TY - BOOK TI - Evaluation of Low Molecular Weight Dextran in Shock: Pharmacology and Pertinent Rheology DO - 10.17226/21289 PY - 1963 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21289/evaluation-of-low-molecular-weight-dextran-in-shock-pharmacology-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Paula Tarnapol Whitacre A2 - Adam P. Fagen A2 - Jo L. Husbands A2 - Frances E. Sharples TI - Implementing the New Biology: Decadal Challenges Linking Food, Energy, and the Environment: Summary of a Workshop, June 3-4, 2010 SN - DO - 10.17226/13018 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13018/implementing-the-new-biology-decadal-challenges-linking-food-energy-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - As the second decade of the 21st century begins, the challenge of how to feed a growing world population and provide sustainable, affordable energy to fulfill daily needs, while also improving human health and protecting the environment, is clear and urgent. Increasing demand for food and energy is projected at the same time as the supply of land and other resources decrease. Increasing levels of greenhouse gasses alter climate, which, in turn, has life-changing implications for a broad range of plant and animal species. But promising developments are on the horizon--scientific discoveries and technologies that have the potential to contribute practical solutions to these seemingly intractable problems. As described in the 2009 National Research Council book, A New Biology for the 21st Century, biological research has experienced extraordinary scientific and technological advances in recent years that have allowed biologists to collect and make sense of ever more detailed observations at ever smaller time intervals. With these advances have come increasingly fruitful collaborations of biologists with scientists and engineers from other disciplines. A New Biology for the 21st Century called for a series of workshops to provide concrete examples of what New Biology research programs could look like. The present volume summarizes the first of those workshops, Implementing the New Biology: Decadal Challenges Linking Food, Energy, and the Environment. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Thirteenth Round DO - 10.17226/26746 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26746/report-of-the-committee-on-proposal-evaluation-for-allocation-of-supercomputing-time-for-the-study-of-molecular-dynamics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - This report evaluates submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals for Biomolecular Simulation Time on Anton 2, a supercomputer designed and built by D.E. Shaw Research (DESRES). Over the past 12 years, DERES has made an Anton or Anton 2 system housed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center available to the non-commercial research community, based on the advice of previous committees of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. As in those prior rounds, the goal of the thirteenth Request for Proposals for simulation time on Anton 2 is to continue to facilitate breakthrough research in the study of biomolecular systems by providing a massively parallel system specially designed for molecular dynamics simulations. These capabilities allow multi-microsecond simulation timescales. The program seeks to continue to support research that addresses important and high impact questions demonstrating a clear need for the special capabilities of the Anton. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Reshaping the Graduate Education of Scientists and Engineers SN - DO - 10.17226/4935 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4935/reshaping-the-graduate-education-of-scientists-and-engineers PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Are we producing too many PhDs? Does the current graduate education system adequately prepare science and engineering students for today's marketplace? How do foreign students enter the picture? What should be the PhD of the future? These and other questions are addressed in this book by a blue-ribbon panel of scientists and engineers. Recommendations are aimed at creating a new PhD that would retain the existing strengths of the current system while substantially increasing the information available, the potential versatility of students, and the career options afforded to them by their PhD education. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Health and Medicine: Challenges for the Chemical Sciences in the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/10889 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10889/health-and-medicine-challenges-for-the-chemical-sciences-in-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The report assesses the current state of chemistry and chemical engineering within the context of drug discovery, disease diagnosis, and disease prevention. Also addressed are chemical and chemical engineering challenges in pharmaceutical synthesis, delivery, and manufacture. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Treating Infectious Diseases in a Microbial World: Report of Two Workshops on Novel Antimicrobial Therapeutics SN - DO - 10.17226/11471 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11471/treating-infectious-diseases-in-a-microbial-world-report-of-two PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Humans coexist with millions of harmless microorganisms, but emerging diseases, resistance to antibiotics, and the threat of bioterrorism are forcing scientists to look for new ways to confront the microbes that do pose a danger. This report identifies innovative approaches to the development of antimicrobial drugs and vaccines based on a greater understanding of how the human immune system interacts with both good and bad microbes. The report concludes that the development of a single superdrug to fight all infectious agents is unrealistic. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Ninth Round SN - DO - 10.17226/25270 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25270/report-of-the-committee-on-proposal-evaluation-for-allocation-of-supercomputing-time-for-the-study-of-molecular-dynamics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - This report describes the work of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Ninth Round. The committee evaluated submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals (RFP) for biomolecular simulation time on Anton 2, a supercomputer specially designed and built by D.E. Shaw Research (DESRES). Over the past 8 years, DESRES has made an Anton or Anton 2 system housed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center (PSC) available to the non-commercial research community, based on the advice of previous National Research Council committees. As in prior rounds, the goal of the ninth RFP for simulation time on Anton 2 is to continue to facilitate breakthrough research in the study of biomolecular systems by providing a massively parallel system specially designed for molecular dynamics simulations. The program seeks to continue to support research that addresses important and high impact questions demonstrating a clear need for Anton's special capabilities. Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Ninth Round is the final report of the committee's evaluation of proposals based on scientific merit, justification for requested time allocation, and investigator qualifications and past accomplishments. This report identifies the proposals that best met the selection criteria. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report of the Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Twelfth Round DO - 10.17226/26317 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26317/report-of-the-committee-on-proposal-evaluation-for-allocation-of-supercomputing-time-for-the-study-of-molecular-dynamics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - This report evaluates submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals (RFP) for Biomolecular Simulation Time on Anton 2, a supercomputer designed and built by D. E. Shaw Research (DESRES). Over the past 11 years, DESRES has made an Anton or Anton 2 system housed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center available to the non-commercial research community, based on the advice of previous committees of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The goal of the twelfth RFP for simulation time on Anton 2 is to continue to facilitate breakthrough research in the study of biomolecular systems by providing a massively parallel system specially designed for molecular dynamics simulations. These capabilities allow multi-microsecond simulation timescales. The program seeks to continue to support research that addresses important and high impact questions demonstrating a clear need for Anton's special capabilities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sharyl J. Nass A2 - Heather Gorby TI - The Role of Clinical Studies for Pets with Naturally Occurring Tumors in Translational Cancer Research: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21830 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21830/the-role-of-clinical-studies-for-pets-with-naturally-occurring-tumors-in-translational-cancer-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Traditional preclinical mouse models of cancer have been very useful for studying the biology of cancer, however they often lack key characteristics of human cancers. As a result, many novel drug candidates fail in human clinical trials despite evidence of drug efficacy in those preclinical models. Thus, researchers are seeking new approaches to augment preclinical knowledge before undertaking clinical trials for human patients. Recently, there has been renewed interest in comparative oncology - the study of naturally developing cancers in animals as models for human disease - as one way to improve cancer drug development and reduce attrition of investigational agents. Tumors that spontaneously develop in pet dogs and other companion animals as a result of normal aging share many characteristics with human cancers, such as histological appearance, tumor genetics, biological behavior, molecular targets, and therapeutic response. In June 2015 the Institute of Medicine hosted a workshop to examine the rationale and potential for integrating clinical trials for pet patients with naturally occurring cancers into translational cancer research and development. Participants discussed the research needs, strategies, and resources to support greater integration of clinical trials for pets with cancer into translational research pathways, and challenges and potential solutions for facilitating that integration. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jeena M. Thomas A2 - Steve Olson TI - Transforming Research and Higher Education Institutions in the Next 75 Years: Proceedings of the 2022 Endless Frontier Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/26863 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26863/transforming-research-and-higher-education-institutions-in-the-next-75-years PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - On September 22, 2022, the National Academy of Sciences held a symposium entitled Endless Frontier 2022: Research and Higher Education Institutions for the Next 75 Years. The event was a follow up to a February 2020 NAS symposium convened to celebrate the 75th anniversary of the landmark report Science, the Endless Frontier. Building on the 2020 symposium and on lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, the September 2022 symposium sought to generate tools, strategies, and actionable steps that people and institutions can implement to ensure that science and technology continue to serve the public good. The symposium was designed to progress from broad perspectives that encompass the entire science and technology enterprise to consideration of more specific issues. This proceedings summarizes the 2022 symposium. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Funding Biomedical Research Programs: Contributions of the Markey Trust SN - DO - 10.17226/11627 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11627/funding-biomedical-research-programs-contributions-of-the-markey-trust PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During an interval of 15 years, the Lucille P. Markey Charitable Trust spent over $500 million on four programs in the basic biomedical sciences that support the education and research of graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, junior faculty, and senior researchers. The Markey Trust asked the NRC to evaluate these programs with two questions in mind: “Were these funds well spent?” and “What can others in the biomedical and philanthropic communities learn from the programs of the Markey Trust, both as an approach to funding biomedical research and as a model of philanthropy?” One of five resulting reports, this volume examines the Research Program Grants, which awarded $323 million to support investigators with a major commitment to the life sciences and to assist in the establishment, reorganization, or expansion of significant biomedical research centers or programs. Using information from Markey archives, materials from grant recipients, and site visits to a sample of institutional grant recipients, the authoring committee describes the impact that Markey grants made on the centers and programs funded by these grants, along with the unique aspects of the Markey approach to funding that may be applicable to other funders of biomedical research programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Combined Exposures to Hydrogen Cyanide and Carbon Monoxide in Army Operations: Initial Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12040 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12040/combined-exposures-to-hydrogen-cyanide-and-carbon-monoxide-in-army-operations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Science, Technology, and the Federal Government: National Goals for a New Era DO - 10.17226/9481 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9481/science-technology-and-the-federal-government-national-goals-for-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - During recent decades, a series of political and technological revolutions have significantly changed the context in which science and technology policy is made in the United States. As the new millennium approaches, these broad changes have recast the framework in which the U.S. research and development system functions. Representatives of the scientific and engineering communities have attempted to understand that new framework and to describe ways in which science and technology can respond to it. The result is the report Science, Technology, and the Federal Government, which proposes a renewed and strengthened covenant between science, technology, and society. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council TI - Final Report of the National Academies' Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee and 2010 Amendments to the National Academies' Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research SN - DO - 10.17226/12923 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12923/final-report-of-the-national-academies-human-embryonic-stem-cell-research-advisory-committee-and-2010-amendments-to-the-national-academies-guidelines-for-human-embryonic-stem-cell-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2005, the National Academies released the book, Guidelines for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research, which offered a common set of ethical standards for a field that, due to the absence of comprehensive federal funding, was lacking national standards for research. In order to keep the Guidelines up to date, given the rapid pace of scientific and policy developments in the field of stem cell research, the Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Advisory Committee was established in 2006 with support from The Ellison Medical Foundation, The Greenwall Foundation, and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute. As it did in 2007 and 2008, the Committee identified issues that warranted revision, and this book addresses those issues in a third and final set of amendments. Specifically, this book sets out an updated version of the National Academies' Guidelines, one that takes into account the new, expanded role of the NIH in overseeing hES cell research. It also identifies those avenues of continuing National Academies' involvement deemed most valuable by the research community and other significant stakeholders. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Bridges to Independence: Fostering the Independence of New Investigators in Biomedical Research SN - DO - 10.17226/11249 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11249/bridges-to-independence-fostering-the-independence-of-new-investigators-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A rising median age at which PhD’s receive their first research grant from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is among the factors forcing academic biomedical researchers to spend longer periods of time before they can set their own research directions and establish there independence. The fear that promising prospective scientists will choose other career paths has raised concerns about the future of biomedical research in the United States. At the request of NIH, the National Academies conducted a study on ways to address these issues. The report recommends that NIH make fostering independence of biomedical researchers an agencywide goal, and that it take steps to provide postdocs and early-career investigators with more financial support for their own research, improve postdoc mentoring and establish programs for new investigators and staff scientists among other mechanisms. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Synthetic Biology: Building on Nature's Inspiration: Interdisciplinary Research Team Summaries SN - DO - 10.17226/12836 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12836/synthetic-biology-building-on-natures-inspiration-interdisciplinary-research-team-summaries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Synthetic biology is an innovative and growing field that unites engineering and biology. It builds on the powerful research that came about as a result of a recombinant DNA technology and genome sequencing. By definition, synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary enterprise comprising biologists of many specialties, engineers, physicists, computer scientists and others. It promises a fundamentally deeper understanding of how living systems work and the capacity to recreate them for medicine, public health and the environment, including renewable energy. NAKFI Synthetic Biology: Building a Nation's Inspiration discusses new foundational technologies and tools required to make biology easier to engineer, considers ethical issues unique to synthetic biology, explores how synthetic biology can lead to an understanding of the principles underlying natural genetic circuits and debates how synthetic biology can be used to answer fundamental biological questions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics: Fourteenth Round DO - 10.17226/27336 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27336/proposal-evaluation-for-allocation-of-supercomputing-time-for-the-study-of-molecular-dynamics PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - The Committee on Proposal Evaluation for Allocation of Supercomputing Time for the Study of Molecular Dynamics, Fourteenth Round evaluated submissions received in response to a Request for Proposals for Biomolecular Simulation Time on Anton 2, a supercomputer designed and built by D. E. Shaw Research (DESRES). Over the past 13 years, DESRES has made an Anton or Anton 2 system housed at the Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center available to the non-commercial research community, based on the advice of previous committees of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. As in those prior rounds, the goal of the fourteenth RFP for simulation time on Anton 2 is to continue to facilitate breakthrough research in the study of biomolecular systems by providing a massively parallel system specially designed for molecular dynamics simulations. The program seeks to continue to support research that addresses important and high impact questions demonstrating a clear need for Antons special capabilities. This document describes the work and transmits the decisions of the Committee. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Personnel Needs and Training for Biomedical and Behavioral Reserach: 1976 Report DO - 10.17226/9910 PY - 1976 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9910/personnel-needs-and-training-for-biomedical-and-behavioral-reserach-1976 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease SN - DO - 10.17226/13284 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13284/toward-precision-medicine-building-a-knowledge-network-for-biomedical-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Motivated by the explosion of molecular data on humans-particularly data associated with individual patients-and the sense that there are large, as-yet-untapped opportunities to use this data to improve health outcomes, Toward Precision Medicine explores the feasibility and need for "a new taxonomy of human disease based on molecular biology" and develops a potential framework for creating one. The book says that a new data network that integrates emerging research on the molecular makeup of diseases with clinical data on individual patients could drive the development of a more accurate classification of diseases and ultimately enhance diagnosis and treatment. The "new taxonomy" that emerges would define diseases by their underlying molecular causes and other factors in addition to their traditional physical signs and symptoms. The book adds that the new data network could also improve biomedical research by enabling scientists to access patients' information during treatment while still protecting their rights. This would allow the marriage of molecular research and clinical data at the point of care, as opposed to research information continuing to reside primarily in academia. Toward Precision Medicine notes that moving toward individualized medicine requires that researchers and health care providers have access to very large sets of health- and disease-related data linked to individual patients. These data are also critical for developing the information commons, the knowledge network of disease, and ultimately the new taxonomy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Ariel Markowitz-Shulman A2 - Erin Hammers-Forstag A2 - Siobhan Addie A2 - Sarah H. Beachy TI - Exploring the State of the Science in the Field of Regenerative Medicine: Challenges of and Opportunities for Cellular Therapies: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24671 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24671/exploring-the-state-of-the-science-in-the-field-of-regenerative-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Regenerative medicine holds the potential to create living, functional cells and tissues that can be used to repair or replace those that have suffered potentially irreparable damage due to disease, age, traumatic injury, or genetic and congenital defects. The field of regenerative medicine is broad and includes research and development components of gene and cell therapies, tissue engineering, and non-biologic constructs. Although regenerative medicine has the potential to improve health and deliver economic benefits, this relatively new field faces challenges to developing policies and procedures to support the development of novel therapies are both safe and effective. In October 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a public workshop with the goal of developing a broad understanding of the opportunities and challenges associated with regenerative medicine cellular therapies and related technologies. Participants explored the state of the science of cell-based regenerative therapies within the larger context of patient care and policy. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER -