TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research: A Community Workshop Report SN - DO - 10.17226/13167 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13167/grand-challenges-in-earthquake-engineering-research-a-community-workshop-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Engineering and Technology AB - As geological threats become more imminent, society must make a major commitment to increase the resilience of its communities, infrastructure, and citizens. Recent earthquakes in Japan, New Zealand, Haiti, and Chile provide stark reminders of the devastating impact major earthquakes have on the lives and economic stability of millions of people worldwide. The events in Haiti continue to show that poor planning and governance lead to long-term chaos, while nations like Chile demonstrate steady recovery due to modern earthquake planning and proper construction and mitigation activities. At the request of the National Science Foundation, the National Research Council hosted a two-day workshop to give members of the community an opportunity to identify "Grand Challenges" for earthquake engineering research that are needed to achieve an earthquake resilient society, as well as to describe networks of earthquake engineering experimental capabilities and cyberinfrastructure tools that could continue to address ongoing areas of concern. Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research: A Community Workshop Report explores the priorities and problems regions face in reducing consequent damage and spurring technological preparedness advances. Over the course of the Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research workshop, 13 grand challenge problems emerged and were summarized in terms of five overarching themes including: community resilience framework, decision making, simulation, mitigation, and design tools. Participants suggested 14 experimental facilities and cyberinfrastructure tools that would be needed to carry out testing, observations, and simulations, and to analyze the results. The report also reviews progressive steps that have been made in research and development, and considers what factors will accelerate transformative solutions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluating Progress of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program: Methods and Preliminary Results SN - DO - 10.17226/11934 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11934/evaluating-progress-of-the-us-climate-change-science-program-methods PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The U.S. Climate Change Science Program (CCSP) coordinates the efforts of 13 federal agencies to understand why climate is changing, to improve predictions about how it will change in the future, and to use that information to assess impacts on human systems and ecosystems and to better support decision making. Evaluating Progress of the U.S. Climate Change Science Program is the first review of the CCSP's progress since the program was established in 2002. It lays out a method for evaluating the CCSP, and uses that method to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the entire program and to identify areas where progress has not met expectations. The committee found that the program has made good progress in documenting and understanding temperature trends and related environmental changes on a global scale, as well as in understanding the influence of human activities on these observed changes. The ability to predict future climate changes also has improved, but efforts to understand the impacts of such changes on society and analyze mitigation and adaptation strategies are still relatively immature. The program also has not met expectations in supporting decision making, studying regional impacts, and communicating with a wider group of stakeholders. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Cherie Chauvin TI - Threatening Communications and Behavior: Perspectives on the Pursuit of Public Figures SN - DO - 10.17226/13091 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13091/threatening-communications-and-behavior-perspectives-on-the-pursuit-of-public PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Today's world of rapid social, technological, and behavioral change provides new opportunities for communications with few limitations of time and space. Through these communications, people leave behind an ever-growing collection of traces of their daily activities, including digital footprints provided by text, voice, and other modes of communication. Meanwhile, new techniques for aggregating and evaluating diverse and multimodal information sources are available to security services that must reliably identify communications indicating a high likelihood of future violence. In the context of this changed and changing world of communications and behavior, the Board on Behavioral, Cognitive, and Sensory Sciences of the National Research Council presents this volume of three papers as one portion of the vast subject of threatening communications and behavior. The papers review the behavioral and social sciences research on the likelihood that someone who engages in abnormal and/or threatening communications will actually then try to do harm. The focus is on how the scientific knowledge can inform and advance future research on threat assessments, in part by considering the approaches and techniques used to analyze communications and behavior in the dynamic context of today's world. The papers in the collection were written within the context of protecting high-profile public figures from potential attach or harm. The research, however, is broadly applicable to U.S. national security including potential applications for analysis of communications from leaders of hostile nations and public threats from terrorist groups. This work highlights the complex psychology of threatening communications and behavior, and it offers knowledge and perspectives from multiple domains that contribute to a deeper understanding of the value of communications in predicting and preventing violent behaviors. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - ISC Security Design Criteria for New Federal Office Buildings and Major Modernization Projects: A Review and Commentary SN - DO - 10.17226/10678 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10678/isc-security-design-criteria-for-new-federal-office-buildings-and-major-modernization-projects PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - In November 1999, GSA and the U.S. Department of State convened a symposium to discuss the apparently conflicting objectives of security from terrorist attack and the design of public buildings in an open society. The symposium sponsors rejected the notion of rigid, prescriptive design approaches. The symposium concluded with a challenge to the design and security professions to craft aesthetically appealing architectural solutions that achieve balanced, performance-based approaches to both openness and security.In response to a request from the Office of the Chief Architect of the Public Buildings Service, the National Research Council (NRC) assembled a panel of independent experts, the Committee to Review the Security Design Criteria of the Interagency Security Committee. This committee was tasked to evaluate the ISC Security Design Criteria to determine whether particular provisions might be too prescriptive to allow a design professional "reasonable flexibility" in achieving desired security and physical protection objectives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jack P. Shonkoff A2 - Deborah A. Phillips A2 - Bonnie Keilty TI - Early Childhood Intervention: Views from the Field: Report of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/9858 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9858/early-childhood-intervention-views-from-the-field-report-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - On June 24-25, 1999, the Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development of the Board on Children, Youth, and Families of the National Research Council/National Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Medicine convened a workshop for researchers and practitioners to examine the underlying knowledge base that informs current best practices in early childhood services, from the prenatal period to school entry. Early Childhood Intervention discusses the diversity of working assumptions, theories of change, and views about child development and early intervention that currently shape a wide variety of social policies and service delivery systems for young children and their families. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Paula Whitacre A2 - Ester Sztein TI - International Perspectives in U.S. Psychological Science Journals: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26742 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26742/international-perspectives-in-us-psychological-science-journals-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Most empirical research in psychology historically has been conducted in North America and Western Europe, despite the importance placed on culture in theoretical models. The consequence of conducting basic science only in high-income, Western countries is that psychological science is defined by the experiences of individuals in those countries. Collecting data in a wide range of countries, establishing international collaborations, and incorporating diverse cultural perspectives are central to the effort to expand cultural context. Publishing the research in high-quality, peer-reviewed journals is also critical. To discuss the challenges of publishing high quality international work in U.S. journals and suggest solutions to incorporate international perspectives into U.S. psychological journals, the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine invited journal editors, society representatives, and publishers to a virtual workshop on June 28 and 29, 2021. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Diane E. Pankevich A2 - Sheena M. Posey Norris A2 - Theresa M. Wizemann A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18380 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18380/improving-access-to-essential-medicines-for-mental-neurological-and-substance-use-disorders-in-sub-saharan-africa PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - In 2011 the Grand Challenges in Global Mental Health initiative identified priorities that have the potential to make a significant impact on the lives of people with mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of the cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines was highlighted as one of the top five challenges. For low- and middle-income countries, improving access to appropriate essential medicines can be a tremendous challenge and a critical barrier to scaling up quality care for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. Reduction of cost and improvement of the supply of effective medicines has the potential to significantly impact the lives of patients with these disorders. Improving Access to Essential Medicines for Mental, Neurological, and Substance Use Disorders in Sub-Saharan Africa is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine Neuroscience Forum in January 2014 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia to discuss opportunities for achieving long-term affordable access to medicines for these disorders. This report examines challenges and opportunities for improving access to essential medicines in four critical areas: demand, selection, supply chains, and financing and pricing. The report also discusses successful activities that increase access to essential medicines both within Sub-Saharan Africa and in other developing countries, and considers the role of governments, nongovernmental organizations, and private groups in procurement of essential medicines for mental, neurological, and substance use disorders. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Sammantha L. Magsino TI - Applications of Social Network Analysis for Building Community Disaster Resilience: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12706 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12706/applications-of-social-network-analysis-for-building-community-disaster-resilience PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Social Network Analysis (SNA) is the identification of the relationships and attributes of members, key actors, and groups that social networks comprise. The National Research Council, at the request of the Department of Homeland Security, held a two-day workshop on the use of SNA for the purpose of building community disaster resilience. The workshop, summarized in this volume, was designed to provide guidance to the DHS on a potential research agenda that would increase the effectiveness of SNA for improving community disaster resilience. The workshop explored the state of the art in SNA and its applications in the identification, construction, and strengthening of networks within U.S. communities. Workshop participants discussed current work in SNA focused on characterizing networks; the theories, principles and research applicable to the design or strengthening of networks; the gaps in knowledge that prevent the application of SNA to the construction of networks; and research areas that could fill those gaps. Elements of a research agenda to support the design, development, and implementation of social networks for the specific purpose of strengthening community resilience against natural and human-made disasters were discussed. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Patrick Son A2 - Carrie S. Long A2 - Ashwini Karanth A2 - Laurie Matkowski A2 - Todd Szymkowski A2 - Robert Brydia A2 - Margaret Fowler A2 - Beverly Storey A2 - Pat Noyes TI - Impacts of Connected, Automated Vehicle Technologies on Traffic Incident Management Response DO - 10.17226/27655 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27655/impacts-of-connected-automated-vehicle-technologies-on-traffic-incident-management-response PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Traffic Incident Management (TIM) is the process to detect, respond to, and clear traffic incidents so that traffic flow may be restored as safely and quickly as possible. Traffic incidents are unplanned events, such as crashes, that impact traffic flow, and TIM refers to the coordinated process to respond to and clear the incidents. NCHRP Web-Only Document 395: Impacts of Connected, Automated Vehicle Technologies on Traffic Incident Management Response, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, aims to understand how connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) may impact TIM activities, including potential risks and benefits, and how (or if) responders are currently engaging with these technologies. The document is supplemental to NCHRP Research Report 1104: Integrating Traffic Incident Management and Connected, Automated Technology Communities: A Guide for Communicating and Connecting. Supplemental to the document are an Implementation Plan, a Project Overview Presentation, and a White Paper that relates emergency response and CAV technology in the context of eight scenarios. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - M. Susan Burns A2 - Peg Griffin A2 - Catherine E. Snow TI - Starting Out Right: A Guide to Promoting Children's Reading Success SN - DO - 10.17226/6014 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6014/starting-out-right-a-guide-to-promoting-childrens-reading-success PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - A devastatingly large number of people in America cannot read as well as they need for success in life. With literacy problems plaguing as many as four in ten children in America, this book discusses how best to help children succeed in reading. This book identifies the most important questions and explores the authoritative answers on the topic of how children can grow into readers, including: What are the key elements all children need in order to become good readers? What can parents and caregivers provide all children so that they are prepared for reading instruction by the time that they get to school? What concepts about language and literacy should be included in beginning reading instruction? How can we prevent reading difficulties starting with infants and into the early grades? What to ask school boards, principals, elected officials, and other policy makers who make decisions regarding early reading instruction. You'll find out how to help youngsters build word recognition, avoid comprehension problems, and more—with checklists of specific accomplishments to be expected at different ages: for very young children, for kindergarten students, and for first, second, and third grade students. Included are 55 activities to do with children to help them become successful readers, a list of recommended children's books, and a guide to CD-ROMs and websites. Great strides have been made recently toward identifying the best ways to teach children to read. Starting Out Right provides a wealth of knowledge based on a summary of extensive research. It is a "must read" for specialists in primary education as well as parents, pediatricians, child care providers, tutors, literacy advocates, policy makers, and teachers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Research Needs for Human Factors SN - DO - 10.17226/759 PY - 1983 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/759/research-needs-for-human-factors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Placing Children in Special Education: A Strategy for Equity SN - DO - 10.17226/9440 PY - 1982 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9440/placing-children-in-special-education-a-strategy-for-equity PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - International Collaborations in Behavioral and Social Sciences: Report of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/12053 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12053/international-collaborations-in-behavioral-and-social-sciences-report-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Based on the outcomes of a workshop convened by the U.S. National Committee for Psychological Science and informed by a survey of social scientists who have led cross-national projects, this National Science Foundation-funded report addresses the multiple benefits of research extending across national boundaries and describes factors common among successful collaborations. Workshop participants identified the obstacles frequently encountered and suggested ways of dealing with these challenges to enhance international collaborative research in the behavioral and social sciences. Several dimensions of collaborative processes, such as research planning, methodological issues, organizational concerns, varied training approaches, and funding needs receive critical attention in this book. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Critical Code: Software Producibility for Defense SN - DO - 10.17226/12979 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12979/critical-code-software-producibility-for-defense PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Critical Code contemplates Department of Defense (DoD) needs and priorities for software research and suggests a research agenda and related actions. Building on two prior books—Summary of a Workshop on Software Intensive Systems and Uncertainty at Scale and Preliminary Observations on DoD Software Research Needs and Priorities—the present volume assesses the nature of the national investment in software research and, in particular, considers ways to revitalize the knowledge base needed to design, produce, and employ software-intensive systems for tomorrow's defense needs. Critical Code discusses four sets of questions: To what extent is software capability significant for the DoD? Is it becoming more or less significant and strategic in systems development? Will the advances in software producibility needed by the DoD emerge unaided from industry at a pace sufficient to meet evolving defense requirements? What are the opportunities for the DoD to make more effective use of emerging technology to improve software capability and software producibility? In which technology areas should the DoD invest in research to advance defense software capability and producibility? ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academy of Engineering A2 - Claudia Grossmann A2 - W. Alexander Goolsby A2 - LeighAnne Olsen A2 - J. Michael McGinnis TI - Engineering a Learning Healthcare System: A Look at the Future: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12213 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12213/engineering-a-learning-healthcare-system-a-look-at-the-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Improving our nation's healthcare system is a challenge which, because of its scale and complexity, requires a creative approach and input from many different fields of expertise. Lessons from engineering have the potential to improve both the efficiency and quality of healthcare delivery. The fundamental notion of a high-performing healthcare system--one that increasingly is more effective, more efficient, safer, and higher quality--is rooted in continuous improvement principles that medicine shares with engineering. As part of its Learning Health System series of workshops, the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Value and Science-Driven Health Care and the National Academy of Engineering, hosted a workshop on lessons from systems and operations engineering that could be applied to health care. Building on previous work done in this area the workshop convened leading engineering practitioners, health professionals, and scholars to explore how the field might learn from and apply systems engineering principles in the design of a learning healthcare system. Engineering a Learning Healthcare System: A Look at the Future: Workshop Summary focuses on current major healthcare system challenges and what the field of engineering has to offer in the redesign of the system toward a learning healthcare system. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Infusing Ethics into the Development of Engineers: Exemplary Education Activities and Programs SN - DO - 10.17226/21889 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21889/infusing-ethics-into-the-development-of-engineers-exemplary-education-activities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Education AB - Ethical practice in engineering is critical for ensuring public trust in the field and in its practitioners, especially as engineers increasingly tackle international and socially complex problems that combine technical and ethical challenges. This report aims to raise awareness of the variety of exceptional programs and strategies for improving engineers' understanding of ethical and social issues and provides a resource for those who seek to improve ethical development of engineers at their own institutions. This publication presents 25 activities and programs that are exemplary in their approach to infusing ethics into the development of engineering students. It is intended to serve as a resource for institutions of higher education seeking to enhance their efforts in this area. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kevin A. Bradley A2 - Michael M. James A2 - Alexandria R. Salton A2 - Eric R. Boeker TI - User Guides for Noise Modeling of Commercial Space Operations—RUMBLE and PCBoom DO - 10.17226/25099 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25099/user-guides-for-noise-modeling-of-commercial-space-operations-rumble-and-pcboom PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Report 183: User Guides for Noise Modeling of Commercial Space Operations—RUMBLE and PCBoom provides guidance on using RUMBLE 2.0, which predicts rocket noise, and PCBoom4, which has been modified to predict sonic booms from commercial space operations.As commercial space launch vehicle activities increase, many noise issues, as well as the effects of sonic booms, will need to be evaluated. The Aviation Environmental Design Tool (AEDT) is designed to evaluate the effects of noise and emissions from aircraft but doesn’t have the ability to predict noise and sonic boom effects from commercial space operations. This project develops two tools to predict noise and sonic boom to be used in the noise modeling evaluation process. Download software for PCBoom and RUMBLE. ACRP Web-Only Document 33: Commercial Space Operations Noise and Sonic Boom Modeling and Analysis is the contractor’s final report on the methodology and development of these tools.Disclaimer - This software is offered as is, without warranty or promise of support of any kind either expressed or implied. Under no circumstance will the National Academy of Sciences or the Transportation Research Board (collectively "TRB") be liable for any loss or damage caused by the installation or operation of this product. TRB makes no representation or warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, in fact, or in law, including without limitation, the warranty of merchantability or the warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, and shall not, in any case, be liable for any consequential or special damages. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Women Scientists and Engineers Employed in Industry: Why So Few? SN - DO - 10.17226/2264 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2264/women-scientists-and-engineers-employed-in-industry-why-so-few PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This book, based on a conference, examines both quantitative and qualitative evidence regarding the low employment of women scientists and engineers in the industrial work force of the United States, as well as corporate responses to this underparticipation. It addresses the statistics underlying the question "Why so few?" and assesses issues related to the working environment and attrition of women professionals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Monica L. Simon TI - Developing Partnerships between Transportation Agencies and the Disability and Underrepresented Communities DO - 10.17226/22578 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22578/developing-partnerships-between-transportation-agencies-and-the-disability-and-underrepresented-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 107: Developing Partnerships between Transportation Agencies and the Disability and Underrepresented Communities includes best practices and outreach strategies and suggestions that can be used by transit personnel to develop and maintain partnerships with the disability and underrepresented communities. The guide includes “how to” approaches and information in narrative and graphic form on developing these partnerships. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Mathematical Challenges from Theoretical/Computational Chemistry SN - DO - 10.17226/4886 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4886/mathematical-challenges-from-theoreticalcomputational-chemistry PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Computational methods are rapidly becoming major tools of theoretical, pharmaceutical, materials, and biological chemists. Accordingly, the mathematical models and numerical analysis that underlie these methods have an increasingly important and direct role to play in the progress of many areas of chemistry. This book explores the research interface between computational chemistry and the mathematical sciences. In language that is aimed at non-specialists, it documents some prominent examples of past successful cross-fertilizations between the fields and explores the mathematical research opportunities in a broad cross-section of chemical research frontiers. It also discusses cultural differences between the two fields and makes recommendations for overcoming those differences and generally promoting this interdisciplinary work. ER -