TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Kat M. Anderson TI - The Impact of Juvenile Justice System Involvement on the Health and Well-Being of Youth, Families, and Communities of Color: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26623 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26623/the-impact-of-juvenile-justice-system-involvement-on-the-health-and-well-being-of-youth-families-and-communities-of-color PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Involvement with the juvenile justice system can impact young people's physical and mental health and well-being throughout their lives, as well as the health and well-being of their families and communities. Youth of color are more likely to become involved with the juvenile justice system, and suffer worse outcomes in sentencing, during incarceration, and after release. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on the Promotion of Health Equity convened a workshop to discuss the impact that juvenile justice system involvement has on the health and well-being of adolescents, families, and communities of color; examine policies that are successful in improving outcomes; and explore what needs to be done to improve all aspects of encounters with the juvenile justice system. The workshop suggested pursuing alternatives to traditional juvenile justice systems that would allow adolescents to stay in their communities rather than in detention, responding to behavioral problems in youth with interventions that promote health and positive development rather than punishment, and tailoring interventions and programming to participants' cultural background and gender identity. This report summarizes the proceedings of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard J. Bonnie A2 - Robert L. Johnson A2 - Betty M. Chemers A2 - Julie A. Schuck TI - Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach SN - DO - 10.17226/14685 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14685/reforming-juvenile-justice-a-developmental-approach PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Adolescence is a distinct, yet transient, period of development between childhood and adulthood characterized by increased experimentation and risk-taking, a tendency to discount long-term consequences, and heightened sensitivity to peers and other social influences. A key function of adolescence is developing an integrated sense of self, including individualization, separation from parents, and personal identity. Experimentation and novelty-seeking behavior, such as alcohol and drug use, unsafe sex, and reckless driving, are thought to serve a number of adaptive functions despite their risks. Research indicates that for most youth, the period of risky experimentation does not extend beyond adolescence, ceasing as identity becomes settled with maturity. Much adolescent involvement in criminal activity is part of the normal developmental process of identity formation and most adolescents will mature out of these tendencies. Evidence of significant changes in brain structure and function during adolescence strongly suggests that these cognitive tendencies characteristic of adolescents are associated with biological immaturity of the brain and with an imbalance among developing brain systems. This imbalance model implies dual systems: one involved in cognitive and behavioral control and one involved in socio-emotional processes. Accordingly adolescents lack mature capacity for self-regulations because the brain system that influences pleasure-seeking and emotional reactivity develops more rapidly than the brain system that supports self-control. This knowledge of adolescent development has underscored important differences between adults and adolescents with direct bearing on the design and operation of the justice system, raising doubts about the core assumptions driving the criminalization of juvenile justice policy in the late decades of the 20th century. It was in this context that the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) asked the National Research Council to convene a committee to conduct a study of juvenile justice reform. The goal of Reforming Juvenile Justice: A Developmental Approach was to review recent advances in behavioral and neuroscience research and draw out the implications of this knowledge for juvenile justice reform, to assess the new generation of reform activities occurring in the United States, and to assess the performance of OJJDP in carrying out its statutory mission as well as its potential role in supporting scientifically based reform efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Holly Rhodes TI - The Criminal Justice System and Social Exclusion: Race, Ethnicity, and Gender: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25247 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25247/the-criminal-justice-system-and-social-exclusion-race-ethnicity-and-gender PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop in April 2018 to examine how the criminal justice system affects the fundamental status of people as members of society and to consider next steps for research, practice, and policy for the field. The goal of the workshop was to find common ground to work toward a criminal justice system that avoids social exclusion and instead reflects the principles of citizenship and social justice with a fair distribution of rights, resources and opportunities. The workshop was specifically designed to explore the reasons for the disparate experiences of individuals involved with the criminal justice system by race, ethnicity, and gender, the mechanisms that cause them to persist, and what can be done through policy and practice to minimize those differences. Participants—including researchers, policy makers, and advocates for victims and offenders—discussed issues in five areas: (1) the role of criminal justice in social exclusion; (2) patterns of inequality in criminal justice; (3) collateral sanctions of the criminal justice system; (4) special concerns for youth and young adult populations; and (5) next steps for research, policy, and practice. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Joan McCord A2 - Cathy Spatz Widom A2 - Nancy A. Crowell TI - Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice SN - DO - 10.17226/9747 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9747/juvenile-crime-juvenile-justice PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Even though youth crime rates have fallen since the mid-1990s, public fear and political rhetoric over the issue have heightened. The Columbine shootings and other sensational incidents add to the furor. Often overlooked are the underlying problems of child poverty, social disadvantage, and the pitfalls inherent to adolescent decisionmaking that contribute to youth crime. From a policy standpoint, adolescent offenders are caught in the crossfire between nurturance of youth and punishment of criminals, between rehabilitation and "get tough" pronouncements. In the midst of this emotional debate, the National Research Council's Panel on Juvenile Crime steps forward with an authoritative review of the best available data and analysis. Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents recommendations for addressing the many aspects of America's youth crime problem. This timely release discusses patterns and trends in crimes by children and adolescents—trends revealed by arrest data, victim reports, and other sources; youth crime within general crime; and race and sex disparities. The book explores desistance—the probability that delinquency or criminal activities decrease with age—and evaluates different approaches to predicting future crime rates. Why do young people turn to delinquency? Juvenile Crime, Juvenile Justice presents what we know and what we urgently need to find out about contributing factors, ranging from prenatal care, differences in temperament, and family influences to the role of peer relationships, the impact of the school policies toward delinquency, and the broader influences of the neighborhood and community. Equally important, this book examines a range of solutions: Prevention and intervention efforts directed to individuals, peer groups, and families, as well as day care-, school- and community-based initiatives. Intervention within the juvenile justice system. Role of the police. Processing and detention of youth offenders. Transferring youths to the adult judicial system. Residential placement of juveniles. The book includes background on the American juvenile court system, useful comparisons with the juvenile justice systems of other nations, and other important information for assessing this problem. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - John V. Pepper A2 - Carol V. Petrie TI - Measurement Problems in Criminal Justice Research: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/10581 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10581/measurement-problems-in-criminal-justice-research-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Most major crime in this country emanates from two major data sources. The FBI’s Uniform Crime Reports has collected information on crimes known to the police and arrests from local and state jurisdictions throughout the country. The National Crime Victimization Survey, a general population survey designed to cover the extent, nature, and consequences of criminal victimization, has been conducted annually since the early1970s. This workshop was designed to consider similarities and differences in the methodological problems encountered by the survey and criminal justice research communities and what might be the best focus for the research community. In addition to comparing and contrasting the methodological issues associated with self-report surveys and official records, the workshop explored methods for obtaining accurate self-reports on sensitive questions about crime events, estimating crime and victimization in rural counties and townships and developing unbiased prevalence and incidence rates for rate events among population subgroups. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Albert J. Reiss, Jr. A2 - Jeffrey A. Roth TI - Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control SN - DO - 10.17226/4422 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4422/understanding-and-preventing-violence-volume-4-consequences-and-control PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - This book analyzes the consequences of violence and strategies for controlling them. Included are reviews of public perceptions and reactions to violence; estimates of the costs; the commonalities and complementarities of criminal justice and public health responses; efforts to reduce violence through the prediction and classification of violent offenders; and the relationships between trends in violence and prison population during a period of greatly increased use of incarceration. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alfred Blumstein A2 - Jacqueline Cohen A2 - Jeffrey A. Roth A2 - Christy A. Visher TI - Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals,": Volume I SN - DO - 10.17226/922 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/922/criminal-careers-and-career-criminals-volume-i PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - By focusing attention on individuals rather than on aggregates, this book takes a novel approach to studying criminal behavior. It develops a framework for collecting information about individual criminal careers and their parameters, reviews existing knowledge about criminal career dimensions, presents models of offending patterns, and describes how criminal career information can be used to develop and refine criminal justice policies. In addition, an agenda for future research on criminal careers is presented. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Robert S. Lawrence A2 - Jennifer Appleton Gootman A2 - Leslie J. Sim TI - Adolescent Health Services: Missing Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/12063 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12063/adolescent-health-services-missing-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Adolescence is a time of major transition, however, health care services in the United States today are not designed to help young people develop healthy routines, behaviors, and relationships that they can carry into their adult lives. While most adolescents at this stage of life are thriving, many of them have difficulty gaining access to necessary services; other engage in risky behaviors that can jeopardize their health during these formative years and also contribute to poor health outcomes in adulthood. Missed opportunities for disease prevention and health promotion are two major problematic features of our nation's health services system for adolescents. Recognizing that health care providers play an important role in fostering healthy behaviors among adolescents, Adolescent Health Services examines the health status of adolescents and reviews the separate and uncoordinated programs and services delivered in multiple public and private health care settings. The book provides guidance to administrators in public and private health care agencies, health care workers, guidance counselors, parents, school administrators, and policy makers on investing in, strengthening, and improving an integrated health system for adolescents. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Bruce Western A2 - Khalil Gibran Muhammad A2 - Yamrot Negussie A2 - Emily Backes TI - Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy SN - DO - 10.17226/26705 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26705/reducing-racial-inequality-in-crime-and-justice-science-practice-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - The history of the U.S. criminal justice system is marked by racial inequality and sustained by present day policy. Large racial and ethnic disparities exist across the several stages of criminal legal processing, including in arrests, pre-trial detention, and sentencing and incarceration, among others, with Black, Latino, and Native Americans experiencing worse outcomes. The historical legacy of racial exclusion and structural inequalities form the social context for racial inequalities in crime and criminal justice. Racial inequality can drive disparities in crime, victimization, and system involvement. Reducing Racial Inequality in Crime and Justice: Science, Practice, and Policy synthesizes the evidence on community-based solutions, noncriminal policy interventions, and criminal justice reforms, charting a path toward the reduction of racial inequalities by minimizing harm in ways that also improve community safety. Reversing the effects of structural racism and severing the close connections between racial inequality, criminal harms such as violence, and criminal justice involvement will involve fostering local innovation and evaluation, and coordinating local initiatives with state and federal leadership. This report also highlights the challenge of creating an accurate, national picture of racial inequality in crime and justice: there is a lack of consistent, reliable data, as well as data transparency and accountability. While the available data points toward trends that Black, Latino, and Native American individuals are overrepresented in the criminal justice system and given more severe punishments compared to White individuals, opportunities for improving research should be explored to better inform decision-making. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles F. Manski A2 - John V. Pepper A2 - Carol V. Petrie TI - Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs: What We Don't Know Keeps Hurting Us SN - DO - 10.17226/10021 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10021/informing-americas-policy-on-illegal-drugs-what-we-dont-know PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - How should the war on drugs be fought? Everyone seems to agree that the United States ought to use a combination of several different approaches to combat the destructive effects of illegal drug use. Yet there is a remarkable paucity of data and research information that policy makers require if they are to create a useful, realistic policy package-details about drug use, drug market economics, and perhaps most importantly the impact of drug enforcement activities. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs recommends ways to close these gaps in our understanding-by obtaining the necessary data on drug prices and consumption (quantity in addition to frequency); upgrading federal management of drug statistics; and improving our evaluation of prevention, interdiction, enforcement, and treatment efforts. The committee reviews what we do and do not know about illegal drugs and how data are assembled and used by federal agencies. The book explores the data and research information needed to support strong drug policy analysis, describes the best methods to use, explains how to avoid misleading conclusions, and outlines strategies for increasing access to data. Informing America's Policy on Illegal Drugs also discusses how researchers can incorporate randomization into studies of drug treatment and how state and local agencies can compare alternative approaches to drug enforcement. Charting a course toward a better-informed illegal drugs policy, this book will be important to federal and state policy makers, regulators, researchers, program administrators, enforcement officials, journalists, and advocates concerned about illegal drug use. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Eugene Smolensky A2 - Jennifer Appleton Gootman TI - Working Families and Growing Kids: Caring for Children and Adolescents SN - DO - 10.17226/10669 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10669/working-families-and-growing-kids-caring-for-children-and-adolescents PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - An informative mix of data and discussion, this book presents conclusions and recommendations for policies that can respond to the new conditions shaping America's working families. Among the family and work trends reviewed: Growing population of mothers with young children in the workforce. Increasing reliance of nonparental child care. Growing challenges of families on welfare. Increased understanding of child and adolescent development. Included in this comprehensive review of the research and data on family leave, child care, and income support issues are: the effects of early child care and school age child care on child development, the impacts of family work policies on child and adolescent well-being and family functioning, the impacts of family work policies on child and adolescent well-being and family functioning the changes to federal and state welfare policy, the emergence of a 24/7 economy, the utilization of paid family leave, and an examination of the ways parental employment affects children as they make their way through childhood and adolescence. The book also evaluates the support systems available to working families, including family and medical leave, child care options, and tax policies. The committee's conclusions and recommendations will be of interest to anyone concerned with issues affecting the working American family, especially policy makers, program administrators, social scientists, journalist, private and public sector leaders, and family advocates. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Alfred Blumstein A2 - Jacqueline Cohen A2 - Jeffrey A. Roth A2 - Christy A. Visher TI - Criminal Careers and "Career Criminals,": Volume II SN - DO - 10.17226/928 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/928/criminal-careers-and-career-criminals-volume-ii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Volume II takes an in-depth look at the various aspects of criminal careers, including the relationship of alcohol and drug abuse to criminal careers, co-offending influences on criminal careers, issues in the measurement of criminal careers, accuracy of prediction models, and ethical issues in the use of criminal career information in making decisions about offenders. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Greg J. Duncan A2 - Jennifer Appleton Gootman A2 - Priyanka Nalamada TI - Reducing Intergenerational Poverty SN - DO - 10.17226/27058 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27058/reducing-intergenerational-poverty PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Experiencing poverty during childhood can lead to lasting harmful effects that compromise not only children’s health and welfare but can also hinder future opportunities for economic mobility, which may be passed on to future generations. This cycle of economic disadvantage weighs heavily not only on children and families experiencing poverty but also the nation, reducing overall economic output and placing increased burden on the educational, criminal justice, and health care systems. Reducing Intergenerational Poverty examines key drivers of long- term, intergenerational poverty, including the racial disparities and structural factors that contribute to this cycle. The report assesses existing research on the effects on intergenerational poverty of income assistance, education, health, and other intervention programs and identifies evidence-based programs and policies that have the potential to significantly reduce the effects of the key drivers of intergenerational poverty. The report also examines the disproportionate effect of disadvantage to different racial/ethnic groups. In addition, the report identifies high-priority gaps in the data and research needed to help develop effective policies for reducing intergenerational poverty in the United States. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Henrick J. Harwood A2 - Tracy G. Myers TI - New Treatments for Addiction: Behavioral, Ethical, Legal, and Social Questions SN - DO - 10.17226/10876 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10876/new-treatments-for-addiction-behavioral-ethical-legal-and-social-questions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - New and improved therapies to treat and protect against drug dependence and abuse are urgently needed. In the United States alone about 50 million people regularly smoke tobacco and another 5 million are addicted to other drugs. In a given year, millions of these individuals attempt—with or without medical assistance—to quit using drugs, though relapse remains the norm. Furthermore, each year several million teenagers start smoking and nearly as many take illicit drugs for the first time. Research is advancing on promising new means of treating drug addiction using immunotherapies and sustained-release (depot) medications. The aim of this research is to develop medications that can block or significantly attenuate the psychoactive effects of such drugs as cocaine, nicotine, heroin, phencyclidine, and methamphetamine for weeks or months at a time. This represents a fundamentally new therapeutic approach that shows promise for treating drug addiction problems that were difficult to treat in the past. Despite their potential benefits, however, several characteristics of these new methods pose distinct behavioral, ethical, legal, and social challenges that require careful scrutiny. Such issues can be considered unique aspects of safety and efficacy that are fundamentally related to the distinct nature and properties of these new types of medications. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Dean R. Gerstein A2 - Henrick J. Harwood TI - Treating Drug Problems: Volume 1 SN - DO - 10.17226/1551 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1551/treating-drug-problems-volume-1 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The large federal role in the drug treatment system was substantially reduced in the early 1980s, undercutting its ability to help communities respond to new challenges such as the crack-cocaine epidemic and the growing violence in drug markets. How can drug treatment dollars be spent most equitably with the highest likelihood of beneficial results? With this basic question as its focus, Treating Drug Problems, Volume 1 provides specific recommendations on how to organize and fund the drug treatment system. Detailed attention is given to both public and private sources and their programs. The book presents the latest data and analysis on these topics and more: How specific approaches to drug treatment fit into drug policy, including the different perspectives of the medical and criminal-justice communities. What is known about drug consumption behavior and what treatment approaches have proven most cost-beneficial. What areas need further research—including specifications for increased study of treatment effectiveness and drug use by adolescents and young women. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Richard J. Bonnie A2 - Carolyn E. Fulco A2 - Catharyn T. Liverman TI - Reducing the Burden of Injury: Advancing Prevention and Treatment SN - DO - 10.17226/6321 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6321/reducing-the-burden-of-injury-advancing-prevention-and-treatment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Injuries are the leading cause of death and disability among people under age 35 in the United States. Despite great strides in injury prevention over the decades, injuries result in 150,000 deaths, 2.6 million hospitalizations, and 36 million visits to the emergency room each year. Reducing the Burden of Injury describes the cost and magnitude of the injury problem in America and looks critically at the current response by the public and private sectors, including: Data and surveillance needs. Research priorities. Trauma care systems development. Infrastructure support, including training for injury professionals. Firearm safety. Coordination among federal agencies. The authors define the field of injury and establish boundaries for the field regarding intentional injuries. This book highlights the crosscutting nature of the injury field, identifies opportunities to leverage resources and expertise of the numerous parties involved, and discusses issues regarding leadership at the federal level. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board TI - Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 4: Sustainability as an Organizing Principle for Transportation Agencies DO - 10.17226/22379 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22379/strategic-issues-facing-transportation-volume-4-sustainability-as-an-organizing-principle-for-transportation-agencies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program Report 750: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 4: Sustainability as an Organizing Principle for Transportation Agencies includes an analytical framework and implementation approaches designed to assist state departments of transportation and other transportation agencies evaluate their current and future capacity to support a sustainable society by delivering transportation solutions in a rapidly changing social, economic, and environmental context in the next 30 to 50 years.NCHRP Report 750, Volume 4 is the fourth in a series of reports being produced by NCHRP Project 20-83: Long-Range Strategic Issues Facing the Transportation Industry. Major trends affecting the future of the United States and the world will dramatically reshape transportation priorities and needs. The American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) established the NCHRP Project 20-83 research series to examine global and domestic long-range strategic issues and their implications for state departments of transportation (DOTs); AASHTO's aim for the research series is to help prepare the DOTs for the challenges and benefits created by these trends.Other volumes in this series currently available include:• NCHRP Report 750: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 1: Scenario Planning for Freight Transportation Infrastructure Investment• NCHRP Report 750: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 2: Climate Change, Extreme Weather Events, and the Highway System: Practitioner’s Guide and Research Report• NCHRP Report 750: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 3: Expediting Future Technologies for Enhancing Transportation System Performance• NCHRP Report 750: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 5: Preparing State Transportation Agencies for an Uncertain Energy Future• NCHRP Report 750: Strategic Issues Facing Transportation, Volume 6: The Effects of Socio-Demographics on Future Travel Demand ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Jacquelynne Eccles A2 - Jennifer Appleton Gootman TI - Community Programs to Promote Youth Development SN - DO - 10.17226/10022 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10022/community-programs-to-promote-youth-development PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - After-school programs, scout groups, community service activities, religious youth groups, and other community-based activities have long been thought to play a key role in the lives of adolescents. But what do we know about the role of such programs for today's adolescents? How can we ensure that programs are designed to successfully meet young people's developmental needs and help them become healthy, happy, and productive adults? Community Programs to Promote Youth Development explores these questions, focusing on essential elements of adolescent well-being and healthy development. It offers recommendations for policy, practice, and research to ensure that programs are well designed to meet young people's developmental needs. The book also discusses the features of programs that can contribute to a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. It examines what we know about the current landscape of youth development programs for America's youth, as well as how these programs are meeting their diverse needs. Recognizing the importance of adolescence as a period of transition to adulthood, Community Programs to Promote Youth Development offers authoritative guidance to policy makers, practitioners, researchers, and other key stakeholders on the role of youth development programs to promote the healthy development and well-being of the nation's youth. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Sandra L. Hofferth A2 - Cheryl D. Hayes TI - Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II: Working Papers and Statistical Appendices SN - DO - 10.17226/946 PY - 1987 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/946/risking-the-future-adolescent-sexuality-pregnancy-and-childbearing-volume-ii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - More than 1 million teenage girls in the United States become pregnant each year; nearly half give birth. Why do these young people, who are hardly more than children themselves, become parents? The statistical appendices and working papers for the report Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing provide additional insight into the trends in and consequences of teenage sexual behavior. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing, Volume II Working Papers only SN - DO - 10.17226/945 PY - 1987 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/945/risking-the-future-adolescent-sexuality-pregnancy-and-childbearing-volume-ii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - More than 1 million teenage girls in the United States become pregnant each year; nearly half give birth. Why do these young people, who are hardly more than children themselves, become parents? The working papers for the report Risking the Future: Adolescent Sexuality, Pregnancy, and Childbearing provide additional insight into the trends in and consequences of teenage sexual behavior. ER -