27379 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27379/an-emergency-management-playbook-for-state-transportation-agencies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - State departments of transportation and other state transportation organizations have many challenges in establishing and maintaining emergency management programs and plans that are proactive, responsive, flexible, and coordinated with the other local, tribal, state, regional, and federal agencies that may be involved in preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery. In addition, states vary in how they organize their emergency management activities. NCHRP Research Report 1093: An Emergency Management Playbook for State Transportation Agencies, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, provides information, best practices, and guidelines for ways to “work smart,” by showing how emergency management can be better organized, understood, and worked into the agency within current resource constraints. Supplemental to the report is NCHRP Web-Only Document 384: Developing an Emergency Response Playbook for State Transportation Agencies, Appendix C: Emergency Management Assistance Compact Guide, a Pocket Guide for Agency Leadership, DOT Mission Ready Packages, Excel Tool for Equipment Comparisons, a Training Materials for Leaders presentation, and a Training Materials for Presenters presentation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Comparative Review and Analysis of State Transit Funding Programs DO - 10.17226/14004 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14004/comparative-review-and-analysis-of-state-transit-funding-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 569: Comparative Review and Analysis of State Transit Funding Programs examines the levels and types of state funding provided for public transportation. The report provides supplemental analyses of information collected in the U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics' annual survey of state public transportation funding and explores a framework for conducting peer analyses and offers ideas on how the annual survey of state public transportation funding might be enhanced so that states could conduct additional analyses. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - An Assessment of the CDC Anthrax Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Research Program SN - DO - 10.17226/10527 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10527/an-assessment-of-the-cdc-anthrax-vaccine-safety-and-efficacy-research-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - In 1998, the Department of Defense (DoD) began a program of mandatory immunization against anthrax for all military personnel. As the program proceeded, however, some military personnel and their families raised concerns about the safety and efficacy of the anthrax vaccine. Acknowledging both the need to protect military personnel and the concerns about the anthrax vaccine, congress directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to carry out a research program on its safety and efficacy. To assist in the development of this program, CDC requested the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a committee to review the completeness and appropriateness of the research program. In An Assessment of the CDC Anthrax Vaccine Safety and Efficacy Research Program, the committee makes an overall assessment of the CDD research plan and reviews the specific studies proposed by CDC in the three areas of efficacy, safety and acceptability. The committee also notes additional research needs that became evident following the bioterrorist events of 2001 and makes recommendations about the leadership of the research program. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Frank Barich A2 - Justin Phy A2 - David Jividen A2 - Marc Gartenfeld A2 - Rose Agnew A2 - Ryan Meyers A2 - Clark Cofer TI - Guidebook on Integrating GIS in Emergency Management at Airports DO - 10.17226/22525 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22525/guidebook-on-integrating-gis-in-emergency-management-at-airports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 88: Guidebook on Integrating GIS in Emergency Management at Airports is designed to help airports identify needs and assess current capabilities with respect to using geographical information systems (GIS) in emergency management (EM).The report discusses GIS and emergency management and provides a roadmap for airports to move from their current state of GIS implementation (even if they do not yet have any form of GIS) to the point of integrating into emergency management and coordinating with mutual aid partners.The guidebook contains a CD-ROM with case studies and key lessons learned from airports that have integrated GIS into EM. The guidance concludes with a checklist of how to maintain and keep EM plans relevant and current.The project that developed ACRP Report 88 also produced a PowerPoint presentation that outlines the benefits of integrating GIS into EM, which is also available on the CD-ROM.The CD-ROM is also available for download from TRB’s website as an ISO image. Links to the ISO image and instructions for burning a CD-ROM from an ISO image are provided below.Help on Burning an .ISO CD-ROM ImageDownload the .ISO CD-ROM Image(Warning: This is a large file and may take some time to download using a high-speed connection.)CD-ROM Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Improving Indicators of the Quality of Science and Mathematics Education in Grades K-12 SN - DO - 10.17226/988 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/988/improving-indicators-of-the-quality-of-science-and-mathematics-education-in-grades-k-12 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - This book presents a carefully developed monitoring system to track the progress of mathematics and science education, particularly the effects of ongoing efforts to improve students' scientific knowledge and mathematics competency. It describes an improved series of indicators to assess student learning, curriculum quality, teaching effectiveness, student behavior, and financial and leadership support for mathematics and science education. Of special interest is a critical review of current testing methods and their use in probing higher-order skills and evaluating educational quality. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Robert Graham A2 - Margaret A. McCoy A2 - Andrea M. Schultz TI - Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival: A Time to Act SN - DO - 10.17226/21723 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21723/strategies-to-improve-cardiac-arrest-survival-a-time-to-act PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Cardiac arrest can strike a seemingly healthy individual of any age, race, ethnicity, or gender at any time in any location, often without warning. Cardiac arrest is the third leading cause of death in the United States, following cancer and heart disease. Four out of five cardiac arrests occur in the home, and more than 90 percent of individuals with cardiac arrest die before reaching the hospital. First and foremost, cardiac arrest treatment is a community issue - local resources and personnel must provide appropriate, high-quality care to save the life of a community member. Time between onset of arrest and provision of care is fundamental, and shortening this time is one of the best ways to reduce the risk of death and disability from cardiac arrest. Specific actions can be implemented now to decrease this time, and recent advances in science could lead to new discoveries in the causes of, and treatments for, cardiac arrest. However, specific barriers must first be addressed. Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival examines the complete system of response to cardiac arrest in the United States and identifies opportunities within existing and new treatments, strategies, and research that promise to improve the survival and recovery of patients. The recommendations of Strategies to Improve Cardiac Arrest Survival provide high-priority actions to advance the field as a whole. This report will help citizens, government agencies, and private industry to improve health outcomes from sudden cardiac arrest across the United States. ER -