@BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles", isbn = "978-0-309-37388-3", abstract = "The light-duty vehicle fleet is expected to undergo substantial technological changes over the next several decades. New powertrain designs, alternative fuels, advanced materials and significant changes to the vehicle body are being driven by increasingly stringent fuel economy and greenhouse gas emission standards. By the end of the next decade, cars and light-duty trucks will be more fuel efficient, weigh less, emit less air pollutants, have more safety features, and will be more expensive to purchase relative to current vehicles. Though the gasoline-powered spark ignition engine will continue to be the dominant powertrain configuration even through 2030, such vehicles will be equipped with advanced technologies, materials, electronics and controls, and aerodynamics. And by 2030, the deployment of alternative methods to propel and fuel vehicles and alternative modes of transportation, including autonomous vehicles, will be well underway. What are these new technologies - how will they work, and will some technologies be more effective than others?\nWritten to inform The United States Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission standards, this new report from the National Research Council is a technical evaluation of costs, benefits, and implementation issues of fuel reduction technologies for next-generation light-duty vehicles. Cost, Effectiveness, and Deployment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles estimates the cost, potential efficiency improvements, and barriers to commercial deployment of technologies that might be employed from 2020 to 2030. This report describes these promising technologies and makes recommendations for their inclusion on the list of technologies applicable for the 2017-2025 CAFE standards.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21744/cost-effectiveness-and-deployment-of-fuel-economy-technologies-for-light-duty-vehicles", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Assessment of Fuel Economy Technologies for Light-Duty Vehicles", isbn = "978-0-309-15607-3", abstract = "Various combinations of commercially available technologies could greatly reduce fuel consumption in passenger cars, sport-utility vehicles, minivans, and other light-duty vehicles without compromising vehicle performance or safety. Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy estimates the potential fuel savings and costs to consumers of available technology combinations for three types of engines: spark-ignition gasoline, compression-ignition diesel, and hybrid. \n\nAccording to its estimates, adopting the full combination of improved technologies in medium and large cars and pickup trucks with spark-ignition engines could reduce fuel consumption by 29 percent at an additional cost of $2,200 to the consumer. Replacing spark-ignition engines with diesel engines and components would yield fuel savings of about 37 percent at an added cost of approximately $5,900 per vehicle, and replacing spark-ignition engines with hybrid engines and components would reduce fuel consumption by 43 percent at an increase of $6,000 per vehicle. \n\nThe book focuses on fuel consumption\u2014the amount of fuel consumed in a given driving distance\u2014because energy savings are directly related to the amount of fuel used. In contrast, fuel economy measures how far a vehicle will travel with a gallon of fuel. Because fuel consumption data indicate money saved on fuel purchases and reductions in carbon dioxide emissions, the book finds that vehicle stickers should provide consumers with fuel consumption data in addition to fuel economy information.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12924/assessment-of-fuel-economy-technologies-for-light-duty-vehicles", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Development of Crash Energy Management Performance Requirements for Light-Rail Vehicles", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Web-Only Document 40: Development of Crash Energy Management Performance Requirements for Light-Rail Vehicles explores potential crash scenarios for various light rail vehicle designs and examines applications of the results to develop crash energy management guidelines.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22021/development-of-crash-energy-management-performance-requirements-for-light-rail-vehicles", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Center Truck Performance on Low-Floor Light Rail Vehicles", abstract = "TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 114: Center Truck Performance on Low-Floor Light Rail Vehicles examines performance issues observed in the operation of low-floor light rail vehicle (LFLRV) center trucks (focusing on 70-percent low-floor vehicles), such as excessive wheel wear and noise and occasional derailments, and provides proposed guidance on how to minimize or avoid these issues. The report also includes suggestions on LFLRV specifications, maintenance, and design, as well as on related infrastructure design and maintenance, to maximize performance of these LFLRV center trucks.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14000/center-truck-performance-on-low-floor-light-rail-vehicles", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Light Rail Vehicle Collisions with Vehicles at Signalized Intersections", abstract = "TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Synthesis 79: Light Rail Vehicle Collisions with Vehicles at Signalized Intersections explores mitigation methods tested and used by transit agencies to reduce collisions between light rail vehicles (LRVs) and motor vehicles where light rail transit (LRT) runs through or adjacent to highway intersections controlled by conventional traffic signals.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14215/light-rail-vehicle-collisions-with-vehicles-at-signalized-intersections", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy—2025-2035", isbn = "978-0-309-37122-3", abstract = "From daily commutes to cross-country road trips, millions of light-duty vehicles are on the road every day. The transportation sector is one of the United States\u2019 largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions, and fuel is an important cost for drivers. The period from 2025-2035 could bring the most fundamental transformation in the 100-plus year history of the automobile. Battery electric vehicle costs are likely to fall and reach parity with internal combustion engine vehicles. New generations of fuel cell vehicles will be produced. Connected and automated vehicle technologies will become more common, including likely deployment of some fully automated vehicles. These new categories of vehicles will for the first time assume a major portion of new vehicle sales, while internal combustion engine vehicles with improved powertrain, design, and aerodynamics will continue to be an important part of new vehicle sales and fuel economy improvement.\nThis study is a technical evaluation of the potential for internal combustion engine, hybrid, battery electric, fuel cell, nonpowertrain, and connected and automated vehicle technologies to contribute to efficiency in 2025-2035. In addition to making findings and recommendations related to technology cost and capabilities, Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035 considers the impacts of changes in consumer behavior and regulatory regimes.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26092/assessment-of-technologies-for-improving-light-duty-vehicle-fuel-economy-2025-2035", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Powering the U.S. Army of the Future", isbn = "978-0-309-25803-6", abstract = "At the request of the Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Army for Research and Technology, Powering the U.S. Army of the Future examines the U.S. Army's future power requirements for sustaining a multi-domain operational conflict and considers to what extent emerging power generation and transmission technologies can achieve the Army's operational power requirements in 2035. The study was based on one operational usage case identified by the Army as part of its ongoing efforts in multi-domain operations. The recommendations contained in this report are meant to help inform the Army's investment priorities in technologies to help ensure that the power requirements of the Army's future capability needs are achieved.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26052/powering-the-us-army-of-the-future", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Paul R. Donavan and Carrie J. Janello", title = "Appendices to NCHRP Research Report 842", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 225: Appendices to NCHRP Research Report 842 contains nine appendices toNCHRP Research Report 842: Mapping Heavy Vehicle Noise Source Heights for Highway Noise Analysis. NCHRP Research Report 842 provides an analysis to determine height distributions and spectral content for heavy vehicle noise sources. The report also explores establishing and beginning the development of an extended heavy vehicle (truck and bus) noise source database for incorporation into traffic noise models, including future versions of the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) Transportation Noise Model (TNM) acoustical code.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24703/appendices-to-nchrp-research-report-842", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Highway and Street Design Vehicles: An Update", abstract = "Approximately 55 percent of the passenger vehicles registered in the United States are light trucks, such as sport utility vehicles, vans, minivans, and pickup trucks. Conventional automobiles, such as sedans and coupes, make up the rest of passenger vehicles.\nNCHRP Research Report 1061: Highway and Street Design Vehicles: An Update, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, proposes revisions to the dimensions of 16 of the 20 design vehicles used in the 2018 edition of AASHTO\u2019s A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, commonly known as the Green Book.\nSupplemental to the report is a spreadsheet tool.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27236/highway-and-street-design-vehicles-an-update", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels", isbn = "978-0-309-26852-3", abstract = "\nFor a century, almost all light-duty vehicles (LDVs) have been powered by internal combustion engines operating on petroleum fuels. Energy security concerns about petroleum imports and the effect of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on global climate are driving interest in alternatives. Transitions to Alternative Vehicles and Fuels assesses the potential for reducing petroleum consumption and GHG emissions by 80 percent across the U.S. LDV fleet by 2050, relative to 2005.\nThis report examines the current capability and estimated future performance and costs for each vehicle type and non-petroleum-based fuel technology as options that could significantly contribute to these goals. By analyzing scenarios that combine various fuel and vehicle pathways, the report also identifies barriers to implementation of these technologies and suggests policies to achieve the desired reductions. Several scenarios are promising, but strong, and effective policies such as research and development, subsidies, energy taxes, or regulations will be necessary to overcome barriers, such as cost and consumer choice.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18264/transitions-to-alternative-vehicles-and-fuels", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report", isbn = "978-0-309-45687-6", abstract = "Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fifth Report follows on four previous reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership. The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible.\nThe guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry\/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24717/review-of-the-research-program-of-the-us-drive-partnership", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Yail Jimmy Kim", title = "Proposed AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for Light Rail Transit Loads", abstract = "TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 851: Proposed AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications for Light Rail Transit Loads provides proposed specifications for bridges carrying light rail transit loading, including those subjected to both light rail and highway traffic loading. The proposed specifications and design examples are based on comprehensive response monitoring of five bridges carrying light rail transit vehicles in Denver, Colorado, and analytical programs for investigating the behavior of light rail bridges, live loads and associated forces, rail\u2013train\u2013structure interaction, and load factor calibration to implement the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method. A standard live load model generates uniform design outcomes for any transit agency. Load factors are calibrated, particularly for the strength and fatigue limit states of light rail bridges.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24840/proposed-aashto-lrfd-bridge-design-specifications-for-light-rail-transit-loads", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report", isbn = "978-0-309-26831-8", abstract = "Review of the Research Program of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership: Fourth Report follows on three previous NRC reviews of the FreedomCAR and Fuel Partnership, which was the predecessor of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership (NRC, 2005, 2008a, 2010). The U.S. DRIVE (Driving Research and Innovation for Vehicle Efficiency and Energy Sustainability) vision, according to the charter of the Partnership, is this: American consumers have a broad range of affordable personal transportation choices that reduce petroleum consumption and significantly reduce harmful emissions from the transportation sector. Its mission is as follows: accelerate the development of pre-competitive and innovative technologies to enable a full range of efficient and clean advanced light-duty vehicles (LDVs), as well as related energy infrastructure. The Partnership focuses on precompetitive research and development (R&D) that can help to accelerate the emergence of advanced technologies to be commercialization-feasible.\nThe guidance for the work of the U.S. DRIVE Partnership as well as the priority setting and targets for needed research are provided by joint industry\/government technical teams. This structure has been demonstrated to be an effective means of identifying high-priority, long-term precompetitive research needs for each technology with which the Partnership is involved. Technical areas in which research and development as well as technology validation programs have been pursued include the following: internal combustion engines (ICEs) potentially operating on conventional and various alternative fuels, automotive fuel cell power systems, hydrogen storage systems (especially onboard vehicles), batteries and other forms of electrochemical energy storage, electric propulsion systems, hydrogen production and delivery, and materials leading to vehicle weight reductions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18262/review-of-the-research-program-of-the-us-drive-partnership", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Shared Use of Railroad Infrastructure with Noncompliant Public Transit Rail Vehicles: A Practitioner's Guide", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 130: Shared Use of Railroad Infrastructure with Noncompliant Public Transit Rail Vehicles: A Practitioner\u2019s Guide examines a business case for the shared use of non-Federal Railroad Administration-compliant public transit rail vehicles (e.g., light rail vehicles) with freight operations and highlights a business model for such shared-use operations. The report also explores potential advantages and disadvantages of shared-use operations and the issues and barriers that can arise in the course of implementation.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14220/shared-use-of-railroad-infrastructure-with-noncompliant-public-transit-rail-vehicles-a-practitioners-guide", year = 2009, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Parsons Brinckerhoff, Inc. and Track Guy Consultants and Ihrig and Associates Wilson, Inc.", title = "Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit, Second Edition", abstract = "TRB\u2019s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 155: Track Design Handbook for Light Rail Transit, Second Edition provides guidelines and descriptions for the design of various common types of light rail transit (LRT) track.The track structure types include ballasted track, direct fixation (\u201cballastless\u201d) track, and embedded track.The report considers the characteristics and interfaces of vehicle wheels and rail, tracks and wheel gauges, rail sections, alignments, speeds, and track moduli.The report includes chapters on vehicles, alignment, track structures, track components, special track work, aerial structures\/bridges, corrosion control, noise and vibration, signals, traction power, and the integration of LRT track into urban streets.A PowerPoint presentation describing the entire project is available online.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22800/track-design-handbook-for-light-rail-transit-second-edition", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the U.S. Department of Energy's Heavy Vehicle Technologies Program", isbn = "978-0-309-07251-9", abstract = "As national priorities have been focused both on reducing fuel consumption and improving air quality, attention has increased on reducing emissions from many types of vehicles, including light-duty, medium-duty, and heavy-duty diesel-powered vehicles. Meeting the recently promulgated (and proposed) emission standards and simultaneously increasing fuel economy will pose especially difficult challenges for diesel-powered vehicles and will require the development of new emission-reduction technologies.\nIn response to a request from the director of OHVT, the National Research Council formed the Committee on Review of DOE's Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies to conduct a broad, independent review of its research and development (R&D) activities.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9989/review-of-the-us-department-of-energys-heavy-vehicle-technologies-program", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Review of the 21st Century Truck Partnership", isbn = "978-0-309-12208-5", abstract = "The 21st Century Truck Partnership (21CTP), a cooperative research and development partnership formed by four federal agencies with 15 industrial partners, was launched in the year 2000 with high hopes that it would dramatically advance the technologies used in trucks and buses, yielding a cleaner, safer, more efficient generation of vehicles. \n\nReview of the 21st Century Truck Partnership critically examines and comments on the overall adequacy and balance of the 21CTP. The book reviews how well the program has accomplished its goals, evaluates progress in the program, and makes recommendations to improve the likelihood of the Partnership meeting its goals. \n\nKey recommendations of the book include that the 21CTP should be continued, but the future program should be revised and better balanced. A clearer goal setting strategy should be developed, and the goals should be clearly stated in measurable engineering terms and reviewed periodically so as to be based on the available funds.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12258/review-of-the-21st-century-truck-partnership", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Potential Risk of Lung Cancer From Diesel Engine Emissions: Impacts of Diesel-Powered Light-Duty Vehicles", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20293/potential-risk-of-lung-cancer-from-diesel-engine-emissions-impacts", year = 1981, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Transportation Research Board", title = "An Assessment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Rating System for Rollover Resistance: Special Report 265", abstract = "TRB Special Report 265 - An Assessment of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Rating System for Rollover Resistance finds that the static stability factor is a useful indicator of a vehicle's propensity to roll over, but that U.S. government ratings for new cars, light trucks, and sport utility vehicles do not adequately reflect differences in rollover resistance shown by available crash data. According to the report, the five-star system should be revised to allow better discrimination among vehicles and incorporate results from road tests that measure vehicle control and handling characteristics.\n\nFollowing the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's (NHTSA's) issuance of vehicle ratings to inform consumers about rollover risk, Congress requested a TRB study to evaluate the appropriateness of the rating system. Motor vehicle rollovers involving passenger cars, vans, pickup trucks, and sport utility vehicles result in approximately 10,000 deaths and 27,000 serious injuries each year in the United States. NHTSA developed a five-star rating system to inform consumers about the rollover resistance of passenger cars and light-duty passenger vehicle trucks. \n\nAfter thoroughly evaluating NHTSA's development of the rating system, the committee that conducted this study concurred with the agency's reliance on a static measure of vehicle stability but pointed out some inadequacies of the statistical model used to relate this static measure to rollover risk. Alternative statistical approaches would provide a better approximation of risk. The rating system itself was found wanting. The procedures used to develop and test the ratings with consumers through focus groups did not provide credible evidence that consumers understood the message about the actual risk associated with a given vehicle. By being limited to only five levels, the system also discarded valuable information. The data developed by NHTSA could be refined to enable consumers to discriminate better among vehicle models with regard to their rollover experience.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10308/an-assessment-of-the-national-highway-traffic-safety-administrations-rating-system-for-rollover-resistance", year = 2002, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }