%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Letter Report: Review and Assessment of Industrial Hygiene Standards and Practices at Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11812/letter-report-review-and-assessment-of-industrial-hygiene-standards-and-practices-at-tooele-chemical-agent-disposal-facility %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11812/letter-report-review-and-assessment-of-industrial-hygiene-standards-and-practices-at-tooele-chemical-agent-disposal-facility %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P 18 %X As part of its continuing efforts to destroy the nation’s stockpile of chemical weapons, the U.S. Army Materiel Command conducted a Surety Management Review (SMR) that evaluated the Industrial Hygiene (IH) program at the Tooele Chemical Agent Disposal Facility (TOCDF). The IH program at TOCDF was given a rating of "Mission Capable with Limitations." In order to obtain an independent assessment, the Chemical Materials Agency requested the National Research Council (NRC) to review and assess the IH Standards and Practices at TOCDF as they relate to the SMR. This letter report presents an analysis of the SRM findings; an overview of the TOCDF IH Program; a comparison of the performance at TOCDF and specification standards; and recommendations for improving both the IH program and its review. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Initial Closure Planning for the Blue Grass and Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plants: Letter Report %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25721/initial-closure-planning-for-the-blue-grass-and-pueblo-chemical-agent-destruction-pilot-plants %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25721/initial-closure-planning-for-the-blue-grass-and-pueblo-chemical-agent-destruction-pilot-plants %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 48 %X The Committee on Initial Closure Planning for the Blue Grass and Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plants was tasked to review documents related to the closure of legacy chemical demilitarization plants and use their expert judgment to identify key areas and issues that should be considered when planning for closing Blue Grass and Pueblo Chemical Agent Destruction Pilot Plants (BGCAPP and PCAPP). This letter report presents those key issues in the following three broad categories: decontamination and hazardous waste; worker safety and industrial hygiene; and environmental safety, regulations, and permitting. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Review of the Department of Labor's Site Exposure Matrix Database %@ 978-0-309-26869-1 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18266/review-of-the-department-of-labors-site-exposure-matrix-database %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18266/review-of-the-department-of-labors-site-exposure-matrix-database %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 134 %X Beginning with the development of the atomic bomb during World War II, the United States continued to build nuclear weapons throughout the Cold War. Thousands of people mined and milled uranium, conducted research on nuclear warfare, or worked in nuclear munitions factories around the country from the 1940s through the 1980s. Such work continues today, albeit to a smaller extent. The Department of Energy (DOE) is now responsible for overseeing those sites and facilities, many of which were, and continue to be, run by government contractors. The materials used at those sites were varied and ranged from the benign to the toxic and highly radioactive. Workers at DOE facilities often did not know the identity of the materials with which they worked and often were unaware of health risks related to their use. In many instances, the work was considered top secret, and employees were cautioned not to reveal any work-related information to family or others. Workers could be exposed to both radioactive and nonradioactive toxic substances for weeks or even years. Consequently, some of the workers have developed health problems and continue to have concerns about potential health effects of their exposures to occupational hazards during their employment in the nuclear weapons industry. In response to the concerns expressed by workers and their representatives, DOL asked the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to review the SEM database and its use of a particular database, Haz-Map, as the source of its toxic substance-occupational disease links. Accordingly, this IOM consensus report reflects careful consideration of its charge by the committee, and describes the strengths and shortcomings of both. To complete its task, IOM formed an ad hoc committee of experts in occupational medicine, toxicology, epidemiology, industrial hygiene, public health, and biostatistics to conduct an 18-month study to review the scientific rigor of the SEM database. The committee held two public meetings at which it heard from DOL Division of Energy Employee Occupational Illness Compensation (DEEOIC) representatives, the DOL contractor that developed the SEM database, the developer of the Haz-Map database, DOE worker advocacy groups, and several individual workers. The committee also submitted written questions to DOL to seek clarification of specific issues and received written responses from DEEOIC. The committee's report considers both the strengths and weaknesses of the SEM and the Haz-Map databases, recognizing that the latter was developed first and for a different purpose. The committee then discusses its findings and recommends improvements that could be made in both databases with a focus on enhancing the usability of SEM for both DOL claims examiners and for former DOE workers and their representatives. Review of the Department of Labor's Site Exposure Matrix Database summarizes the committee's findings. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Twenty-second Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels %@ 978-0-309-29060-9 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18432/twenty-second-interim-report-of-the-committee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18432/twenty-second-interim-report-of-the-committee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 56 %X In 1991, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to provide technical guidance for establishing community emergency exposure levels for extremely hazardous substances (EHSs) pursuant to the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986. As a result the NRC published Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances in 1993 and Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances in 2001; providing updated procedures, methods, and other guidelines used by the National Advisory Committee (NAC) on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for hazardous substances for assessing acute adverse health effects. Stemming from this report the NAC has developed AEGLs for at least 270 EHSs. There are currently three AEGLs: AEGL-1, AEGL-2, and AEGL-3. AEGL-1 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population could experience notable discomfort, irritation, or certain asymptomatic nonsensory effects. These effects are not disabling and are transient and reversible once exposure is stopped. AEGL-2 is the airborne concentration (of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population could experience irreversible, long-lasting adverse health effects or an impaired ability to escape. AEGL-3 is the airborne concentration of a substance above which it is predicted that the general population could experience life threatening health effects or death. On April 22-24 2013, the NRC-established Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels 2013 met to review AEGL documents approved by the NAC. The committee members were selected for their expertise in toxicology, medicine, industrial hygiene, biostatistics, and risk assessment. Twenty-second Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels presents a review of AEGLs for various chemicals including acrylonitrile, halogen fluorides, tellurium hexafluoride, and thionyl chloride. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Occupational Health and Workplace Monitoring at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities %@ 978-0-309-07575-6 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10152/occupational-health-and-workplace-monitoring-at-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10152/occupational-health-and-workplace-monitoring-at-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 56 %X In keeping with a congressional mandate (Public Law 104-484) and the Chemical Weapons Convention, the United States is currently destroying its chemical weapons stockpile. The Army must ensure that the chemical demilitarization workforce is protected from the risks of exposure to hazardous chemicals during disposal operations and during and after facility closure. Good industrial practices developed in the chemical and nuclear energy industries and other operations that involve the processing of hazardous materials include workplace monitoring of hazardous species and a systematic occupational health program for monitoring workers' activities and health. In this report, the National Research Council Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program examines the methods and systems used at JACADS and TOCDF, the two operational facilities, to monitor the concentrations of airborne and condensed-phase chemical agents, agent breakdown products, and other substances of concern. The committee also reviews the occupational health programs at these sites, including their industrial hygiene and occupational medicine components. Finally, it evaluates the nature, quality, and utility of records of workplace chemical monitoring and occupational health programs. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Safe Work in the 21st Century: Education and Training Needs for the Next Decade's Occupational Safety and Health Personnel %@ 978-0-309-07026-3 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9835/safe-work-in-the-21st-century-education-and-training-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 264 %X Despite many advances, 20 American workers die each day as a result of occupational injuries. And occupational safety and health (OSH) is becoming even more complex as workers move away from the long-term, fixed-site, employer relationship. This book looks at worker safety in the changing workplace and the challenge of ensuring a supply of top-notch OSH professionals. Recommendations are addressed to federal and state agencies, OSH organizations, educational institutions, employers, unions, and other stakeholders. The committee reviews trends in workforce demographics, the nature of work in the information age, globalization of work, and the revolution in health care delivery—exploring the implications for OSH education and training in the decade ahead. The core professions of OSH (occupational safety, industrial hygiene, and occupational medicine and nursing) and key related roles (employee assistance professional, ergonomist, and occupational health psychologist) are profiled—how many people are in the field, where they work, and what they do. The book reviews in detail the education, training, and education grants available to OSH professionals from public and private sources. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High-Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland %@ 978-0-309-15145-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12871/evaluation-of-the-health-and-safety-risks-of-the-new-usamriid-high-containment-facilities-at-fort-detrick-maryland %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12871/evaluation-of-the-health-and-safety-risks-of-the-new-usamriid-high-containment-facilities-at-fort-detrick-maryland %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 86 %X The U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases in Frederick, Maryland, is designed to handle pathogens that cause serious or potentially lethal diseases, which require the research performed on them be contained to specialized laboratories. In 2007 a decision was made to expand those facilities causing concern among area residents that public health and safety risks, and strategies to mitigate those concerns were not adequately considered in the decision to go forward with the expansion. In Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland a group of experts in areas including biosafety, infectious diseases, industrial hygiene, environmental engineering, risk assessment and epidemiology, explored whether measures were being taken to ensure prevention and mitigation of risk to the health and safety of workers and the public. They also assessed whether the procedures and regulations employed meet accepted standards of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the National Institutes of Health. Evaluation of the Health and Safety Risks of the New USAMRIID High Containment Facilities at Fort Detrick, Maryland evaluates the health and safety aspects of the environmental impact statement developed to support the construction of the new laboratories and explores the institute's operating requirements, medical and emergency management response plans and communication and cooperation with the public. The book recommends that USAMRIID continue to set high standards for advancing security, operational, and biosurety measures, and that additional measures be taken to provide assurance that experienced medical professionals are readily available to consult on unusual infectious diseases. It also suggests that USAMRIID expand its two-way communications with the public. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 %@ 978-0-309-07552-7 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10098/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2000 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10098/veterans-and-agent-orange-update-2000 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 622 %X Veterans and Agent Orange: Update 2000 examines the state of the scientific evidence regarding associations between diseases and exposure to dioxin and other chemical compounds in herbicides used in Vietnam. It is the fourth in a series of comprehensive reviews of epidemiologic and toxicologic studies of the agents used as defoliants during the Vietnam War. Over forty health outcomes in veterans and their children are addressed. Among the report's conclusions is that there is sufficient evidence of a link between exposure and the development of soft-tissue sarcoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and chloracne in veterans. Additionally, it found that scientific studies offer "limited or suggestive" evidence of an association with other diseases in veterans—including Type 2 diabetes, respiratory cancers, prostate cancer, multiple myeloma and some forms of transient peripheral neuropathy—as well as the congenital birth defect spina bifida in veterans' children. %0 Book %E Mendelsohn, Mortimer L. %E Peeters, John P. %E Normandy, Mary Janet %T Biomarkers and Occupational Health: Progress and Perspectives %@ 978-0-309-05187-3 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4924/biomarkers-and-occupational-health-progress-and-perspectives %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4924/biomarkers-and-occupational-health-progress-and-perspectives %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 346 %X Biomarkers have emerged as an exciting tool in disease prevention, particularly in the workplace. They may be used to document workers' exposure to toxins, signal the onset of health effects, or identify individuals with susceptibility to certain environmental threats. But the uncertainty is as great as the potential. Are biomarkers suitable for widespread use? How can they be deployed in diverse contexts? How can biological information about workers be handled fairly and ethically? Biomarkers and Occupational Health describes the state of biomarker development, including the implications of the Human Genome program, and presents a range of viewpoints on the future of biomarkers from the leaders in the field. This book explores the three basic types of biomarkers (markers of exposure, markers of health effects, and markers of susceptibility to disease) from a variety of perspectives. It examines what can be learned from well-known exposure sites—Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Chernobyl, and the Hanford nuclear site in the United States, for example—and a wide range of human cases and animal studies. The book also explores the costs and ramifications of developing a large-scale program to monitor potentially exposed workers (e.g., at a cleanup site). A framework is offered for the use of biomarkers based on the mandate to "change the environment before you change the worker." The book explores how to identify ethical issues, how to set development priorities, and how to integrate biomarkers into an occupational health and safety program. The authors present the latest technical findings about markers for chronic beryllium disease as well as markers for exposure to carcinogens, radiation, and chronium—including prospects for detecting long-past exposures. Biomarkers and Occupational Health offers an update on biomarker development and explores a wide scope of issues. This book will be important to occupational health professionals, biomedical researchers, toxicologists, epidemiologists, and labor and management officials involved in worker health issues. Moritmer L. Mendelsohn, M.D., Ph.D., is Vice-Chairman of the Radiation Effects Research Foundation (RERF) in Japan, which studies the long-term health effects of the atomic blasts in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and he is former Associate Director of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California. John P. Peeters, Ph.D., is a geneticist who is currently directing a division of the Office of Occupational Medicine for the United States Department of Energy. Mary Janet Normandy, Ph.D., is a toxicologist who specializes in the metabolism of xenobiotics in mammalian systems. She is currently a member of the Department of Energy's Office of Occupational Medicine. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process %@ 978-0-309-07147-5 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9905/review-of-the-us-navy-environmental-health-centers-health-hazard-assessment-process %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9905/review-of-the-us-navy-environmental-health-centers-health-hazard-assessment-process %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 94 %X A large number of chemicals are used on land at shore facilities, in the air in combat and reconnaissance aircraft, on seas around the world in surface vessels, and in submarine vessels by the navy and marine corps. Although the chemicals used are for the large part harmless, there is a significant amount of chemicals in use that can be health hazards during specific exposure circumstances. The Navy Environmental Health Center (NEHC) is primarily tasked with assessing these hazards. The NEHC completes its tasks by reviewing toxicological and related data and preparing health-hazard assessments (HHAs) for the different chemicals. Since the NEHC is continually asked to develop these HHAs, the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to assess independently the validity and effectiveness of NEHC's HHA process, in order to determine whether the process as implemented provides the Navy with the best, comprehensive, and defensible evaluations of health hazards and to identify any elements that might require improvement. The task was assigned to the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology's Committee on Toxicology's (COT's) Subcommittee on Toxicological hazard and Risk Assessment. Review of the U.S. Navy Environmental Health Center's Health-Hazard Assessment Process presents the subcommittee's report. The report is the work of expertise in general toxicology, inhalation toxicology, epidemiology, neurotoxicology, immunotoxicology, reproductive and developmental toxicology, pharmacology, medicine, risk assessment, and biostatistics. It is based on its review of documents provided by NEHC, presentations by NEHC personnel, and site visits to NEHC in Norfolk, Virginia and an aircraft carrier in San Diego, California. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Twentieth Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels: Part B %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13198/twentieth-interim-report-of-the-committee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13198/twentieth-interim-report-of-the-committee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 17 %X Exposure to high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals for prolonged periods can potentially manifest into adverse health effects and deadly outcomes. Thus, to identify, review, and interpret relevant toxicological and other scientific data and to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs), the National Advisory Committee (NAC) established applications for federal, state, and local governments, as well as for the private sector. These guidelines frame emergency-response plans in case extremely hazardous substances (EHSs) are released from accidents or terrorist activities. In 1991, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) asked the National Research Council (NRC) to provide technical guidance for establishing community emergency expose levels for extremely hazardous substances. In response to that request and continued efforts to provide current advisory material, the Twentieth Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels: Part B is the second of a two part report that reviews the proposed AEGLs for scientific validity, completeness, internal consistency, and conformance to prior National Research Council guideline reports. This report also reviews NAC's research recommendations and identifies additional priorities for research to fill data gaps. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Clever, Linda Hawes %E Rogers, M.E. Bonnie %E Schultz, Andrea M. %E Liverman, Catharyn T. %T Occupational Health Nurses and Respiratory Protection: Improving Education and Training: Letter Report %@ 978-0-309-21548-0 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13183/occupational-health-nurses-and-respiratory-protection-improving-education-and-training %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13183/occupational-health-nurses-and-respiratory-protection-improving-education-and-training %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 74 %X Occupational health nurses (OHNs) are front-line advocates for preventing illness and injury and protecting health in a variety of workplace settings, including the areas of agriculture, construction, health care, manufacturing, and public safety. OHNs need education and training in respiratory protection in order to ensure both their safety and the safety of America's workers. At the request of the National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) examined existing respiratory protection curricula and made recommendations to improve education and training in respiratory protection for OHNs. The IOM finds that current respiratory protection education receives varying amounts of dedicated time and resources and is taught using a variety of approaches. Several recommendations are made to improve the respiratory protection education and training of OHNs. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Reusability of Facemasks During an Influenza Pandemic: Facing the Flu %@ 978-0-309-10182-0 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11637/reusability-of-facemasks-during-an-influenza-pandemic-facing-the-flu %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11637/reusability-of-facemasks-during-an-influenza-pandemic-facing-the-flu %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 106 %X Any strategy to cope with an influenza pandemic must be based on the knowledge and tools that are available at the time an epidemic may occur. In the near term, when we lack an adequate supply of vaccine and antiviral medication, strategies that rely on social distancing and physical barriers will be relatively more prominent as means to prevent spread of disease. The use of respirators and facemasks is one key part of a larger strategy to establish barriers and increase distance between infected and uninfected individuals. Respirators and facemasks may have a role in both clinical care and community settings. Reusability of Facemasks During an Influenza Pandemic: Facing the Flu answers a specific question about the role of respirators and facemasks to reduce the spread of flu: Can respirators and facemasks that are designed to be disposable be reused safely and effectively? The committee—assisted by outstanding staff—worked intensively to review the pertinent literature; consult with manufacturers, researchers, and medical specialists; and apply their expert judgment. This report offers findings and recommendations based on the evidence, pointing to actions that are appropriate now and to lines of research that can better inform future decisions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Continuing Assistance to the National Institutes of Health on Preparation of Additional Risk Assessments for the Boston University NEIDL, Phase 1 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12902/continuing-assistance-to-the-national-institutes-of-health-on-preparation-of-additional-risk-assessments-for-the-boston-university-neidl-phase-1 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12902/continuing-assistance-to-the-national-institutes-of-health-on-preparation-of-additional-risk-assessments-for-the-boston-university-neidl-phase-1 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 16 %X In 2003, the Boston University Medical Center (BUMC) was awarded a $128 million grant from the National Institutes of Health to build one of two high- and maximum- containment laboratory facilities for research on biological pathogens. The National Emerging Infectious Disease Laboratories (NEIDL) are meant to support the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and biodefense research agenda, conducting research to develop new approaches to treating, preventing, and diagnosing a variety of viral diseases. Diseases and agents to be studied include viruses and bacteria that occur naturally and cause infections or that could be used in deliberate attacks. Continuing Assistance to the National Institutes of Health on Preparation of Additional Risk Assessments for the Boston University NEIDL, Phase 1 reviews the proposed risk assessment plans associated with operating the NEIDL and provides input on key milestones in the development of supplementary risk assessment. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Bailar, John C., III %E Meyer, Emily Ann %E Pool, Robert %T Assessment of the NIOSH Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users %@ 978-0-309-10398-5 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11815/assessment-of-the-niosh-head-and-face-anthropometric-survey-of-us-respirator-users %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11815/assessment-of-the-niosh-head-and-face-anthropometric-survey-of-us-respirator-users %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Industry and Labor %P 122 %X NIOSH and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) share responsibility for overseeing respiratory protection in the workplace and have established regulations for this purpose. Specifically, NIOSH has issued regulations which define respirator testing and certification. OSHA has issued regulations which define conditions under which employers are required to maintain respiratory protection programs in general industry, shipyards, marine terminals, and construction. In 2005, NIOSH contracted with the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to study the NIOSH-sponsored Anthrotech study along with its supporting information and reports, and to examine and report on the adequacy and relevance of the study protocol, the analyses conducted, the resulting anthropometric dataset, and the appropriateness of the respirator fit-test panels derived from the new dataset. Assessment of the NIOSH Head-and-Face Anthropometric Survey of U.S. Respirator Users focuses on the establishment of the scientific base required for certification standards of respirators, not their use in the workplace. This report describes and analyzes the anthropometric measurements performed by Anthrotech for its NIOSH-sponsored study. This report looks at the survey methods used by Anthrotech in the study, and examines how Anthrotech analyzed its data to derive fit-test panels and suggests some ways that analysis could be improved. This report discusses future directions, pointing toward further analyses of the data and offers suggestions for moving from research to practice. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Meeting Physicians' Needs for Medical Information on Occupations and Environments %D 1990 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9495/meeting-physicians-needs-for-medical-information-on-occupations-and-environments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9495/meeting-physicians-needs-for-medical-information-on-occupations-and-environments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 35 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam: Interim Findings and Recommendations %@ 978-0-309-08943-2 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10687/characterizing-exposure-of-veterans-to-agent-orange-and-other-herbicides-used-in-vietnam %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10687/characterizing-exposure-of-veterans-to-agent-orange-and-other-herbicides-used-in-vietnam %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 36 %X From 1962 to 1971, US military forces sprayed more than 19 million gallons of herbicides over Vietnam to strip the thick jungle canopy that helped conceal opposition forces, to destroy crops that enemy forces might depend on, and to clear tall grass and bushes from around the perimeters of US base camps and outlying fire-support bases. Most large-scale spraying operations were conducted from airplanes and helicopters, but herbicides were also sprayed from boats and ground vehicles, and by soldiers wearing back-mounted equipment. After a scientific report concluded that a contaminant of one of the primary chemicals used in the herbicide called Agent Orange could cause birth defects in laboratory animals, US forces suspended use of the herbicide; they subsequently halted all herbicide spraying in Vietnam in 1971. At the request of the Veteran's Administration, the Institute of Medicine established a committee to oversee the development and evaluation of models of herbicide exposure for use in studies of Vietnam veterans. That committee would develop and disseminate a request for proposals (RFP) consistent with the recommendations; evaluate the proposals received in response to the RFP and select one or more academic or other nongovernmental research groups to develop the exposure reconstruction model; provide scientific and administrative oversight of the work of the researchers; and evaluate the models developed by the researchers in a report to VA, which would be published for a broader audience. Characterizing Exposure of Veterans to Agent Orange and Other Herbicides Used in Vietnam is the IOM's report that evaluates models of herbicide reconstruction to develop and test models of herbicide exposure for use in studies of Vietnam veterans. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Liverman, Catharyn T. %E Harris, Tracy A. %E Rogers, M. E. Bonnie %E Shine, Kenneth I. %T Respiratory Protection for Healthcare Workers in the Workplace Against Novel H1N1 Influenza A: A Letter Report %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12748/respiratory-protection-for-healthcare-workers-in-the-workplace-against-novel-h1n1-influenza-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12748/respiratory-protection-for-healthcare-workers-in-the-workplace-against-novel-h1n1-influenza-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 68 %X In the event that the H1N1 virus creates a surge of patients during the upcoming flu season, it will be critical to protect health care workers from infection, given their central role in treating sick people and lessening the pandemic's overall impact. This new report from the Institute of Medicine recommends strategies for health care organizations and employees to prepare for the H1N1 virus. These recommendations include wearing fitted N95 respirators to guard against respiratory infection by the virus, and establishing policies for innovative triage processes, handwashing, disinfection, and more. The report also calls for a boost in research to answer questions about how the flu viruses can be spread, and to design and develop better protective equipment that would enhance workers' comfort, safety, and ability to do their jobs. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Clever, Linda Hawes %E Rogers, Bonnie M. E. %E Yost, Olivia C. %E Liverman, Catharyn T. %T Reusable Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care: Considerations for Routine and Surge Use %@ 978-0-309-48515-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25275/reusable-elastomeric-respirators-in-health-care-considerations-for-routine-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25275/reusable-elastomeric-respirators-in-health-care-considerations-for-routine-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 226 %X Protecting the health and safety of health care workers is vital to the health of each of us. Preparing for and responding to a future influenza pandemic or to a sustained outbreak of an airborne transmissible disease requires a high-level commitment to respiratory protection for health care workers across the wide range of settings in which they work and the jobs that they perform. Keeping health care workers healthy is an ethical commitment both in terms of addressing the occupational risks faced by health care workers and of providing for the continuity of patient care and services needed to maintain the health of individuals and communities. During a public health emergency, challenges will arise concerning the availability of respiratory protective devices (i.e., respirators). Reusable respirators (specifically, reusable half-facepiece elastomeric respirators) are the standard respiratory protection device used in many industries, and they provide an option for use in health care that has to date not been fully explored. The durability and reusability of elastomeric respirators make them desirable for stockpiling for emergencies, where the need for large volumes of respirators can be anticipated. However, they are used infrequently in health care. Reusable Elastomeric Respirators in Health Care explores the potential for the use of elastomeric respirators in the U.S. health care system with a focus on the economic, policy, and implementation challenges and opportunities. This report examines the practicability of elastomeric use in health care on a routine basis and during an influenza pandemic or other large aerosol-transmissible outbreak, when demand for respiratory protective devices by U.S. health care personnel may be larger than domestic supplies. The report also addresses the issues regarding emergency stockpile management of elastomeric respiratory protective devices. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Nineteenth Interim Report of the Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels: Part B %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13096/nineteenth-interim-report-of-the-committee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13096/nineteenth-interim-report-of-the-committee-on-acute-exposure-guideline-levels %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 22 %X The present report is the committee's 19th interim report. It summarizes the committee's conclusions and recommendations for improving NAC's AEGL documents for 5 aliphatic nitriles: acetonitrile, isobutyronitrile, propionitrile, chloroacetontrile, and malonitrile.