@BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Emerging Technologies Applicable to Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety and Security", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Hazardous Materials Cooperative Research Program (HMCRP) Report 4: Emerging Technologies Applicable to Hazardous Materials Transportation Safety and Security explores near-term (less than 5 years) and longer-term (5\u201310 years) technologies that are candidates for enhancing the safety and security of hazardous materials transportation for use by shippers, carriers, emergency responders, or government regulatory and enforcement agencies.The report examines emerging generic technologies that hold promise of being introduced during these near- and longer-term spans. It also highlights potential impediments (e.g., technical, economic, legal, and institutional) to, and opportunities for, their development, deployment, and maintenance.The research focused on all modes used to transport hazardous materials (trucking, rail, marine, air, and pipeline) and resulted in the identification of nine highly promising emerging technologies.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14526/emerging-technologies-applicable-to-hazardous-materials-transportation-safety-and-security", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Transit Advertising Sales Agreements", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 51: Transit Advertising Sales Agreements documents and summarizes transit agency experiences with advertising sales and synthesizes current practices for advertising sales, contracting, and display.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23381/transit-advertising-sales-agreements", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Understanding How to Motivate Communities to Support and Ride Public Transportation", abstract = "TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 122: Understanding How to Motivate Communities to Support and Ride Public Transportation explores the methods and strategies used by public transportation agencies in the United States and Canada to enhance their public images and motivate the support and use of public transportation. The report identifies and describes methods and strategies used by other industries (comparable to public transportation) to enhance their public image and to motivate the support and use of their products and services. This report also examines the perceptions, misperceptions, and use of public transit, and the extent to which these affect support. Finally, the report identifies effective communication strategies, campaigns, and platforms for motivating individuals to action in support of public transportation, as well as ways to execute those communication strategies, campaigns, and platforms.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14128/understanding-how-to-motivate-communities-to-support-and-ride-public-transportation", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Entry and Competition in the U.S. Airline Industry: Issues and Opportunities", abstract = "TRB Special Report 255 - Entry and Competition in the U.S. Airline Industry: Issues and Opportunities focuses on some well understood and recognized opportunities to encourage airline competition, especially in larger markets.During the mid-1990s, new-entrant carriers filed formal complaints with USDOT, contending that large established airlines were engaging in predatory pricing (pricing below cost). Such strategies were alleged to include matching low fares and providing far more service than could a new entrant, but then raising fares and cutting service as soon as the new entrant failed or withdrew. USDOT contemplated writing regulations against such alleged practices, but the committee that studied entry and competition in the U.S. airline industry advised against doing so. Given the difficulties involved in defining fair and unfair competition, the proposed regulations could have proved as harmful as helpful. The committee noted that USDOT has other policy instruments that could be used to promote the entry of new carriers, such as supporting the development of additional gates and airports, eliminating service restrictions at some key airports, and ensuring that federal rules promote rather than hinder more open access to major airport facilities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25103/entry-and-competition-in-the-us-airline-industry-issues-and-opportunities", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Mauricio Hernandez and Roswell Eldridge and Kyle Lukacs", title = "Public Transit and Bikesharing", abstract = "TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 132: Public Transit and Bikesharing explores cooperative transit and bikesharing relationships and documents the experiences of transit systems with bikesharing as a mode. An increasing number of transit agencies have developed cooperative arrangements with bikesharing programs to strengthen the relationship between the modes. The implementation and integration of bikesharing programs can sometimes present challenges to transit agencies. The synthesis identifies the current state of the practice, including challenges, lessons learned, and gaps in information.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25088/public-transit-and-bikesharing", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Booz Allen Hamilton", title = "Dedicating Lanes for Priority or Exclusive Use by Connected and Automated Vehicles", abstract = "TRB\u2019s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 891: Dedicating Lanes for Priority or Exclusive Use by Connected and Automated Vehicles identifies and evaluates opportunities, constraints, and guiding principles for implementing dedicated lanes for connected and automated vehicles. This report describes conditions amenable to dedicating lanes for users of these vehicles and develops the necessary guidance to deploy them in a safe and efficient manner. This analysis helps identify potential impacts associated with various conditions affecting lane dedication, market penetration, evolving technology, and changing demand.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25366/dedicating-lanes-for-priority-or-exclusive-use-by-connected-and-automated-vehicles", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Practical Measures to Increase Transit Advertising Revenues", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 133: Practical Measures to Increase Transit Advertising Revenues explores strategies designed to significantly increase transit\u2019s share of total advertising expenditures. The report examines advertising decision makers\u2019 perceptions about current and future transit advertising products and highlights a strategic responsive communications plan designed to improve those perceptions and increase transit revenue.An executive summary and PowerPoint presentation on this report are available online.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14269/practical-measures-to-increase-transit-advertising-revenues", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Timothy R. Karaskiewicz and Chloe L. Swanson", title = "Examples of Facility Space Provided for Community Use at Airports", abstract = "Airports make facilities available for non-commercial purposes, such as for community use by community or nonprofit groups.The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Synthesis 116: Examples of Facility Space Provided for Community Use at Airports provides the first body of literature to focus on the use of facilities that airports may provide in order to support local economic and social sustainability.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26520/examples-of-facility-space-provided-for-community-use-at-airports", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Stephen A. Merrill", title = "Investor Exits, Innovation, and Entrepreneurial Firm Growth: Questions for Research: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-14907-5", abstract = "The bursting of the dot-com bubble in 2001 coincided with an abrupt and lasting change in the development of entrepreneurial venture-backed firms in the United States. Previously, entrepreneurs and investors commonly took viable young firms public through initial public offerings. Since 2001, however, venture investors have more frequently exited by selling their companies to established corporations, usually for lower returns. There are concerns among some entrepreneurs, investors, and academics that this change has reduced the potential of young, entrepreneurial firms to contribute to innovation, job creation, international competitiveness, and economic growth. There are also claims that public policies, including securities regulation, have contributed to this result and should be modified or compensated for. In 2007 investors, entrepreneurs, and academic experts in economics, corporate finance, and law came together to consider the merits and feasibility of additional research addressing the change in investor exit strategies, its causes and consequences. During the 2007 workshop, summarized in this volume, participants identified several factors complicating systematic inquiry and suggested a number of research avenues that could be productive.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12811/investor-exits-innovation-and-entrepreneurial-firm-growth-questions-for-research", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Impact of Jet Fuel Price Uncertainty on Airport Planning and Development", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 48: Impact of Jet Fuel Price Uncertainty on Airport Planning and Development is designed to help airport operators and planners measure the impact of changes in jet fuel price on supply and demand for air service at commercial service airports.The report includes background research; a computer model, available online and in CD ROM format attached to the printed version of the report; and a user manual. Please note that macros must be enabled in the Microsoft Excel file for the program to run.The output of the model can ultimately be used to help evaluate the impact of uncertainty on airport development and finance. Applying specific input parameters, the model, embedded in a user-friendly program, allows airport planners and managers to assess how fuel, economic, and other uncertainties may affect their particular airport and to test the sensitivity of varying assumptions about key drivers of airport activity.The supporting research examines historical changes in fuel prices in the context of changing economic conditions and uses this experience to assess risk in adhering to existing air traffic forecasts when planning future airport improvements or expansion. The model illustrates risk using confidence bands that indicate a range of forecasts as a function of changing jet fuel prices and other factors. The research also examines the historic link between changes in jet fuel prices in relation to periodic occurrence of recessions and how changing demand may, in turn, result in changes in fleet composition and size. Software DisclaimerThe computer model software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively \u201cTRB\u2019) be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operations of this product. TRB makes no representation or warrant of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not in any case be liable for any consequential or special damages.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14506/impact-of-jet-fuel-price-uncertainty-on-airport-planning-and-development", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Michael J. Walk and James P. Cardenas and Kristi Miller and Jessica Alvarez and Sandy Davis and Peter Hadley", title = "Managing the Transit Scheduling Workforce", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 143: Managing the Transit Scheduling Workforce examines how transit agencies are recruiting, training, developing, and retaining schedulers. In the case where transit agencies use third parties to create schedules, the report also shows how transit systems manage those third parties.The report is designed to assist transit agencies in managing their transit scheduling human capital. The report presents an overview of the practices and procedures transit agencies use to manage their scheduling workforce and will allow agencies to compare what they are currently doing with what others are doing in this area. The report also analyzes how transit systems are evolving their practices to adapt to industry and technological changes. It provides transit systems with new ideas and strategies to retain good schedulers.The report also presents a literature review and results of a survey of transit agencies that use transit schedulers in their workforce. Case examples of five transit systems are provided; these present an in-depth analysis of various recruitment, selection, training, retention, and performance management strategies.Transit schedules provide the blueprint for fixed-route transit\u2014they affect operating and capital costs, safety, customer satisfaction, and operator well-being and health. Although scheduling has moved from a largely paper-based practice to one that now uses purposebuilt scheduling software and utilizes data collected from automated systems, transit scheduling is still a human process that is merely assisted by software and data.Knowledgeable people are needed to perform most scheduling tasks, supply direction, and provide quality control. Moreover, the increasing availability and reliance on data and scheduling software are gradually changing the nature of a transit scheduler\u2019s job\u2014making computer and data analysis skills and acumen increasingly central to the transit scheduler role.The scheduling process is labor intensive, detail driven, and ripe with opportunities for errors; to be done well, scheduling requires qualified and talented transit schedulers.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25457/managing-the-transit-scheduling-workforce", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Jorge Rueda-Benavides, Cesar Mayorga, Auburn University and Arizona State University Cliff Schexnayder and Ghada Gad, California State Polytechnic University and Daniel D’Angelo, Applied Research Associates, Inc.", title = "Improving Mid-Term, Intermediate, and Long-Range Cost Forecasting: Guidebook for State Transportation Agencies", abstract = "Because transportation investment programs have extended time horizons, state departments of transportation (DOTs) must forecast costs well into the future. This poses a serious challenge: the longer the time horizon, the more uncertainty and risk that forecasted costs will vary from actual, future costs.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 953: Improving Mid-Term, Intermediate, and Long-Range Cost Forecasting: Guidebook for State Transportation Agencies presents a cost forecasting method for use by state transportation agencies that better accounts for cost variability and economic volatility over time.Supplemental information to the report includes NCHRP Web-Only Document 283: Improving Mid-Term, Intermediate, and Long-Range Cost Forecasting for State Transportation Agencies, a cost forecasting toolkit, a guidebook presentation, and videos.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25972/improving-mid-term-intermediate-and-long-range-cost-forecasting-guidebook-for-state-transportation-agencies", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Marketing Transit Services to Business", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9437/marketing-transit-services-to-business", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "Future Flight: A Review of the Small Aircraft Transportation System Concept -- Special Report 263", abstract = "TRB Special Report 263 - Future Flight: A Review of the Small Aircraft Transportation System Concept reviews the plausibility and desirability of the SATS concept, giving special consideration to whether its potential net benefits--from user benefits to overall environmental and safety effects--are sufficiently promising to warrant public-sector investment in SATS development and deployment.\n\n\nThe Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) program has been established by the Office of Aerospace Technology in the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In the initial 5-year phase of the program, NASA is working with the private sector and university researchers, as well as other federal and state governmental agencies, to further various aircraft-based technologies that will increase the safety and utility of operations at small airports, allow more dependable use of small airports, and improve the ability of single-piloted aircraft to operate safely in complex airspace. Guiding this program is a longer-range SATS vision of the routine use of advanced, small fixed-wing aircraft for personal transportation between communities.\n\n\nThe Small Aircraft Transportation System (SATS) is envisioned as relying on increasingly sophisticated and affordable small aircraft flying between small airports in lightly used airspace. The system was proposed to provide a growing share of the nation\u2019s intercity personal and business travel. The development of such a system was considered to be justified by the potential to ease congestion in the existing aviation system and on highways serving densely traveled intercity markets. Without attempting to prejudge how advances in general aviation technology might evolve and affect travel markets, the committee that examined the SATS concept concluded that the concept is problematic in several ways as a vision to guide NASA\u2019s technology development. Although the cost of small jet engines developed in partnership with NASA could drop dramatically, small jets would still be well beyond the means of all but the wealthiest members of society. The aircraft might be adopted by firms offering air taxi service, but the cost of such service would likely remain steep; therefore, sufficient market penetration to relieve congestion at hub airports would be unlikely. Moreover, the origins and destinations of most business travelers are major population centers, making travel to and from remote general aviation airports unappealing. The cost to upgrade such airports would be substantial as well, even assuming that SATS aircraft would have onboard technologies that would reduce the need for airport radars, precision landing guides, and air traffic control. The environmental consequences could also be substantial\u2014particularly an increase in aircraft noise in rural areas unaccustomed to such intrusions. Perhaps the most difficult issues to address would be public concerns about safety. Finally, the use of SATS aircraft in and around major metropolitan areas would complicate an already overstressed air traffic control system, and the human factors issues of increased automation for relatively inexperienced pilots are far from being resolved.\n\n\nFor all of the above reasons, the committee did not endorse the SATS concept as a guide for NASA R&D. The committee noted, however, that NASA\u2019s support for ongoing technology development in general aviation is welcome and needed. General aviation has a much worse safety record than commercial aviation. The committee recommended that NASA work with other federal agencies, such as USDOT, the Federal Aviation Administration, and the National Transportation Safety Board in defining and pursuing opportunities to advance and improve general aviation.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10319/future-flight-a-review-of-the-small-aircraft-transportation-system", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Assessing and Mitigating Future Impacts to the Federal Highway Trust Fund Such as Alternative Fuel Consumption", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 121: Assessing and Mitigating Future Impacts to the Federal Highway Trust Fund Such as Alternative Fuel Consumption explores the impact of different scenarios on fuel consumption and fuel tax revenues.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23113/assessing-and-mitigating-future-impacts-to-the-federal-highway-trust-fund-such-as-alternative-fuel-consumption", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Framework for Assessing Potential Safety Impacts of Automated Driving Systems", abstract = "Quickly advancing automated driving system (ADS) technologies are expected to positively affect transportation safety. ADS includes a plethora of applications that affect safety, mobility, human factors, and environmental aspects of driving.\nTRB's joint publication of the National Cooperative Highway Research Program and the Behavioral Transportation Safety Cooperative Research Program is titled NCHRP Research Report 1001\/BTSCRP Research Report 2: Framework for Assessing Potential Safety Impacts of Automated Driving Systems. The report describes a framework to help state and local agencies assess the safety impact of ADS and is designed to guide them on how to adapt the framework for a variety of scenarios.\nSupplemental to the report are a Video describing the project\u2019s assessment framework, a Proof of Concept Results Document, an Implementation Plan, and a Future Research Needs Document.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26791/framework-for-assessing-potential-safety-impacts-of-automated-driving-systems", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Winds of Change: Domestic Air Transport Since Deregulation -- Special Report 230", isbn = "978-0-309-05104-0", abstract = "TRB Special Report 230 - Winds of Change: Domestic Air Transport Since Deregulation examines the appropriate role of government in the deregulated airline industry. InPerhaps the most significant federal policy change regarding aviation occurred in 1975 when the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) began giving air carriers greater freedom in discounting prices and serving new markets.1 These administrative actions were followed by the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978, which removed restrictions on market entry, pricing, and route service and began the phase-out of the CAB itself. Whereas this legislation did not affect federal safety regulations, it greatly reduced federal economic controls on air carriers. Deregulation resulted in a substantial upheaval among carriers and sharply increased competition. Passengers have generally benefited from the resulting reduced fares and increased air service throughout the country, with little or no indication of increased risk.Deregulation was expected to lead to the emergence of new, service-oriented carriers that would compete with the existing heavily regulated, inefficient carriers. Although many new carriers have tried to enter aviation markets, few have survived. The TRB committee that produced this report reviewed developments in domestic air transport service following deregulation concluded that preexisting carriers were able to exploit inherited advantages such as the ability to exercise considerable control over the use of airports they served. This advantage became pronounced as carriers shifted from point-to-point to hub-and-spoke service, which has many operational advantages for both carriers and passengers. The ability to limit competition at major hub airports, however, greatly reduces opportunities for the entry of new carriers. Such inherited advantages were compounded by a period in which many mergers between old-line carriers, including several mergers between rivals, were permitted.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11410/winds-of-change-domestic-air-transport-since-deregulation-special-report", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "Charles W. Wessner", title = "Advanced Technology Program: Challenges and Opportunities", isbn = "978-0-309-06775-1", abstract = "The growth in government programs to support high-technology industry within national economies and their impact on international science and technology cooperation and on the multilateral trading system are of considerable interest worldwide. Accordingly, these topics were taken up by STEP in a study carried out in conjunction with the Hamburg Institute for Economic Research and the Institute for World Economics in Kiel. One of the principal recommendations for further work emerging from that study was a call for an analysis of the principles of effective cooperation in technology development, to include lessons from national and international consortia, including eligibility standards and assessments of what new cooperative mechanisms might be developed to meet the challenges of international cooperation in high-technology products.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9699/advanced-technology-program-challenges-and-opportunities", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of NASA's Exploration Technology Development Program: An Interim Report", isbn = "978-0-309-11943-6", abstract = "To meet the objectives of the Vision for Space Exploration (VSE), NASA must develop a wide array of enabling technologies. For this purpose, NASA established the Exploration Technology Development Program (ETDP). Currently, ETDP has 22 projects underway. In the report accompanying the House-passed version of the FY2007 appropriations bill, the agency was directed to request from the NRC an independent assessment of the ETDP. This interim report provides an assessment of each of the 22 projects including a quality rating, an analysis of how effectively the research is being carried out, and the degree to which the research is aligned with the VSE. To the extent possible, the identification and discussion of various cross-cutting issues are also presented. Those issues will be explored and discussed in more detail in the final report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12189/review-of-nasas-exploration-technology-development-program-an-interim-report", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", editor = "James Zucchetto", title = "Trends in Oil Supply and Demand, the Potential for Peaking of Conventional Oil Production, and Possible Mitigation Options: A Summary Report of the Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-10143-1", abstract = "Recent events and analyses have suggested that global production of oil might peak sometime within the next few years to the next one or two decades. Other analyses, however, conclude that oil supply can meet global demand for some decades to come and that oil production peaking is much further off. To explore this issue, the NRC held a workshop, funded by the Department of Energy, bringing together analysts representing these different views. The workshop was divided into four main sessions: setting the stage; future global oil supply and demand balance; mitigation options and time to implementation; and potential follow-up activities. This report provides a summary of the workshop including the key points, issues and questions raised by the participants, and it identifies possible topics for follow-up studies. No consensus views, conclusions, or recommendations are presented.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11585/trends-in-oil-supply-and-demand-the-potential-for-peaking-of-conventional-oil-production-and-possible-mitigation-options", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }