@BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Kathleen Stratton and Alicia Gable and Padma Shetty and Marie McCormick", title = "Immunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism", isbn = "978-0-309-07447-6", abstract = "Immunization is widely regarded as one of the most effective and beneficial tools for protecting the public's health. In the United States, immunization programs have resulted in the eradication of smallpox, the elimination of polio, and the control and near elimination of once-common, often debilitating and potentially life-threatening diseases, including measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and Haemophilus influenza type b.\n\nAlong with the benefits of widespread immunization, however, have come concerns about the safety of vaccines. No vaccine is perfectly safe or effective, and vaccines may lead to serious adverse effects in some instances. Furthermore, if a serious illness is observed after vaccination, it is often unclear whether that sequence is coincidental or causal, and it can be difficult to determine the true nature of the relationship, if any, between the vaccination and the illness. Ironically, the successes of vaccine coverage in the United States have made it more difficult for the public to weigh the benefits and complications of vaccines because the now-controlled diseases and their often-serious risks are no longer familiar. However, because vaccines are so widely used-and because state laws require that children be vaccinated before entering daycare and school, in part to protect others-it is essential that safety concerns be fully and carefully studied.\n\nImmunization Safety Review: Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine and Autism, the first of a series from the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Immunization Safety Review Committee, presents an assessment of the evidence regarding a hypothesized causal association between the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine and autism, an assessment of the broader significance for society of the issues surrounding the MMR-autism hypothesis, and the committee's conclusions and recommendations based on those assessments.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10101/immunization-safety-review-measles-mumps-rubella-vaccine-and-autism", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Kathleen R. Stratton and Cynthia J. Howe and Richard B. Johnston, Jr.", title = "Adverse Events Associated with Childhood Vaccines: Evidence Bearing on Causality", isbn = "978-0-309-07496-4", abstract = "Childhood immunization is one of the major public health measures of the 20th century and is now receiving special attention from the Clinton administration. At the same time, some parents and health professionals are questioning the safety of vaccines because of the occurrence of rare adverse events after immunization.\nThis volume provides the most thorough literature review available about links between common childhood vaccines\u2014tetanus, diphtheria, measles, mumps, polio, Haemophilus influenzae b, and hepatitis B\u2014and specific types of disorders or death.\nThe authors discuss approaches to evidence and causality and examine the consequences\u2014neurologic and immunologic disorders and death\u2014linked with immunization. Discussion also includes background information on the development of the vaccines and details about the case reports, clinical trials, and other evidence associating each vaccine with specific disorders.\nThis comprehensive volume will be an important resource to anyone concerned about the immunization controversy: public health officials, pediatricians, attorneys, researchers, and parents.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2138/adverse-events-associated-with-childhood-vaccines-evidence-bearing-on-causality", year = 1994, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Kathleen Stratton and Andrew Ford and Erin Rusch and Ellen Wright Clayton", title = "Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality", isbn = "978-0-309-21435-3", abstract = "In 1900, for every 1,000 babies born in the United States, 100 would die before their first birthday, often due to infectious diseases. Today, vaccines exist for many viral and bacterial diseases. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act, passed in 1986, was intended to bolster vaccine research and development through the federal coordination of vaccine initiatives and to provide relief to vaccine manufacturers facing financial burdens. The legislation also intended to address concerns about the safety of vaccines by instituting a compensation program, setting up a passive surveillance system for vaccine adverse events, and by providing information to consumers. A key component of the legislation required the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services to collaborate with the Institute of Medicine to assess concerns about the safety of vaccines and potential adverse events, especially in children.\n\nAdverse Effects of Vaccines reviews the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence regarding adverse health events associated with specific vaccines covered by the National Vaccine Injury Compensation Program (VICP), including the varicella zoster vaccine, influenza vaccines, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the human papillomavirus vaccine, among others. For each possible adverse event, the report reviews peer-reviewed primary studies, summarizes their findings, and evaluates the epidemiological, clinical, and biological evidence. It finds that while no vaccine is 100 percent safe, very few adverse events are shown to be caused by vaccines. In addition, the evidence shows that vaccines do not cause several conditions. For example, the MMR vaccine is not associated with autism or childhood diabetes. Also, the DTaP vaccine is not associated with diabetes and the influenza vaccine given as a shot does not exacerbate asthma.\nAdverse Effects of Vaccines will be of special interest to the National Vaccine Program Office, the VICP, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, vaccine safety researchers and manufacturers, parents, caregivers, and health professionals in the private and public sectors.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13164/adverse-effects-of-vaccines-evidence-and-causality", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter: A Symposium Report", isbn = "978-0-309-14228-1", abstract = "On April 29, 2009 the National Research Council held a 1-day symposium titled, 'Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter.' This volume, a report of the symposium, highlights key challenges confronting the scientific and technical intelligence (S & TI) community and explores potential solutions that might enable the S & TI community to overcome those challenges. \n\nThe symposium captured comments and observations from representatives from combatant commands and supporting governmental organizations, together with those of symposium participants, in order to elucidate concepts and trends, knowledge of which could be used to improve the Department of Defense's technology warning capability. Topics addressed included issues stemming from globalization of science and technology, challenges to U.S. warfighters that could result from technology surprise, examples of past technological surprise, and the strengths and weaknesses of current S & TI analysis.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12735/avoiding-technology-surprise-for-tomorrows-warfighter-a-symposium-report", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the National Defense Intelligence College's Master's Degree in Science and Technology Intelligence", isbn = "978-0-309-22054-5", abstract = "The National Research Council (NRC) was asked by the National Defense Intelligence College (NDIC) to convene a committee to review the curriculum and syllabi for their proposed master of science degree in science and technology intelligence. The NRC was asked to review the material provided by the NDIC and offer advice and recommendations regarding the program's structure and goals of the Master of Science and Technology Intelligence (MS&TI) program.\nThe Committee for the Review of the Master's Degree Program for Science and Technology Professionals convened in May 2011, received extensive briefings and material from the NDIC faculty and administrators, and commenced a detailed review of the material. This letter report contains the findings and recommendations of the committee.\nReview of the National Defense Intelligence College's Master's Degree in Science and Technology Intelligence centers on two general areas. First, the committee found that the biological sciences and systems engineering were underrepresented in the existing program structure. Secondly, the committee recommends that the NDIC faculty restructure the program and course learning objectives to focus more specifically on science and technology, with particular emphasis on the empirical measurement of student achievement. Given the dynamic and ever-changing nature of science and technology, the syllabi should continue to evolve as change occurs.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13260/review-of-the-national-defense-intelligence-colleges-masters-degree-in-science-and-technology-intelligence", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Jonathan R. Davis and Joshua Lederberg", title = "Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections: Assessing the Capabilities of the Public and Private Sectors: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-06829-1", abstract = "The Forum on Emerging Infections was created in 1996 in response to a request from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. The goal of the forum is to provide structured opportunities for representatives from academia, industry, professional and interest groups, and government to examine and discuss scientific and policy issues that relate to research, prevention, detection, and management of emerging infectious diseases. A critical part of this mission has been the convening of a series of workshops. Public Health Systems and Emerging Infections summarizes the fourth in a series of five workshops.\nWith a focus on our knowledge and understanding of the role of private and public health sectors in emerging infectious disease surveillance and response, the participants explored the effects of privatization of public health laboratories and the modernization of public health care. The issues discussed included epidemiological investigation, surveillance, communication, coordination, resource allocations, and economic support.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9869/public-health-systems-and-emerging-infections-assessing-the-capabilities-of", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "(NAS Colloquium) Genetic Engineering of Viruses and Viral Vectors", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5708/nas-colloquium-genetic-engineering-of-viruses-and-viral-vectors", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Overcoming Challenges to Develop Countermeasures Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents: Appropriate Use of Animal Models", isbn = "978-0-309-10211-7", abstract = "The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) gives the highest priority to developing countermeasures against bioterrorism agents that are highly infective when dispersed in aerosol form. Developing drugs to prevent or treat illnesses caused by bioterrorism agents requires testing their effectiveness in animals since human clinical trials would be unethical. At the request of NIAID, the National Academies conducted a study to examine how such testing could be improved. Overcoming Challenges to Develop Countermeasures Against Aerosolized Bioterrorism Agents provides recommendations to researchers on selecting the kinds of animal models, aerosol generators, and bioterrorism agent doses that would produce conditions that most closely mimic the disease process in humans. It also urges researchers to fully document experimental parameters in the literature so that studies can be reproduced and compared. The book recommends that all unclassified data on bioterrorism agent studies--including unclassified, unpublished data from U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID)--be published in the open literature. The book also calls on the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to improve the process by which bioterrorism countermeasures are approved based on the results of animal studies.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11640/overcoming-challenges-to-develop-countermeasures-against-aerosolized-bioterrorism-agents-appropriate", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "Preliminary Considerations Regarding Federal Investments in Vaccine Purchase and Immunization Services: Interim Report on Immunization Finance Policies and Practices", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9593/preliminary-considerations-regarding-federal-investments-in-vaccine-purchase-and-immunization-services", year = 1999, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Kathleen Stratton and Alicia Gable and Marie C. McCormick", title = "Immunization Safety Review: Thimerosal-Containing Vaccines and Neurodevelopmental Disorders", isbn = "978-0-309-07636-4", abstract = "In this report, the Immunization Safety Review committee examines the hypothesis of whether or not the use of vaccines containing the preservative thimerosal can cause neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), specifically autism, attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and speech or language delay.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10208/immunization-safety-review-thimerosal-containing-vaccines-and-neurodevelopmental-disorders", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", editor = "Bruce M. Altevogt and Diana E. Pankevich and Marilee K. Shelton-Davenport and Jeffrey P. Kahn", title = "Chimpanzees in Biomedical and Behavioral Research: Assessing the Necessity", isbn = "978-0-309-22039-2", abstract = "For many years, experiments using chimpanzees have been instrumental in advancing scientific knowledge and have led to new medicines to prevent life-threatening and debilitating diseases. However, recent advances in alternate research tools have rendered chimpanzees largely unnecessary as research subjects. The Institute of Medicine, in collaboration with the National Research Council, conducted an in-depth analysis of the scientific necessity for chimpanzees in NIH-funded biomedical and behavioral research. The committee concludes that while the chimpanzee has been a valuable animal model in the past, most current biomedical research use of chimpanzees is not necessary, though noted that it is impossible to predict whether research on emerging or new diseases may necessitate chimpanzees in the future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13257/chimpanzees-in-biomedical-and-behavioral-research-assessing-the-necessity", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine and National Research Council", title = "Vaccine Supply and Innovation", isbn = "978-0-309-03544-6", abstract = "The United States is facing a vaccine shortage that may threaten public health. This book examines vaccine research and development, production and supply, and utilization and offers recommendations aimed at ensuring vaccine supply and promoting innovation. In addition, this comprehensive volume provides information on the adverse reactions associated with the range of vaccines used in the United States and contains the most thorough analysis ever published on the state of the law regarding vaccine-related injury and compensation for vaccine injury.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/599/vaccine-supply-and-innovation", year = 1985, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "Biographical Memoirs: Volume 60", isbn = "978-0-309-07865-8", abstract = "Biographic Memoirs: Volume 60 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6061/biographical-memoirs-volume-60", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Stacey L. Knobler and Siobhan O'Connor and Stanley M. Lemon and Marjan Najafi", title = "The Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the Research, and Mitigating the Effects: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-08994-4", abstract = "In recent years, a number of chronic diseases have been linked, in some cases definitively,\nto an infectious etiology: peptic ulcer disease with Helicobacter pylori, cervical\ncancer with several human papillomaviruses, Lyme arthritis and neuroborreliosis with\nBorrelia burgdorferi, AIDS with the human immunodeficiency virus, liver cancer and\ncirrhosis with hepatitis B and C viruses, to name a few. The proven and suspected\nroles of microbes does not stop with physical ailments; infections are increasingly\nbeing examined as associated causes of or possible contributors to a variety of serious,\nchronic neuropsychiatric disorders and to developmental problems, especially\nin children.\n\nThe Infectious Etiology of Chronic Diseases: Defining the Relationship, Enhancing the\nResearch, and Mitigating the Effects, summarizes a two-day workshop held by the\nInstitute of Medicine\u2019s Forum on Microbial Threats to address this rapidly evolving\nfield. Participants explored factors driving infectious etiologies of chronic diseases of\nprominence, identified difficulties in linking infectious agents with chronic outcomes,\nand discussed broad-based strategies and research programs to advance the field.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11026/the-infectious-etiology-of-chronic-diseases-defining-the-relationship-enhancing", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Robert G. Petersdorf and William F. Page and Susan Thaul", title = "Interactions of Drugs, Biologics, and Chemicals in U.S. Military Forces", isbn = "978-0-309-05593-2", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5515/interactions-of-drugs-biologics-and-chemicals-in-us-military-forces", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Genomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies", isbn = "978-0-309-68091-2", abstract = "In December 2019, new cases of severe pneumonia were first detected in Wuhan, China, and the cause was determined to be a novel beta coronavirus related to the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus that emerged from a bat reservoir in 2002. Within six months, this new virus\u2014SARS coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)\u2014has spread worldwide, infecting at least 10 million people with an estimated 500,000 deaths. COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, was declared a public health emergency of international concern on January 30, 2020 by the World Health Organization (WHO) and a pandemic on March 11, 2020. To date, there is no approved effective treatment or vaccine for COVID-19, and it continues to spread in many countries.\n\nGenomic Epidemiology Data Infrastructure Needs for SARS-CoV-2: Modernizing Pandemic Response Strategies lays out a framework to define and describe the data needs for a system to track and correlate viral genome sequences with clinical and epidemiological data. Such a system would help ensure the integration of data on viral evolution with detection, diagnostic, and countermeasure efforts. This report also explores data collection mechanisms to ensure a representative global sample set of all relevant extant sequences and considers challenges and opportunities for coordination across existing domestic, global, and regional data sources.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25879/genomic-epidemiology-data-infrastructure-needs-for-sars-cov-2-modernizing", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", title = "What You Need to Know About Infectious Disease", abstract = "About a quarter of deaths worldwide--many of them children--are caused by infectious organisms. The World Health Organization reports that new infectious diseases are continuing to emerge and familiar ones are appearing in new locations around the globe. What's behind this trend? How can invisible organisms cause such harm? And to what extent has human behavior amplified the problem? What You Need to Know About Infectious Disease provides an overview of infectious disease, drawing on reports of the Institute of Medicine. Written for a general audience, it describes the biology, history, and future trends of some of the world's most widespread and harmful infections and explains what we need to do--as individuals and as a society--to address this global challenge.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13006/what-you-need-to-know-about-infectious-disease", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter: Symposium 2010", isbn = "978-0-309-15568-7", abstract = "The Symposium on Avoiding Technology Surprise for Tomorrow's Warfighter is a forum for consumers and producers of scientific and technical intelligence to exchange perspectives on the potential sources of emerging or disruptive technologies and behaviors, with the goal of improving the Department of Defense's technological warning capability. This volume summarizes the key themes identified in the second and most recent symposium, a two-day event held in Suffolk, Virginia, on April 28 and 29, 2010. The symposium combined presentations highlighting cutting-edge technology topics with facilitated discourse among all participants. Three categories of surprise were identified: breakthroughs in product and process technology, new uses of existing technology, and the unexpectedly rapid progression of a technology to operational use. The incorporation of an adversary's own culture, history, beliefs, and value systems into analyses also emerged in discussions as an important factor in reducing surprise.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12919/avoiding-technology-surprise-for-tomorrows-warfighter-symposium-2010", year = 2010, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-48572-2", abstract = "As part of a multiyear project to promote a cooperative relationship between U.S. and Pakistani human and animal health and infectious disease experts, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, together with the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a bilateral workshop in Islamabad, Pakistan, to promote best practices in and improved communications, cooperation, and coordination among public, private, military, and animal health clinical laboratories in Pakistan. The workshop, \"Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan,\" was held on September 27-29, 2016.\nPakistani life science, public health, veterinary, and clinical laboratory experts, graduate students from Pakistani institutions of higher learning, and U.S. scientists\/clinicians met at the workshop to explore questions facing human and animal health policy makers in Pakistan. This publication summarizes presentations and discussions of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25288/strengthening-and-sustaining-a-network-of-public-and-animal-health-clinical-laboratories-in-pakistan", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Janet E. Joy and Richard B. Johnston, Jr.", title = "Multiple Sclerosis: Current Status and Strategies for the Future", isbn = "978-0-309-07285-4", abstract = "Multiple sclerosis is a chronic and often disabling disease of the nervous system, affecting about 1 million people worldwide. Even though it has been known for over a hundred years, no cause or cure has yet been discovered\u2014but now there is hope. New therapies have been shown to slow the disease progress in some patients, and the pace of discoveries about the cellular machinery of the brain and spinal cord has accelerated.\nThis book presents a comprehensive overview of multiple sclerosis today, as researchers seek to understand its processes, develop therapies that will slow or halt the disease and perhaps repair damage, offer relief for specific symptoms, and improve the abilities of MS patients to function in their daily lives.\nThe panel reviews existing knowledge and identifies key research questions, focusing on:\n\n Research strategies that have the greatest potential to understand the biological mechanisms of recovery and to translate findings into specific strategies for therapy.\n How people adapt to MS and the research needed to improve the lives of people with MS.\n Management of disease symptoms (cognitive impairment, depression, \t\t\tspasticity, vision problems, and others).\n\nThe committee also discusses ways to build and financially support the MS research enterprise, including a look at challenges inherent in designing clinical trials. This book will be important to MS researchers, research funders, health care advocates for MS research and treatment, and interested patients and their families.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10031/multiple-sclerosis-current-status-and-strategies-for-the-future", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }