@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "The Quarantine and Certification of Martian Samples", isbn = "978-0-309-07571-8", abstract = "One of the highest-priority activities in the planetary sciences identified in published reports of the Space Studies Board's Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) and in reports of other advisory groups is the collection and return of extraterrestrial samples to Earth for study in terrestrial laboratories. In response to recommendations made in such studies, NASA has initiated a vigorous program that will, within the next decade, collect samples from a variety of solar system environments. In particular the Mars Exploration Program is expected to launch spacecraft that are designed to collect samples of martian soil, rocks, and atmosphere and return them to Earth, perhaps as early as 2015.International treaty obligations mandate that NASA conduct such a program in a manner that avoids the cross-contamination of both Earth and Mars. The Space Studies Board's 1997 report Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations examined many of the planetary-protection issues concerning the back contamination of Earth and concluded that, although the probability that martian samples will contain dangerous biota is small, it is not zero.1 Steps must be taken to protect Earth against the remote possibility of contamination by life forms that may have evolved on Mars. Similarly, the samples, collected at great expense, must be protected against contamination by terrestrial biota and other matter. Almost certainly, meeting these requirements will entail opening the sample-return container in an appropriate facility on Earth-presumably a BSL-4 laboratory-where testing, biosafety certification, and quarantine of the samples will be carried out before aliquots are released to the scientific community for study in existing laboratory facilities. The nature of the required quarantine facility, and the decisions required for disposition of samples once they are in it, were regarded as issues of sufficient importance and complexity to warrant a study by the Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) in isolation from other topics. (Previous studies have been much broader, including also consideration of the mission that collects samples on Mars and brings them to Earth, atmospheric entry, sample recovery, and transport to the quarantine facility.) The charge to COMPLEX stated that the central question to be addressed in this study is the following: What are the criteria that must be satisfied before martian samples can be released from a quarantine facility?", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10138/the-quarantine-and-certification-of-martian-samples", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Safe on Mars: Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Martian Surface", isbn = "978-0-309-08426-0", abstract = "This study, commissioned by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), examines the role of robotic exploration missions in assessing the risks to the first human missions to Mars. Only those hazards arising from exposure to environmental, chemical, and biological agents on the planet are assessed. To ensure that it was including all previously identified hazards in its study, the Committee on Precursor Measurements Necessary to Support Human Operations on the Surface of Mars referred to the most recent report from NASA's Mars Exploration Program\/ Payload Analysis Group (MEPAG) (Greeley, 2001). The committee concluded that the requirements identified in the present NRC report are indeed the only ones essential for NASA to pursue in order to mitigate potential hazards to the first human missions to Mars.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10360/safe-on-mars-precursor-measurements-necessary-to-support-human-operations", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Planetary Exploration, 1968-1975; Report of a Study by the Space Science Board, Washington, D.C., June 1968", abstract = "Planetary Exploration, 1968-1975 is the report of a study convened by the Space Science Board to consider planetary exploration. The group reappraised the recommendations of the Board's 1965 Woods Hole Study in the light of advances in scientific knowledge and changing demands upon the nation's resources.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18655/planetary-exploration-1968-1975-report-of-a-study-by-the-space-science-board-washington-dc-june-1968", year = 1968, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions", isbn = "978-0-309-37904-5", abstract = "Planetary protection is a guiding principle in the design of an interplanetary mission, aiming to prevent biological contamination of both the target celestial body and the Earth. The protection of high-priority science goals, the search for life and the understanding of the Martian organic environment may be compromised if Earth microbes carried by spacecraft are grown and spread on Mars. This has led to the definition of Special Regions on Mars where strict planetary protection measures have to be applied before a spacecraft can enter these areas.\nAt NASA's request, the community-based Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) established the Special Regions Science Analysis Group (SR-SAG2) in October 2013 to examine the quantitative definition of a Special Region and proposed modifications to it, as necessary, based upon the latest scientific results. Review of the MEPAG Report on Mars Special Regions reviews the conclusions and recommendations contained in MEPAG's SR-SAG2 report and assesses their consistency with current understanding of both the Martian environment and the physical and chemical limits for the survival and propagation of microbial and other life on Earth. This report provides recommendations for an update of the planetary protection requirements for Mars Special Regions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21816/review-of-the-mepag-report-on-mars-special-regions", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Planetary Protection Classification of Sample Return Missions from the Martian Moons", isbn = "978-0-309-48859-4", abstract = "An international consensus policy to prevent the biological cross-contamination of planetary bodies exists and is maintained by the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) of the International Council for Science, which is consultative to the United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. Currently, COSPAR's planetary protection policy does not specify the status of sample-return missions from Phobos or Deimos, the moons of Mars. Although the moons themselves are not considered potential habitats for life or of intrinsic relevance to prebiotic chemical evolution, recent studies indicate that a significant amount of material recently ejected from Mars could be present on the surface of Phobos and, to a lesser extent, Deimos.\n\nThis report reviews recent theoretical, experimental, and modeling research on the environments and physical conditions encountered by Mars ejecta during certain processes. It recommends whether missions returning samples from Phobos and\/or Deimos should be classified as \"restricted\" or \"unrestricted\" Earth return in the framework of the planetary protection policy maintained by COSPAR. This report also considers the specific ways the classification of sample return from Deimos is a different case than sample return from Phobos.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25357/planetary-protection-classification-of-sample-return-missions-from-the-martian-moons", year = 2019, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Assessment of Planned Scientific Content of the LGO, MAO, and NEAR Missions: Letter Report", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12348/assessment-of-planned-scientific-content-of-the-lgo-mao-and-near-missions", year = 1986, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Update to Strategy for Exploration of the Inner Planets", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12329/update-to-strategy-for-exploration-of-the-inner-planets", year = 1990, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Post-Viking Biological Investigations of Mars", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12380/post-viking-biological-investigations-of-mars", year = 1977, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Scientific Prerequisites for the Human Exploration of Space", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12300/scientific-prerequisites-for-the-human-exploration-of-space", year = 1993, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Review of NASA's Planned Mars Program", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12278/review-of-nasas-planned-mars-program", year = 1996, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Assessment of NASA's Mars Architecture 2007-2016", isbn = "978-0-309-10273-5", abstract = "The United States and the former Soviet Union have sent spacecraft to mars as early as 1966, with Mars' exploration being priority for NASA spacecraft. Both sides, however, have failed as well as succeed. The inability to determine if life exists on Mars is considered one of NASA's failures and undercut political support for additional Mars missions in the U.S. until the launch of the Mars Observer in 1992. Thus, the exploration of life on Mars continues, but with a new approach. \n \nAssessment of NASA's Mars Architecture, 2007-2016 is an assessment by the Committee to Review the Next Decade Mars Architecture of the National Research Council (NRC) conducted by request of Dr. Mary Cleave, NASA's Associate Administrator for the Science Mission Directorate. The Committee addresses the following questions: Is the Mars architecture reflective of the strategies, priorities, and guidelines put forward by the National Research Council's solar system exploration decadal survey and related science strategies and NASA plans?, Does the revised Mars architecture address the goals of NASA's Mars Exploration Program and optimize the science return, given the current fiscal posture of the program?, and Does the Mars architecture represent a reasonably balanced mission portfolio?\n \nAfter several months of study, consideration and incorporation of the guidance from NRC studies, especially New Frontiers in the Solar System, and the Vision for Space Exploration; community consultations via individual inputs; and a MEPAG-sponsored working group, a plan was created. This report includes the plan, which has an Astrobiology Field Laboratory or two Mild Rovers mission planned for 2016, recommendations from the committee, NRC guidelines for mars exploration, and more. \n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11717/assessment-of-nasas-mars-architecture-2007-2016", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Assessment of Mars Science and Mission Priorities", isbn = "978-0-309-08917-3", abstract = "Within the Office of Space Science of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) special importance is attached to exploration of the planet Mars, because it is the most like Earth of the planets in the solar system and the place where the first detection of extraterrestrial life seems most likely to be made. The failures in 1999 of two NASA missions\u2014Mars Climate Orbiter and Mars Polar Lander\u2014caused the space agency's program of Mars exploration to be systematically rethought, both technologically and scientifically. A new Mars Exploration Program plan (summarized in Appendix A) was announced in October 2000. The Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX), a standing committee of the Space Studies Board of the National Research Council, was asked to examine the scientific content of this new program. This goals of this report are the following:\n-Review the state of knowledge of the planet Mars, with special emphasis on findings of the most recent Mars missions and related research activities;\n-Review the most important Mars research opportunities in the immediate future;\n-Review scientific priorities for the exploration of Mars identified by COMPLEX (and other scientific advisory groups) and their motivation, and consider the degree to which recent discoveries suggest a reordering of priorities; and\n-Assess the congruence between NASA's evolving Mars Exploration Program plan and these recommended priorities, and suggest any adjustments that might be warranted.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10715/assessment-of-mars-science-and-mission-priorities", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Space Technology for the New Century", isbn = "978-0-309-05987-9", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6068/space-technology-for-the-new-century", year = 1998, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Assessment of Planetary Protection Requirements for Mars Sample Return Missions", isbn = "978-0-309-13073-8", abstract = "NASA maintains a planetary protection policy to avoid the forward biological contamination of other worlds by terrestrial organisms, and back biological contamination of Earth from the return of extraterrestrial materials by spaceflight missions. Forward-contamination issues related to Mars missions were addressed in a 2006 National Research Council (NRC) book, Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars. However, it has been more than 10 years since back-contamination issues were last examined.\nDriven by a renewed interest in Mars sample return missions, this book reviews, updates, and replaces the planetary protection conclusions and recommendations contained in the NRC's 1997 report Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations. The specific issues addressed in this book include the following:\n\n The potential for living entities to be included in samples returned from Mars;\n Scientific investigations that should be conducted to reduce uncertainty in the above assessment;\n The potential for large-scale effects on Earth's environment by any returned entity released to the environment;\n Criteria for intentional sample release, taking note of current and anticipated regulatory frameworks; and\n The status of technological measures that could be taken on a mission to prevent the inadvertent release of a returned sample into Earth's biosphere.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12576/assessment-of-planetary-protection-requirements-for-mars-sample-return-missions", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Research for a Future in Space: The Role of Life and Physical Sciences", abstract = "During its more than 50-year history, NASA's success in human space exploration has depended on the agency's ability to effectively address a wide range of biomedical, engineering, physical sciences, and related obstacles. This achievement is made possible by NASA's strong and productive commitments to life and physical sciences research for human space exploration, and by its use of human space exploration infrastructures for scientific discovery.\n\nResearch for a Future in Space: The Role of Life and Physical Sciences explains how unique characteristics of the space environment can be used to address complex problems in the life and physical sciences. This booklet also helps deliver both new knowledge and practical benefits for humankind as it embarks on a new era of space exploration.\n \nResearch for a Future in Space: The Role of Life and Physical Sciences is based on the in depth report, Recapturing a Future for Space Exploration: Life and Physical Sciences Research for a New Era. To learn more about the future of space exploration, visit our catalog page and download this report for free.\n ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13450/research-for-a-future-in-space-the-role-of-life", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Microgravity Research in Support of Technologies for the Human Exploration and Development of Space and Planetary Bodies", isbn = "978-0-309-06491-0", abstract = "The frontier represented by the near solar system confronts humanity with intriguing challenges and opportunities. With the inception of the Human Exploration and Development of Space (HEDS) enterprise in 1995, NASA has acknowledged the opportunities and has accepted the very significant challenges.\nMicrogravity Research in Support of Technologies for the Human Exploration and Development of Space and Planetary Bodies was commissioned by NASA to assist it in coordinating the scientific information relevant to anticipating, identifying, and solving the technical problems that must be addressed throughout the HEDS program over the coming decades. This report assesses scientific and related technological issues facing NASA's Human Exploration and Development of Space endeavor, looking specifically at mission enabling and enhancing technologies which, for development, require an improved understanding of fluid and material behavior in a reduced gravity environment.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9452/microgravity-research-in-support-of-technologies-for-the-human-exploration-and-development-of-space-and-planetary-bodies", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars", isbn = "978-0-309-09724-6", abstract = "Recent spacecraft and robotic probes to Mars have yielded data that are changing our understanding significantly about the possibility of existing or past life on that planet. Coupled with advances in biology and life-detection techniques, these developments place increasing importance on the need to protect Mars from contamination by Earth-borne organisms. To help with this effort, NASA requested that the NRC examine existing planetary protection measures for Mars and recommend changes and further research to improve such measures. This report discusses policies, requirements, and techniques to protect Mars from organisms originating on Earth that could interfere with scientific investigations. It provides recommendations on cleanliness and biological burden levels of Mars-bound spacecraft, methods to reach those levels, and research to reduce uncertainties in preventing forward contamination of Mars. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11381/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-mars", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "An Initial Review of Microgravity Research in Support of Human Exploration and Development of Space", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12270/an-initial-review-of-microgravity-research-in-support-of-human-exploration-and-development-of-space", year = 1997, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Solar and Space Physics and Its Role in Space Exploration", isbn = "978-0-309-09325-5", abstract = "In February 2004, the President announced a new goal for NASA; to use humans and robots together to explore the Moon, Mars, and beyond. In response to this initiative, NASA has adopted new exploration goals that depend, in part, on solar physics research. These actions raised questions about how the research agenda recommended by the NRC in its 2002 report, The Sun to the Earth and Beyond, which did not reflect the new exploration goals, would be affected. As a result, NASA requested the NRC to review the role solar and space physics should play in support of the new goals. This report presents the results of that review. It considers solar and space physics both as aspects of scientific exploration and in support of enabling future exploration of the solar system. The report provides a series of recommendations about NASA's Sun-Earth Connections program to enable it to meet both of those goals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11103/solar-and-space-physics-and-its-role-in-space-exploration", year = 2004, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Assessment of Solar System Exploration Programs--1991", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12323/assessment-of-solar-system-exploration-programs-1991", year = 1991, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }