@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Elizabeth Townsend", title = "Emerging Trends and Methods in International Security: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-47387-3", abstract = "Beginning in October 2017, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine organized a set of workshops designed to gather information for the Decadal Survey of Social and Behavioral Sciences for Applications to National Security. The second workshop focused on emerging trends and methods in international security and this publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25058/emerging-trends-and-methods-in-international-security-proceedings-of-a", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control Monitoring, Detection, and Verification: A National Security Priority: Summary of the Final Report", isbn = "978-0-309-70558-5", abstract = "Robust monitoring, detection, and verification capabilities are necessary to provide decision makers with critical information regarding nuclear threats and to support deterrence and nonproliferation by uncovering efforts to clandestinely develop a nuclear capability or enhance an existing capability. The United States has significant capabilities to monitor, detect, and verify nuclear weapons and fissile material production in foreign states, but in order to address future challenges and avoid surprises, these capabilities must be strengthened and maintained through research and development and operationalization of new technologies.\nCongress tasked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to undertake an independent review and assessment of the United States capabilities for monitoring, detection, and verification of nuclear weapons and fissile material in the fiscal year 2020 National Defense Authorization Act. The study committee released an extensive interim report in April 2021 after an initial phase of data gathering. Following an additional data-gathering period that included examining restricted information unavailable to the committee during the initial phase of the project, the committee produced a final report in January 2023. In that report, the committee reassessed the findings and recommendations made in its interim report and found them to be supported and confirmed by the additional information. This document, the public summary of the final report, reproduces the findings and recommendations from the interim report and includes the committee\u2019s commentary regarding many of the interim report findings and recommendations after additional data gathering.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26558/nuclear-proliferation-and-arms-control-monitoring-detection-and-verification-a-national-security-priority", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism", isbn = "978-0-309-68998-4", abstract = "The assessment of risk is complex and often controversial. It is derived from the existence of a hazard, and it is characterized by the uncertainty of possible undesirable events and their outcomes. Few outcomes are as undesirable as nuclear war and nuclear terrorism. Over the decades, much has been written about particular situations, policies, and weapons that might affect the risks of nuclear war and nuclear terrorism. The nature of the concerns and the risk analysis methods used to evaluate them have evolved considerably over time.\nAt the request of the Department of Defense, Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism discusses risks, explores the risk assessment literature, highlights the strengths and weaknesses of risk assessment approaches, and discusses some publicly available assumptions that underpin U.S. security strategies, all in the context of nuclear war and nuclear terrorism.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26609/risk-analysis-methods-for-nuclear-war-and-nuclear-terrorism", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism: Phase II (Abbreviated Report of the CUI Version)", isbn = "978-0-309-71310-8", abstract = "The Committee on Risk Analysis Methods for Nuclear War and Nuclear Terrorism was established and managed by the National Academies of Sciences, Medicine, and Engineering in response to a congressional mandate to independently explore U.S. government methods for assessing nuclear war and nuclear terrorism risks and how those assessments are used to develop strategy and policy. This publication is the public, abbreviated version of the classified report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27393/risk-analysis-methods-for-nuclear-war-and-nuclear-terrorism-phase", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "A Strategic Vision for Biological Threat Reduction: The U.S. Department of Defense and Beyond", isbn = "978-0-309-67182-8", abstract = "The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine was asked to articulate a 5-year strategic vision for international health security programs and provide findings and recommendations on how to optimize the impact of the Department of Defense (DOD) Biological Threat Reduction Program (BTRP) in fulfilling its biosafety and biosecurity mission. Because BTRP is just one of several U.S. government programs conducting international health security engagement, both the strategic vision and the success of the program rely on coordinating actions with the U.S. government as a whole and with its international partners. This report provides several recommendations for optimizing BTRP success in its current mission and the wider-looking strategic vision it proposes.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25681/a-strategic-vision-for-biological-threat-reduction-the-us-department", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "Regional Ballistic Missile Defense in the Context of Strategic Stability", isbn = "978-0-309-46891-6", abstract = "As ballistic missile technology proliferates, and as ballistic missile defenses are deployed by both the Russian Federation and the United States, it is increasingly important for these two countries to seek ways to reap the benefits of systems that can protect their own national security interests against limited missile attacks from third countries without undermining the strategic balance that the two governments maintain to ensure stability. Regional Ballistic Missile Defense in the Context of Strategic Stability examines both the technical implications of planned missile defense deployments for Russian and U.S. strategic deterrents and the benefits and disadvantages of a range of options for cooperation on missile defense.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24964/regional-ballistic-missile-defense-in-the-context-of-strategic-stability", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Restoring and Improving Nuclear Forensics to Support Attribution and Deterrence: Public Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-27334-3", abstract = "Nuclear forensics is the analysis of nuclear materials, devices, emissions, and signals to determine the origin and history of those nuclear materials and devices. At the request of the Secretary of Energy, and in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of Homeland Security, Restoring and Improving Nuclear Forensics to Support Attribution and Deterrence evaluates the U.S. government's nuclear forensics capabilities. A 2010 National Academies report, Nuclear Forensics: A Capability at Risk, characterized the precarious state of the national technical nuclear forensics (NTNF) program at that time: NTNF relied almost entirely on staff dedicated to and residual funding from other related programs. This summary report addresses the current state of U.S. NTNF capabilities relative to the National Academies evaluation in 2010 and recommends ways to improve the NTNF program through improvements in policy, operations, and research and development efforts.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26167/restoring-and-improving-nuclear-forensics-to-support-attribution-and-deterrence", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Nuclear Proliferation and Arms Control Monitoring, Detection, and Verification: A National Security Priority: Interim Report", isbn = "978-0-309-31434-3", abstract = "At the request of Congress, this report presents findings and recommendations related to governance of the U.S. government's monitoring, detection, and verification (MDV) enterprise and offers findings and recommendations related to technical MDV capabilities and research, development, test, and evaluation efforts, focused in particular on the nuclear fuel cycle, nuclear test explosions, and arms control.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26088/nuclear-proliferation-and-arms-control-monitoring-detection-and-verification-a", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan: Proceedings of a Joint Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-48572-2", abstract = "As part of a multiyear project to promote a cooperative relationship between U.S. and Pakistani human and animal health and infectious disease experts, the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, together with the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a bilateral workshop in Islamabad, Pakistan, to promote best practices in and improved communications, cooperation, and coordination among public, private, military, and animal health clinical laboratories in Pakistan. The workshop, \"Strengthening and Sustaining a Network of Public and Animal Health Clinical Laboratories in Pakistan,\" was held on September 27-29, 2016.\nPakistani life science, public health, veterinary, and clinical laboratory experts, graduate students from Pakistani institutions of higher learning, and U.S. scientists\/clinicians met at the workshop to explore questions facing human and animal health policy makers in Pakistan. This publication summarizes presentations and discussions of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25288/strengthening-and-sustaining-a-network-of-public-and-animal-health-clinical-laboratories-in-pakistan", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Benjamin Rusek", title = "Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs for the Next Ten Years and Beyond: Proceedings of a Symposium–in Brief", abstract = "The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program was created by the United States after the dissolution of the Soviet Union to provide financial assistance and technical expertise to secure or eliminate nuclear weapons delivery systems; warheads, chemical weapons materials, biological weapons facilities, and nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons technology and expertise from the vast Soviet military complex. In a 2009 report, Global Security Engagement: A New Model for Cooperative Threat Reduction, the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) recommended adoption of a modified approach to thinking about CTR, including the expansion of CTR to other countries and specific modifications to CTR programs to better address the changing international security environment.\n\nOn September 18-19, 2017, the NAS held a symposium to discuss the state of CTR and the future of CTR programs over the next 10 years and beyond. More than 120 participants and speakers met to share experience gained implementing CTR and to explore CTR in light of new developments in science and technology, such as the convergence of chemistry and biology, the life-sciences revolution, and the needs and interests of the scientific communities in different countries. Participants also considered how government CTR programs should change and\/or be reframed for the current and evolving global security and international political environment, as well as domestic requirements for impact and accountability. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25209/cooperative-threat-reduction-programs-for-the-next-ten-years-and-beyond", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "A Comprehensive Nuclear Arms Reduction Regime: Interim Report", abstract = "The Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC) produced an interim report of a study on \u201cA Comprehensive Nuclear Arms Reduction Regime.\u201d The interim report outlines the first nine months of the study, primarily focusing on the technical aspects of a potential monitoring regime, including specific monitoring technologies. CISAC is reviewing draft materials that will be the basis for the final report. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10117/a-comprehensive-nuclear-arms-reduction-regime-interim-report", year = 2001, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", editor = "Rita Guenther and Micah Lowenthal and Rajaram Nagappa and Nabeel Mancheri", title = "India-United States Cooperation on Global Security: Summary of a Workshop on Technical Aspects of Civilian Nuclear Materials Security", isbn = "978-0-309-28976-4", abstract = "The U.S. government has made safeguarding of weapons-grade plutonium and highly enriched uranium an international policy priority, and convened The 2010 Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., on April 12 and 13, 2010. Forty six governments sent delegations to the summit and twenty nine of them made national commitments to support nuclear security. During the Summit, India announced its commitment to establish a Global Centre for Nuclear Energy Partnership. The Centre is to be open to international participation through academic0 exchanges, training, and research and development efforts.\nIndia-United States Cooperation on Global Security is the summary of a workshop held by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) together with its partner of more than 15 years, the National Institute for Advanced Studies (NIAS) in Bangalore, India. The workshop identified and examined potential areas for substantive scientific and technical cooperation between the two countries on issues related to nuclear material security. Technical experts from India and the United States focused on topics of nuclear material security and promising opportunities for India and the United States to learn from each other and cooperate. This report discusses nuclear materials management issues such as nuclear materials accounting, cyber security, physical security, and nuclear forensics.\n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18412/india-united-states-cooperation-on-global-security-summary-of-a", year = 2013, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "Improving Metrics for the Department of Defense Cooperative Threat Reduction Program", isbn = "978-0-309-22255-6", abstract = "The Cooperative Threat Reduction (CTR) Program was created in 1991 as a set of support activities assisting the Former Soviet Union states in securing and eliminating strategic nuclear weapons and the materials used to create them. The Program evolved as needs and opportunities changed: Efforts to address biological and chemical threats were added, as was a program aimed at preventing cross-border smuggling of weapons of mass destruction. CTR has traveled through uncharted territory since its inception, and both the United States and its partners have taken bold steps resulting in progress unimagined in initial years. Over the years, much of the debate about CTR on Capitol Hill has concerned the effective use of funds, when the partners would take full responsibility for the efforts, and how progress, impact, and effectiveness should be measured.\n\nDirected by Congress, the Secretary of Defense completed a report describing DoD's metrics for the CTR Program (here called the DoD Metrics Report) in September 2010 and, as required in the same law, contracted with the National Academy of Sciences to review the metrics DoD developed and identify possible additional or alternative metrics, if necessary. Improving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program provides that review and advice.\nImproving Metrics for the DoD Cooperative Threat Reduction Program identifies shortcomings in the DoD Metrics Report and provides recommendations to enhance DoD's development and use of metrics for the CTR Program. The committee wrote this report with two main audiences in mind: Those who are mostly concerned with the overall assessment and advice, and those readers directly involved in the CTR Program, who need the details of the DoD report assessment and of how to implement the approach that the committee recommends.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13289/improving-metrics-for-the-department-of-defense-cooperative-threat-reduction-program", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", title = "The Spent-Fuel Standard for Disposition of Excess Weapon Plutonium: Application to Current DOE Options", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9999/the-spent-fuel-standard-for-disposition-of-excess-weapon-plutonium", year = 2000, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "English-Chinese, Chinese-English Nuclear Security Glossary", isbn = "978-0-309-11931-3", abstract = "The U.S. National Academies Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC) and the Chinese Scientists Group on Arms Control (CSGAC) of the Chinese People's Association for Peace and Disarmament have jointly produced a Chinese - English English - Chinese Nuclear Security Glossary. This glossary of approximately 1000 terms is built on 20 years of joint discussions on nuclear arms control, nuclear nonproliferation, nuclear energy, and regional security issues and is intended to remove barriers to progress in exchanges and diplomatic, cooperative, or other activities where unambiguous understanding is essential.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12186/english-chinese-chinese-english-nuclear-security-glossary", year = 2008, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", editor = "Roddam Narasimha and Arvind Kumar and Stephen P. Cohen and Rita Guenther", title = "Science and Technology to Counter Terrorism: Proceedings of an Indo-U.S. Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-10499-9", abstract = "This volume presents the papers and summarizes the discussions of a workshop held in Goa, India, in January 2004, organized by the Indian National Institute of Advanced Science (NIAS) and the U.S. Committee on International Security and Arms Control (CISAC). During the workshop, Indian and U.S. experts examined the terrorist threat faced in both countries and elsewhere in the world, and explored opportunities for the U.S. and India to work together. Bringing together scientists and experts with common scientific and technical backgrounds from different cultures provided a unique opportunity to explore possible means of preventing or mitigating future terrorist attacks.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11848/science-and-technology-to-counter-terrorism-proceedings-of-an-indo", year = 2007, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Monitoring Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear-Explosive Materials: An Assessment of Methods and Capabilities", isbn = "978-0-309-09597-6", abstract = "In this study, CISAC tackles the technical dimensions of a longstanding controversy: To what extent could existing and plausibly attainable measures for transparency and monitoring make possible the verification of all nuclear weapons\u2014strategic and nonstrategic, deployed and nondeployed\u2014plus the nuclear-explosive components and materials that are their essential ingredients? The committee's assessment of the technical and organizational possibilities suggests a more optimistic conclusion than most of those concerned with these issues might have expected.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11265/monitoring-nuclear-weapons-and-nuclear-explosive-materials-an-assessment-of", year = 2005, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Research Council", editor = "Alison K. Hottes and Benjamin Rusek and Fran Sharples", title = "Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-Containment Biological Laboratories: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-22575-5", abstract = "During July 10-13, 2011, 68 participants from 32 countries gathered in Istanbul, Turkey for a workshop organized by the United States National Research Council on Anticipating Biosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-containment Biological Laboratories. The United States Department of State's Biosecurity Engagement Program sponsored the workshop, which was held in partnership with the Turkish Academy of Sciences. The international workshop examined biosafety and biosecurity issues related to the design, construction, maintenance, and operation of high-containment biological laboratories- equivalent to United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention biological safety level 3 or 4 labs. Although these laboratories are needed to characterize highly dangerous human and animal pathogens, assist in disease surveillance, and produce vaccines, they are complex systems with inherent risks.\nBiosecurity Challenges of the Global Expansion of High-Containment Biological Laboratories summarizes the workshop discussion, which included the following topics:\n\n Technological options to meet diagnostic, research, and other goals;\n Laboratory construction and commissioning;\n Operational maintenance to provide sustainable capabilities, safety, and security; and\n Measures for encouraging a culture of responsible conduct.\n\nWorkshop attendees described the history and current challenges they face in their individual laboratories. Speakers recounted steps they were taking to improve safety and security, from running training programs to implementing a variety of personnel reliability measures. Many also spoke about physical security, access controls, and monitoring pathogen inventories. Workshop participants also identified tensions in the field and suggested possible areas for action.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13315/biosecurity-challenges-of-the-global-expansion-of-high-containment-biological-laboratories", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Diplomacy for the 21st Century: Embedding a Culture of Science and Technology Throughout the Department of State: Summary", abstract = "Diplomacy for the 21st Century recommends steps that the department should embrace in order to take full advantage of the leading science and technology (S&T) capabilities of the United States. These capabilities provide the department with many opportunities to promote a variety of the interests of the United States and its allies in a rapidly changing world wherein S&T are important drivers of economic development at home and abroad and help ensure international security. This summary version highlights the main ideas and key messages of the full report.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21731/diplomacy-for-the-21st-century-embedding-a-culture-of-science", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }