TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Alan I. Leshner A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt A2 - Arlene F. Lee A2 - Margaret A. McCoy A2 - Patrick W. Kelley TI - Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence SN - DO - 10.17226/18319 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18319/priorities-for-research-to-reduce-the-threat-of-firearm-related-violence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2010, more than 105,000 people were injured or killed in the United States as the result of a firearm-related incident. Recent, highly publicized, tragic mass shootings in Newtown, CT; Aurora, CO; Oak Creek, WI; and Tucson, AZ, have sharpened the American public's interest in protecting our children and communities from the harmful effects of firearm violence. While many Americans legally use firearms for a variety of activities, fatal and nonfatal firearm violence poses a serious threat to public safety and welfare. In January 2013, President Barack Obama issued 23 executive orders directing federal agencies to improve knowledge of the causes of firearm violence, what might help prevent it, and how to minimize its burden on public health. One of these orders directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to, along with other federal agencies, immediately begin identifying the most pressing problems in firearm violence research. The CDC and the CDC Foundation asked the IOM, in collaboration with the National Research Council, to convene a committee tasked with developing a potential research agenda that focuses on the causes of, possible interventions to, and strategies to minimize the burden of firearm-related violence. Priorities for Research to Reduce the Threat of Firearm-Related Violence focuses on the characteristics of firearm violence, risk and protective factors, interventions and strategies, the impact of gun safety technology, and the influence of video games and other media. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Johnson A2 - Audrey Thévenon A2 - Sabina Vadnais TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27204 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27204/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-lessons-learned-in-addressing-inequities-in-heat-related-climate-change-impacts PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Extreme heat is a pervasive and critical hazard of climate change. While heat poses a significant threat to large swaths of the human population, it is not affecting all people or all communities equally. To explore what it takes to prevent and mitigate inequitable health impacts from extreme heat, the National Academies Environmental Health Matters Initiative (EHMI) organized a workshop on June 20-21, 2023, titled Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Lessons Learned in Addressing Inequities in Heat-Related Climate Change Impacts. The workshop was the third in a series of EHMI events exploring the state of knowledge about climate-related health disparities. This hybrid event convened people with lived experience in communities affected by extreme heat; experts in environmental health, economic, and racial justice; climate scientists; energy specialists; and people involved in sustainable planning and disaster relief. Through presentations, shared stories, and interactive discussions, participants explored real-world challenges related to extreme heat, along with actions being pursued to prevent, adapt to, or mitigate the health consequences. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Louise Flavahan A2 - Joan Romaine TI - Public Policy Approaches to Violence Prevention: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25031 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25031/public-policy-approaches-to-violence-prevention-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on December 1–2, 2016, with the aim of illuminating the ways in which violence prevention practitioners can effectively share their evidenced-based research findings with policy makers in order to positively affect and amplify violence prevention efforts. The workshop explored this topic through three lenses: (1) economics and costing, (2) research and evidence, and (3) effective communications and messaging. This approach underscored the fact that violence prevention is a complex and multi-faceted issue that requires an interdisciplinary approach. This 2-day workshop brought together a diverse group of experts from various domains and backgrounds to foster multi-sectoral dialogues on the topic. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Melissa French A2 - Alexis Wojtowicz TI - Health Systems Interventions to Prevent Firearm Injuries and Death: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25354 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25354/health-systems-interventions-to-prevent-firearm-injuries-and-death-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Firearm injuries and death are a serious public health concern in the United States. Firearm-related injuries account for tens of thousands of premature deaths of adults and children each year and significantly increase the burden of injury and disability. Firearm injuries are also costly to the health system, accounting for nearly $3 billion in emergency department and inpatient care each year. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to examine the roles that health systems can play in addressing the epidemic of firearm violence in the United States. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Holly Rhodes TI - The Criminal Justice System and Social Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25247 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25247/the-criminal-justice-system-and-social-exclusion-race-ethnicity-and-gender PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in April 2018 to examine how the criminal justice system affects the fundamental status of people as members of society and to consider next steps for research, practice, and policy for the field. The goal of the workshop was to find common ground to work toward a criminal justice system that avoids social exclusion and instead reflects the principles of citizenship and social justice with a fair distribution of rights, resources and opportunities. The workshop was specifically designed to explore the reasons for the disparate experiences of individuals involved with the criminal justice system by race, ethnicity, and gender, the mechanisms that cause them to persist, and what can be done through policy and practice to minimize those differences. Participants—including researchers, policy makers, and advocates for victims and offenders—discussed issues in five areas: (1) the role of criminal justice in social exclusion; (2) patterns of inequality in criminal justice; (3) collateral sanctions of the criminal justice system; (4) special concerns for youth and young adult populations; and (5) next steps for research, policy, and practice. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper TI - Engaging the Private-Sector Health Care System in Building Capacity to Respond to Threats to the Public's Health and National Security: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25203 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25203/engaging-the-private-sector-health-care-system-in-building-capacity-to-respond-to-threats-to-the-publics-health-and-national-security PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Disasters tend to cross political, jurisdictional, functional, and geographic boundaries. As a result, disasters often require responses from multiple levels of government and multiple organizations in the public and private sectors. This means that public and private organizations that normally operate independently must work together to mount an effective disaster response. To identify and understand approaches to aligning health care system incentives with the American public’s need for a health care system that is prepared to manage acutely ill and injured patients during a disaster, public health emergency, or other mass casualty event, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a 2-day public workshop on March 20 and 21, 2018. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Dara Rosenberg TI - Integrating Firearm Injury Prevention into Health Care: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Northwell Health; and PEACE Initiative SN - DO - 10.17226/26707 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26707/integrating-firearm-injury-prevention-into-health-care-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The staggering number of deaths and emergency department visits caused by firearm injuries has only grown with time. Costs associated with firearm related injuries amount to over a billion dollars annually in the United States alone, not including physician charges and postdischarge costs. To address this epidemic, in April of 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice, in collaboration with Northwell Heath and the PEACE Initiative, brought together firearm injury prevention thought leaders to explore how health systems can integrate interventions for firearm injury prevention into routine care for the purpose of improving the health of patients and communities. The workshop speakers discussed strategies for firearm injury and mortality prevention and its integration into routine care. Speakers also explored facilitators and barriers to implementation strategies, and how health systems might work to overcome those barriers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Justin Snair A2 - Anna Nicholson A2 - Claire Giammaria TI - Countering Violent Extremism Through Public Health Practice: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24638 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24638/countering-violent-extremism-through-public-health-practice-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Countering violent extremism consists of various prevention and intervention approaches to increase the resilience of communities and individuals to radicalization toward violent extremism, to provide nonviolent avenues for expressing grievances, and to educate communities about the threat of recruitment and radicalization to violence. To explore the application of health approaches in community-level strategies to countering violent extremism and radicalization, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a public workshop in September 2016. Participants explored the evolving threat of violent extremism and radicalization within communities across America, traditional versus health-centered approaches to countering violent extremism and radicalization, and opportunities for cross-sector and interdisciplinary collaboration and learning among domestic and international stakeholders and organizations. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Sarah Carter A2 - Vern Dunn A2 - Steven Kendall A2 - Anne-Marie Mazza TI - The Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26191 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26191/the-science-of-implicit-bias-implications-for-law-and-policy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - On March 22-23, 2021, an ad hoc planning committee under the auspices of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Committee on Science, Technology, and Law hosted a virtual workshop titled The Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy. Implicit bias has been commonly defined as any unconscious or unacknowledged preferences that can affect a person's beliefs or behaviors, and in particular, an unconscious favoritism toward or prejudice against people of a certain race, gender, or group that influences one's own actions or perceptions. The methods for identifying the presence and degree of an individual's implicit bias, the presence of implicit bias throughout society, and the successes or failures of attempts to mitigate implicit bias are topics of much scientific inquiry, with ramifications for law and policy as well as a multitude of organizational settings. The ways in which implicit bias reflects or contributes to structural and systemic racism in the U.S. remains an open and urgent question. The workshop, organized by the Committee on the Science of Implicit Bias: Implications for Law and Policy, was convened to better understand the state of the science on this topic in the context of critical and ongoing discussions about racism in the United States. racism in the U.S. Funding for the workshop was provided by the Ford Foundation.  ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Alexandra Andrada A2 - Andrew Bremer A2 - Marilee Shelton-Davenport TI - The Interplay Between Environmental Exposures and Mental Health Outcomes: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26201 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26201/the-interplay-between-environmental-exposures-and-mental-health-outcomes-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Mounting evidence shows that the environment can play an important role in mental health, yet comparatively few studies have focused on the mental or behavioral health outcomes of environmental stressors. The Interplay Between Environmental Exposures and Mental Health Outcomes, a virtual workshop held on February 2-3, 2021, provided mental health and environmental health research experts from government, academia, and the private sector with the opportunity to explore emerging research on the relationships between environmental exposures and mental health. Workshop presentations covered a broad array of the diverse makeup of environmental exposures, including those that are chemical, biological, or physical, and either natural or human-made in origin. Furthermore, while the historical definition of an environmental exposure refers to a contact that causes a negative health effect, some presenters highlighted how a person's environment can lead to positive mental health outcomes. Workshop participants also discussed approaches to better integrate mental and behavioral health into multidisciplinary considerations of environmental health; considered how mental and behavioral health impacts could become part of environmental risk assessments and public health choices; and highlighted new tools and technologies to assess ways in which the environment can affect mental health. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides the rapporteurs' high-level summary of the topics addressed in the workshop and suggestions provided by workshop participants for ways of integrating mental and behavioral health research and environmental research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jeanne C. Rivard A2 - Adrienne Stith Butler TI - Lessons Learned from Diverse Efforts to Change Social Norms and Opportunities and Strategies to Promote Behavior Change in Behavioral Health: Proceedings of Two Workshops SN - DO - 10.17226/24824 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24824/lessons-learned-from-diverse-efforts-to-change-social-norms-and-opportunities-and-strategies-to-promote-behavior-change-in-behavioral-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened two workshops with oversight from the Committee on the Science of Changing Behavioral Health Social Norms. The workshops provided input to the committee’s deliberations and contributed to the development of the report Ending Discrimination against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders. That report was issued to help the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration and the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Planning and Evaluation, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, utilize the scientific evidence base in improving public attitudes toward and understanding of behavioral health, specifically in the areas of mental health and substance use disorders. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions at the two workshops. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Deborah Matherly A2 - Patricia Bye A2 - Janet Benini A2 - Trevor Clifford A2 - Faye Walstead A2 - Zachary Falk A2 - John Gasparine A2 - Shanwen Liu A2 - William D. Ankner A2 - Mark Krentz A2 - Karl Kim A2 - Eric Yamashita A2 - Jiwnath Ghimire TI - Developing an Emergency Response Playbook for State Transportation Agencies DO - 10.17226/27378 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27378/developing-an-emergency-response-playbook-for-state-transportation-agencies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Transportation plays a crucial role before, during and after an emergency. Transportation agencies’ unique role stems from their broad range of capabilities and responsibilities. NCHRP Web-Only Document 384: Developing an Emergency Management Playbook for State Transportation Agencies, from TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program, helps develop a playbook to support emergency management program review and development for state transportation agencies.The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1093: An Emergency Management Playbook for State Transportation Agencies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Police Training to Promote the Rule of Law and Protect the Population SN - DO - 10.17226/26467 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26467/police-training-to-promote-the-rule-of-law-and-protect-the-population PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Training police in the knowledge and skills necessary to support the rule of law and protect the public is a substantial component of the activities of international organizations that provide foreign assistance. Significant challenges with such training activities arise with the wide range of cultural, institutional, political, and social contexts across countries. In addition, foreign assistance donors often have to leverage programs and capacity in their own countries to provide training in partner countries, and there are many examples of training, including in the United States, that do not rely on the best scientific evidence of policing practices and training design. Studies have shown disconnects between the reported goals of training, notably that of protecting the population, and actual behaviors by police officers. These realities present a diversity of challenges and opportunities for foreign assistance donors and police training. At the request of the U.S. State Department's Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, the Committee on Law and Justice of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine examined scientific evidence and assessed research needs for effective policing in the context of the challenges above. This report, the second in a series of five, responds to the following questions: What are the core knowledge and skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? What is known about mechanisms (e.g., basic and continuing education or other capacity building programs) for developing the core skills needed for police to promote the rule of law and protect the population? ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Restoring and Improving Nuclear Forensics to Support Attribution and Deterrence: Public Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/26167 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26167/restoring-and-improving-nuclear-forensics-to-support-attribution-and-deterrence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Nuclear forensics is the analysis of nuclear materials, devices, emissions, and signals to determine the origin and history of those nuclear materials and devices. At the request of the Secretary of Energy, and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security, Restoring and Improving Nuclear Forensics to Support Attribution and Deterrence evaluates the U.S. government's nuclear forensics capabilities. A 2010 National Academies report, Nuclear Forensics: A Capability at Risk, characterized the precarious state of the national technical nuclear forensics (NTNF) program at that time: NTNF relied almost entirely on staff dedicated to and residual funding from other related programs. This summary report addresses the current state of U.S. NTNF capabilities relative to the National Academies evaluation in 2010 and recommends ways to improve the NTNF program through improvements in policy, operations, and research and development efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Megan Snair A2 - Aurelia Attal-Juncqua A2 - Scott Wollek TI - Crisis Standards of Care: Ten Years of Successes and Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25767 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25767/crisis-standards-of-care-ten-years-of-successes-and-challenges PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2009 the Institute of Medicine (IOM) began to assess the need for better-defined medical and public health crisis standards of care (CSC) for catastrophic disasters and public health emergencies. Over the next 10 years, the IOM defined templates for those stakeholders responsible for integrated CSC planning and implementation; created a tool kit with guidance on indicators and triggers; provided a discussion kit for stakeholders to use with their own communities to establish appropriate indicators and triggers to guide their planning; disseminated the messages and key concepts of CSC; and built on the initial efforts to refine certain elements and address remaining gaps. This current Proceedings of a Workshop captures the discussions from a 2019 workshop reviewing the successes and gaps over the last 10 years of CSC work, in order to inform the next phases of planning and implementation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Evelynn Hammonds A2 - Howard Markel A2 - David Rosner A2 - Rosemary Stevens A2 - Laura Harbold DeStefano A2 - Andrea Schultz A2 - Edward Berkowitz TI - A History of the National Academy of Medicine: 50 Years of Transformational Leadership SN - DO - 10.17226/26708 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26708/a-history-of-the-national-academy-of-medicine-50-years PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Commissioned to mark the 50th anniversary of the National Academy of Medicine (NAM; formerly the Institute of Medicine [IOM]), this volume describes the circumstances that led to the IOM's founding in 1970, the members and leaders who built and sustained the organization, and the process by which the IOM became the NAM in 2015. The volume also details a selection of the IOM/NAM's most influential contributions to biomedical science, U.S. health care, and population health and concludes with the story of how the organization navigated unprecedented national and global crises between 2015 and 2021. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Ending Discrimination Against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Evidence for Stigma Change SN - DO - 10.17226/23442 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23442/ending-discrimination-against-people-with-mental-and-substance-use-disorders PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - Estimates indicate that as many as 1 in 4 Americans will experience a mental health problem or will misuse alcohol or drugs in their lifetimes. These disorders are among the most highly stigmatized health conditions in the United States, and they remain barriers to full participation in society in areas as basic as education, housing, and employment. Improving the lives of people with mental health and substance abuse disorders has been a priority in the United States for more than 50 years. The Community Mental Health Act of 1963 is considered a major turning point in America's efforts to improve behavioral healthcare. It ushered in an era of optimism and hope and laid the groundwork for the consumer movement and new models of recovery. The consumer movement gave voice to people with mental and substance use disorders and brought their perspectives and experience into national discussions about mental health. However over the same 50-year period, positive change in American public attitudes and beliefs about mental and substance use disorders has lagged behind these advances. Stigma is a complex social phenomenon based on a relationship between an attribute and a stereotype that assigns undesirable labels, qualities, and behaviors to a person with that attribute. Labeled individuals are then socially devalued, which leads to inequality and discrimination. This report contributes to national efforts to understand and change attitudes, beliefs and behaviors that can lead to stigma and discrimination. Changing stigma in a lasting way will require coordinated efforts, which are based on the best possible evidence, supported at the national level with multiyear funding, and planned and implemented by an effective coalition of representative stakeholders. Ending Discrimination Against People with Mental and Substance Use Disorders: The Evidence for Stigma Change explores stigma and discrimination faced by individuals with mental or substance use disorders and recommends effective strategies for reducing stigma and encouraging people to seek treatment and other supportive services. It offers a set of conclusions and recommendations about successful stigma change strategies and the research needed to inform and evaluate these efforts in the United States. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Bruce Western A2 - Khalil Gibran Muhammad A2 - Yamrot Negussie A2 - Emily Backes TI - Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/26705 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice. Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization, and system involvement. Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating local initiatives with state and federal leadership. This report also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and accountability. While the available data points toward trends that Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research should be explored to better inform decision-making. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patricia A. Cuff A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag TI - Exploring the Role of Health Professional Students and Trainees as Members of the Health Workforce During Crises: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26695 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26695/exploring-the-role-of-health-professional-students-and-trainees-as-members-of-the-health-workforce-during-crises PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The onset of COVID-19 pandemic and inundation of the U.S. health care system emphasized infrastructural and health professional education vulnerabilities. A planning committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Global Forum on Innovation in Health Professional Education conducted a series of public workshops in the fall of 2021 to explore whether students and trainees should be viewed as members of the health workforce, particular in times of emergency as was experienced during the COVID-19 public health crisis. The planning committee gathered educators, students, administrators, and health professionals to share ideas, experiences, and data to strategize expansion of learning opportunities for medical trainees and enhancement of medical preparedness to unforeseen crises without compromising the quality of patient care. The workshops explored issues such as identifying evidence on value-added roles for students to serve in the delivery of care and in a public health capacity, and balancing the role of learners as consumers (tuition payers) and not licensed providers versus members of the health workforce. This Proceedings highlights presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Medicine A2 - Kimber Bogard A2 - Velma McBride Murry A2 - Charlee Alexander TI - Perspectives on Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health SN - DO - 10.17226/27117 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27117/perspectives-on-health-equity-and-social-determinants-of-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Social factors, signals, and biases shape the health of our nation. Racism and poverty manifest in unequal social, environmental, and economic conditions, resulting in deep-rooted health disparities that carry over from generation to generation. In Perspectives on Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health, authors call for collective action across sectors to reverse the debilitating and often lethal consequences of health inequity. This edited volume of discussion papers provides recommendations to advance the agenda to promote health equity for all. Organized by research approaches and policy implications, systems that perpetuate or ameliorate health disparities, and specific examples of ways in which health disparities manifest in communities of color, this Special Publication provides a stark look at how health and well-being are nurtured, protected, and preserved where people live, learn, work, and play. All of our nation’s institutions have important roles to play even if they do not think of their purpose as fundamentally linked to health and well-being. The rich discussions found throughout Perspectives on Health Equity and Social Determinants of Health make way for the translation of policies and actions to improve health and health equity for all citizens of our society. The major health problems of our time cannot be solved by health care alone. They cannot be solved by public health alone. Collective action is needed, and it is needed now. ER -