%0 Book %T (NAS Colloquium) Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Towards a New Synthesis: 50 Years after Stebbins %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10013/nas-colloquium-variation-and-evolution-in-plants-and-microorganisms-towards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10013/nas-colloquium-variation-and-evolution-in-plants-and-microorganisms-towards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 128 %X In 1991, the National Academy of Sciences inaugurated a series of scientific colloquia, five or six of which are scheduled each year under the guidance of the NAS Council's Committee on Scientific Programs. Each colloquium addresses a scientific topic of broad and topical interest, cutting across two or more of the traditional disciplines. Typically two days long, colloquia are international in scope and bring together leading scientists in the field. Papers from colloquia are published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). The colloquium "Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years After Stebbins" celebrates the 50th anniversary of the publication of Stebbins' classic book, Variation and Evolution in Plants. Variation and Evolution in Plants, published in 1950, the last of a quartet of classics that, in the second quarter of the 20th century, set forth what became known as the "synthetic theory of evolution" or "the modern synthesis." The other books are Theodosius Dobzhansky's Genetics and the Origin of Species (2), Ernst Mayr's Systematics and the Origin of Species (3), and George Gaylord Simpson's Tempo and Mode in Evolution (4). The pervading theory of these books is the molding of Darwin's evolution by natural selection within the framework of rapidly advancing genetic knowledge. Variation and Evolution in Plants distinctively extends the scope of the other books to the world of plants. Dobzhansky's perspective was that of the geneticist. Mayr's was that of the zoologist and systematist. Simpson's was that of the paleobiologist. All four books were outcomes of the famed Jesup Lectures at Columbia University. Plants, with their unique genetic, physiological, and evolutionary features, had been left out of the synthesis until then. In 1941, the eminent botanist Edgar Anderson was invited to write botany's analogue to Mayr's Systematics and the Origin of the Species and to publish it jointly with Mayr's book. Anderson did not fulfill the task, and Stebbins was thereafter invited to deliver the Jesup Lectures in 1947. Variation and Evolution in Plants is the outgrowth of those Lectures. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Ayala, Francisco J. %E Fitch, Walter M. %E Clegg, Michael T. %T Variation and Evolution in Plants and Microorganisms: Toward a New Synthesis 50 Years After Stebbins %@ 978-0-309-07099-7 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9766/variation-and-evolution-in-plants-and-microorganisms-toward-a-new %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9766/variation-and-evolution-in-plants-and-microorganisms-toward-a-new %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 352 %X "The present book is intended as a progress report on [the] synthetic approach to evolution as it applies to the plant kingdom." With this simple statement, G. Ledyard Stebbins formulated the objectives of Variation and Evolution in Plants, published in 1950, setting forth for plants what became known as the "synthetic theory of evolution" or "the modern synthesis." The pervading conceit of the book was the molding of Darwin's evolution by natural selection within the framework of rapidly advancing genetic knowledge. At the time, Variation and Evolution in Plants significantly extended the scope of the science of plants. Plants, with their unique genetic, physiological, and evolutionary features, had all but been left completely out of the synthesis until that point. Fifty years later, the National Academy of Sciences convened a colloquium to update the advances made by Stebbins. This collection of 17 papers marks the 50th anniversary of the publication of Stebbins' classic. Organized into five sections, the book covers: early evolution and the origin of cells, virus and bacterial models, protoctist models, population variation, and trends and patterns in plant evolution. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Pool, Robert, Ph.D. %T Environmental Contamination, Biotechnology, and the Law: The Impact of Emerging Genomic Information: Summary of a Forum %@ 978-0-309-07418-6 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10104/environmental-contamination-biotechnology-and-the-law-the-impact-of-emerging %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10104/environmental-contamination-biotechnology-and-the-law-the-impact-of-emerging %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 44 %X On August 16, 2000, the Board on Life Sciences held a forum on "Environmental Contamination, Biotechnology, and the Law: The Impact of Emerging Genomic Information." The purpose of the forum was to explore the legal implications of current and developing biotechnology approaches to evaluating potential human health and environmental effects caused by exposure to environmental contaminants and to cleaning up contaminated areas. The forum brought together scientists from academe, government, and industry and members of the legal community, including lawyers and judges, to discuss the interface between the use of those approaches and the legal system. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Neel, James V. %E Schull, William J. %T The Children of Atomic Bomb Survivors: A Genetic Study %@ 978-0-309-04537-7 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1800/the-children-of-atomic-bomb-survivors-a-genetic-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1800/the-children-of-atomic-bomb-survivors-a-genetic-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 530 %X Do persons exposed to radiation suffer genetic effects that threaten their yet-to-be-born children? Researchers are concluding that the genetic risks of radiation are less than previously thought. This finding is explored in this volume about the children of atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki—the population that can provide the greatest insight into this critical issue. Assembled here for the first time are papers representing more than 40 years of research. These documents reveal key results related to radiation's effects on pregnancy termination, sex ratio, congenital defects, and early mortality of children. Edited by two of the principal architects of the studies, J. V. Neel and W. J. Schull, the volume also offers an important comparison with studies of the genetic effects of radiation on mice. The wealth of technical details will be immediately useful to geneticists and other specialists. Policymakers will be interested in the overall conclusions and discussion of future studies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Astrophysical Context of Life %@ 978-0-309-09627-0 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11316/the-astrophysical-context-of-life %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11316/the-astrophysical-context-of-life %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 93 %X In 1997, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) formed the National Astrobiology Institute to coordinate and fund research into the origins, distribution, and fate of life in the universe. A 2002 NRC study of that program, Life in the Universe: An Assessment of U.S. and International Programs in Astrobiology, raised a number of concerns about the Astrobiology program. In particular, it concluded that areas of astrophysics related to the astronomical environment in which life arose on earth were not well represented in the program. In response to that finding, the Space Studies Board requested the original study committee, the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life, to examine ways to augment and integrate astronomy and astrophysics into the Astrobiology program. This report presents the results of that study. It provides a review of the earlier report and related efforts, a detailed examination of the elements of the astrobiology program that would benefit from greater integration and augmentation of astronomy and astrophysics, and an assessment of ways to facilitate the integration of astronomy with other astrobiology disciplines. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Dawson, Emily Packard %E Matney, Chanel %E Bowman, Katherine %T In Vitro–Derived Human Gametes as a Reproductive Technology: Scientific, Ethical, and Regulatory Implications: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-71080-0 %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27259/in-vitro-derived-human-gametes-as-a-reproductive-technology-scientific %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27259/in-vitro-derived-human-gametes-as-a-reproductive-technology-scientific %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 162 %X Current assisted reproductive technologies such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) do not enable all prospective parents to have genetically related children. The National Academies Board on Health Sciences Policy hosted a workshop in April 2023 to explore the development of in vitro-derived human eggs and sperm from pluripotent stem cells through a process known as in vitro gametogenesis (IVG). Speakers emphasized the impacts of the potential biotechnology on research and reproductive medicine should clinical IVG ever be approved, along with the many social, ethical, legal, and technical considerations its development raises. This proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of the Environmental Protection Agency's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde %@ 978-0-309-21193-2 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13142/review-of-the-environmental-protection-agencys-draft-iris-assessment-of-formaldehyde %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13142/review-of-the-environmental-protection-agencys-draft-iris-assessment-of-formaldehyde %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 204 %X Formaldehyde is ubiquitous in indoor and outdoor air, and everyone is exposed to formaldehyde at some concentration daily. Formaldehyde is used to produce a wide array of products, particularly building materials; it is emitted from many sources, including power plants, cars, gas and wood stoves, and cigarettes; it is a natural product in come foods; and it is naturally present in the human body as a metabolic intermediate. Much research has been conducted on the health effects of exposure to formaldehyde, including effects on the upper airway, where formaldehyde is deposited when inhaled, and effects on tissues distant from the site of initial contact. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) released noncancer and cancer assessments of formaldehyde for its Intergated Risk Information System (IRIS) in 1990 and 1991, respectively. The agency began reassessing formaldehyde in 1998 and released a draft IRIS assessment in June 2010. Given the complexity of the issues and the knowledge that the assessment will be used as the basis of regulatory decisions, EPA asked the National Research Council (NRC) to conduct an independent scientific review of the draft IRIS assessment. In this report, the Committee to Review EPA's Draft IRIS Assessment of Formaldehyde first addresses some general issues associated with the draft IRIS assessment. The committee next focuses on questions concerning specific aspects of the draft assessment, including derivation of the reference concentrations and the cancer unit risk estimates for formaldehyde. The committee closes with recommendations for improving the IRIS assessment of formaldehyde and provides some general comments on the IRIS development process. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Frontiers of Bioinformatics: Unsolved Problems and Challenges %@ 978-0-309-10029-8 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11453/frontiers-of-bioinformatics-unsolved-problems-and-challenges %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11453/frontiers-of-bioinformatics-unsolved-problems-and-challenges %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Health and Medicine %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 58 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Rapid Response by Laboratory Animal Research Institutions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Lessons Learned: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26189/rapid-response-by-laboratory-animal-research-institutions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-lessons-learned %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26189/rapid-response-by-laboratory-animal-research-institutions-during-the-covid-19-pandemic-lessons-learned %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 10 %X The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore lessons learned at animal research institutions in response to SARS-CoV-2, the cause of the COVID-19 pandemic. Expert scientists conducting COVID-19 research, as well as institutional leadership responsible for oversight in areas such as, veterinary medical care, occupational health, risk assessment and biosafety, and public messaging and communications presented and participated in panel discussions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %T (NAS Colloquium) Genetics and the Origin of Species: From Darwin to Molecular Biology 60 Years After Dobzhansky %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5923/nas-colloquium-genetics-and-the-origin-of-species-from-darwin %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5923/nas-colloquium-genetics-and-the-origin-of-species-from-darwin %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 121 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation %@ 978-0-309-25305-5 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13343/technical-evaluation-of-the-nasa-model-for-cancer-risk-to-astronauts-due-to-space-radiation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13343/technical-evaluation-of-the-nasa-model-for-cancer-risk-to-astronauts-due-to-space-radiation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Health and Medicine %P 86 %X NASA's current missions to the International Space Station (ISS) and potential future exploration missions involving extended stays by astronauts on the lunar surface, as well as the possibility of near- Earth object (NEO) or Mars missions, present challenges in protecting astronauts from radiation risks. These risks arise from a number of sources, including solar particle events (SPEs), galactic cosmic rays (GCRs), secondary radiation from surface impacts, and even the nuclear isotope power sources transported with the astronauts. The serious early and late radiation health effects potentially posed by these exposures are equally varied, ranging from early signs of radiation sickness to cancer induction. Other possible effects include central nervous system damage, cataracts, cardiovascular damage, heritable effects, impaired wound healing, and infertility. Recent research, much of which has been sponsored by NASA, has focused on understanding and quantifying the radiation health risks posed by space radiation environments. Although many aspects of the space radiation environments are now relatively well characterized, important uncertainties still exist regarding biological effects and thus regarding the level and types of risks faced by astronauts. This report presents an evaluation of NASA's proposed space radiation cancer risk assessment model, which is described in the 2011 NASA report, Space Radiation Cancer Risk Projections and Uncertainties--2010. The evaluation in Technical Evaluation of the NASA Model for Cancer Risk to Astronauts Due to Space Radiation considers the model components, input data (for the radiation types, estimated doses, and epidemiology), and the associated uncertainties. This report also identifies gaps in NASA's current research strategy for reducing the uncertainties in cancer induction risks. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations: Time for Reassessment? %@ 978-0-309-06176-6 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6230/health-effects-of-exposure-to-low-levels-of-ionizing-radiations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6230/health-effects-of-exposure-to-low-levels-of-ionizing-radiations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 86 %X The US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Radiation and Indoor Air asked the National Research Council to evaluate whether sufficient new data exist to warrant a reassessment of health risks reported in Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR V) in 1990. To respond to this request, the National Research Council assembled the Committee on Health Risks of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radiations. The work of the committee was conducted in what was called the BEIR VII phase-1 study. To assist the committee during its deliberations, various scientists were consulted for advice, and a workshop on the impact of biology on risk assessment was held in collaboration with the Department of Energy Office of Health and Environmental Research. The intent of the workshop was to address the implications of new understanding of the biologic basis of radiation injury and carcinogenesis for risk assessment. %0 Book %E Fitch, Walter M. %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T Tempo and Mode in Evolution: Genetics and Paleontology 50 Years After Simpson %@ 978-0-309-05191-0 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4910/tempo-and-mode-in-evolution-genetics-and-paleontology-50-years %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4910/tempo-and-mode-in-evolution-genetics-and-paleontology-50-years %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 336 %X Since George Gaylord Simpson published Tempo and Mode in Evolution in 1944, discoveries in paleontology and genetics have abounded. This volume brings together the findings and insights of today's leading experts in the study of evolution, including Ayala, W. Ford Doolittle, and Stephen Jay Gould. The volume examines early cellular evolution, explores changes in the tempo of evolution between the Precambrian and Phanerozoic periods, and reconstructs the Cambrian evolutionary burst. Long-neglected despite Darwin's interest in it, species extinction is discussed in detail. Although the absence of data kept Simpson from exploring human evolution in his book, the current volume covers morphological and genetic changes in human populations, contradicting the popular claim that all modern humans descend from a single woman. This book discusses the role of molecular clocks, the results of evolution in 12 populations of Escherichia coli propagated for 10,000 generations, a physical map of Drosophila chromosomes, and evidence for "hitchhiking" by mutations. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Adverse Reproductive Outcomes in Families of Atomic Veterans: The Feasibility of Epidemiologic Studies %@ 978-0-309-05340-2 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4992/adverse-reproductive-outcomes-in-families-of-atomic-veterans-the-feasibility %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4992/adverse-reproductive-outcomes-in-families-of-atomic-veterans-the-feasibility %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 108 %X Over the past several decades, public concern over exposure to ionizing radiation has increased. This concern has manifested itself in different ways depending on the perception of risk to different individuals and different groups and the circumstances of their exposure. One such group are those U.S. servicemen (the "Atomic Veterans" who participated in the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons at the Nevada Test Site or in the Pacific Proving Grounds, who served with occupation forces in or near Hiroshima and Nagasaki, or who were prisoners of war in or near those cities at the time of, or shortly after, the atomic bombings. This book addresses the feasibility of conducting an epidemiologic study to determine if there is an increased risk of adverse reproductive outcomes in the spouses, children, and grandchildren of the Atomic Veterans. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluating Human Genetic Diversity %@ 978-0-309-05931-2 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5955/evaluating-human-genetic-diversity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5955/evaluating-human-genetic-diversity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 102 %X This book assesses the scientific value and merit of research on human genetic differences—including a collection of DNA samples that represents the whole of human genetic diversity—and the ethical, organizational, and policy issues surrounding such research. Evaluating Human Genetic Diversity discusses the potential uses of such collection, such as providing insight into human evolution and origins and serving as a springboard for important medical research. It also addresses issues of confidentiality and individual privacy for participants in genetic diversity research studies. %0 Book %E Ayala, Francisco J. %T Darwin's Gift to Science and Religion %@ 978-0-309-10231-5 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11732/darwins-gift-to-science-and-religion %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11732/darwins-gift-to-science-and-religion %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Explore Science %P 250 %X With the publication in 1859 of On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, Charles Darwin established evolution by common descent as the dominant scientific explanation for nature's diversity. This was to be his gift to science and society; at last, we had an explanation for how life came to be on Earth. Scientists agree that the evolutionary origin of animals and plants is a scientific conclusion beyond reasonable doubt. They place it beside such established concepts as the roundness of the earth, its revolution around the sun, and the molecular composition of matter. That evolution has occurred, in other words, is a fact. Yet as we approach the bicentennial celebration of Darwin's birth, the world finds itself divided over the truth of evolutionary theory. Consistently endorsed as "good science" by experts and overwhelmingly accepted as fact by the scientific community, it is not always accepted by the public, and our schools continue to be battlegrounds for this conflict. From the Tennessee trial of a biology teacher who dared to teach Darwin's theory to his students in 1925 to Tammy Kitzmiller's 2005 battle to keep intelligent design out of the Dover district schools in Pennsylvania, it's clear that we need to cut through the propaganda to quell the cacophony of raging debate. With the publication of Darwin's Gift, a voice at once fresh and familiar brings a rational, measured perspective to the science of evolution. An acclaimed evolutionary biologist with a background in theology, Francisco Ayala offers clear explanations of the science, reviews the history that led us to ratify Darwin's theories, and ultimately provides a clear path for a confused and conflicted public. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Wilson, Samuel %E Jones, Lovell %E Coussens, Christine %E Hanna, Kathi %T Cancer and the Environment: Gene-Environment Interaction %@ 978-0-309-08475-8 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10464/cancer-and-the-environment-gene-environment-interaction %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10464/cancer-and-the-environment-gene-environment-interaction %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 160 %X The Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine wanted to address the link between environmental factors and the development of cancer in light of recent advances in genomics. They asked what research tools are needed, how new scientific information can be applied in a timely manner to reduce the burden of cancer, and how this can be flexible enough to treat the individual. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %T Biographical Memoirs: Volume 44 %@ 978-0-309-10361-9 %D 1974 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/567/biographical-memoirs-volume-44 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/567/biographical-memoirs-volume-44 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biography and Autobiography %P 388 %X Biographic Memoirs: Volume 44 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Genomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies %@ 978-0-309-68091-2 %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25879/genomic-epidemiology-data-infrastructure-needs-for-sars-cov-2-modernizing %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25879/genomic-epidemiology-data-infrastructure-needs-for-sars-cov-2-modernizing %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 110 %X In December 2019, new cases of severe pneumonia were first detected in Wuhan, China, and the cause was determined to be a novel beta coronavirus related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus that emerged from a bat reservoir in 2002. Within six months, this new virus—SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)—has spread worldwide, infecting at least 10 million people with an estimated 500,000 deaths. COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a pandemic on March 11, 2020. To date, there is no approved effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19, and it continues to spread in many countries. Genomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies lays out a framework to define and describe the data needs for a system to track and correlate viral genome sequences with clinical and epidemiological data. Such a system would help ensure the integration of data on viral evolution with detection, diagnostic, and countermeasure efforts. This report also explores data collection mechanisms to ensure a representative global sample set of all relevant extant sequences and considers challenges and opportunities for coordination across existing domestic, global, and regional data sources. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Relman, David A. %E Mack, Alison %T Antibiotic Resistance: Implications for Global Health and Novel Intervention Strategies: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-15611-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12925/antibiotic-resistance-implications-for-global-health-and-novel-intervention-strategies %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12925/antibiotic-resistance-implications-for-global-health-and-novel-intervention-strategies %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Food and Nutrition %P 496 %X Years of using, misusing, and overusing antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs has led to the emergence of multidrug-resistant 'superbugs.' The IOM's Forum on Microbial Threats held a public workshop April 6-7 to discuss the nature and sources of drug-resistant pathogens, the implications for global health, and the strategies to lessen the current and future impact of these superbugs.