TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Roundtable on Data Science Postsecondary Education: A Compilation of Meeting Highlights SN - DO - 10.17226/25804 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25804/roundtable-on-data-science-postsecondary-education-a-compilation-of-meeting PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - Established in December 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Data Science Postsecondary Education was charged with identifying the challenges of and highlighting best practices in postsecondary data science education. Convening quarterly for 3 years, representatives from academia, industry, and government gathered with other experts from across the nation to discuss various topics under this charge. The meetings centered on four central themes: foundations of data science; data science across the postsecondary curriculum; data science across society; and ethics and data science. This publication highlights the presentations and discussions of each meeting. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Reproducibility Issues in Research with Animals and Animal Models: Workshop in Brief DO - 10.17226/21835 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21835/reproducibility-issues-in-research-with-animals-and-animal-models-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - In June 2014, the Roundtable on Science and Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use organized a public workshop to discuss fundamental aspects of experimental design of research using animals and animal models, aimed at improving reproducibility. At this workshop, researchers from around the world explored the many facets of animal-based research that could contribute to irreproducible results, including perspectives on improving experimental planning, design, and execution; the importance of reporting all methodological details; and efforts to establish harmonization principles of reporting on the care and use of animals in research studies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Reproducibility and Replicability in Science SN - DO - 10.17226/25303 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25303/reproducibility-and-replicability-in-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Surveys and Statistics KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - One of the pathways by which the scientific community confirms the validity of a new scientific discovery is by repeating the research that produced it. When a scientific effort fails to independently confirm the computations or results of a previous study, some fear that it may be a symptom of a lack of rigor in science, while others argue that such an observed inconsistency can be an important precursor to new discovery. Concerns about reproducibility and replicability have been expressed in both scientific and popular media. As these concerns came to light, Congress requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine conduct a study to assess the extent of issues related to reproducibility and replicability and to offer recommendations for improving rigor and transparency in scientific research. Reproducibility and Replicability in Science defines reproducibility and replicability and examines the factors that may lead to non-reproducibility and non-replicability in research. Unlike the typical expectation of reproducibility between two computations, expectations about replicability are more nuanced, and in some cases a lack of replicability can aid the process of scientific discovery. This report provides recommendations to researchers, academic institutions, journals, and funders on steps they can take to improve reproducibility and replicability in science. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michelle Drewry A2 - Joe Alper A2 - Sarah H. Beachy TI - Emerging Technologies and Innovation in Manufacturing Regenerative Medicine Therapies: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/27483 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27483/emerging-technologies-and-innovation-in-manufacturing-regenerative-medicine-therapies-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - As the number of regenerative medicines and therapies approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has grown to meet rising demand, the field of regenerative medicine has started to anticipate the potential of strategies such as artificial intelligence, decentralized manufacturing, and automation to accommodate this expansion. The National Academies Forum on Regenerative Medicine hosted a public workshop in October 2023 to explore emerging technologies, evolving manufacturing approaches, regulatory considerations, and diverse partnerships needed to increase regenerative medicine treatment capacity. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - 2022 Assessment of the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory SN - DO - 10.17226/26931 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26931/2022-assessment-of-the-devcom-army-research-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Amy Research Laboratory (ARL) focuses on cutting-edge scientific discovery, technological innovation, and transition of knowledge products that offer great potential to strengthen the U.S. Army. The mission of the ARL is to operationalize science for transformational overmatch in support of persistent Army modernization. At the request of the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory, this report provides an assessment of the scientific and technical quality of the ARL, with findings and recommendations related to the quality of ARL research, development, and analysis programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michelle Schwalbe TI - Statistical Challenges in Assessing and Fostering the Reproducibility of Scientific Results: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/21915 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21915/statistical-challenges-in-assessing-and-fostering-the-reproducibility-of-scientific-results PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Questions about the reproducibility of scientific research have been raised in numerous settings and have gained visibility through several high-profile journal and popular press articles. Quantitative issues contributing to reproducibility challenges have been considered (including improper data measurement and analysis, inadequate statistical expertise, and incomplete data, among others), but there is no clear consensus on how best to approach or to minimize these problems. A lack of reproducibility of scientific results has created some distrust in scientific findings among the general public, scientists, funding agencies, and industries. While studies fail for a variety of reasons, many factors contribute to the lack of perfect reproducibility, including insufficient training in experimental design, misaligned incentives for publication and the implications for university tenure, intentional manipulation, poor data management and analysis, and inadequate instances of statistical inference. The workshop summarized in this report was designed not to address the social and experimental challenges but instead to focus on the latter issues of improper data management and analysis, inadequate statistical expertise, incomplete data, and difficulties applying sound statistic inference to the available data. Many efforts have emerged over recent years to draw attention to and improve reproducibility of scientific work. This report uniquely focuses on the statistical perspective of three issues: the extent of reproducibility, the causes of reproducibility failures, and the potential remedies for these failures. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Robert Dowding A2 - Delcie Durham TI - Summary of the Workshop on Structural Nanomaterials DO - 10.17226/10253 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10253/summary-of-the-workshop-on-structural-nanomaterials PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - This report provides a summary of the workshop put together by the National Materials Advisory Board which covered the following areas: synthesis and assembly of nanomaterial building blocks, characterization of nanomaterials, examples of structural nanomaterials currently in use, potential applications of nanomaterials, gaps in understanding of synthesis, assembly, chemical, and physical characterization and the need for interdisciplinary approach, as well as identification of the "showstoppers"—major barriers to utilization of nanomaterials. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Building Confidence in New Evidence Streams for Human Health Risk Assessment: Lessons Learned from Laboratory Mammalian Toxicity Tests SN - DO - 10.17226/26906 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26906/building-confidence-in-new-evidence-streams-for-human-health-risk-assessment PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - As part of its core mission, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with assessing the hazards and risks to human health from exposure to pollutants. While some pollutants are well studied, there are little or no data on the potential health effects for many thousands of chemicals that can make their way into the environment, such as PFAS. EPA still relies on laboratory mammalian studies as the foundation of most human health risk assessments, which are limited by high costs, long timelines, and other concerns. New approach methods (NAMs) in toxicology, for example new in vivo and in vitro strategies and computational systems biology, offer opportunities to inform timely decision-making when no data are available from laboratory mammalian toxicity tests or epidemiological studies. NAMs may also help inform efforts to protect susceptible and vulnerable populations by characterizing subtle health perturbations, better encompassing genetic diversity, and accounting for nonchemical stressors. While the promise and need for NAMs is clear, many barriers to their use remain. This report aims to bridge the gap between the potential of NAMs and their practical application in human health risk assessment. Building Confidence in New Evidence Streams for Human Health Risk Assessment draws lessons learned from laboratory mammalian toxicity tests to help inform approaches for building scientific confidence in NAMs and for incorporating such data into risk assessment and decision-making. Overall, the report recommendations aim to ensure a seamless handoff from the evaluation of NAM-based testing strategies in the laboratory to the incorporation of NAM data into modern, systematic-review-based risk assessments. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Assuring Data Quality at U.S. Geological Survey Laboratories SN - DO - 10.17226/25524 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25524/assuring-data-quality-at-us-geological-survey-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) mission is to provide reliable and impartial scientific information to understand Earth, minimize loss of life and property from natural disasters, and manage water, biological, energy, and mineral resources. Data collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination are central to everything the USGS does. Among other activities, the USGS operates some 250 laboratories across the country to analyze physical and biological samples, including water, sediment, rock, plants, invertebrates, fish, and wildlife. The data generated in the laboratories help answer pressing scientific and societal questions or support regulation, resource management, or commercial applications. At the request of the USGS, this study reviews a representative sample of USGS laboratories to examine quality management systems and other approaches for assuring the quality of laboratory results and recommends best practices and procedures for USGS laboratories. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Diana E. Pankevich A2 - Theresa M. Wizemann A2 - Bruce M. Altevogt TI - Improving the Utility and Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/13530 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13530/improving-the-utility-and-translation-of-animal-models-for-nervous-system-disorders PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Nervous system diseases and disorders are highly prevalent and substantially contribute to the overall disease burden. Despite significant information provided by the use of animal models in the understanding of the biology of nervous system disorders and the development of therapeutics; limitations have also been identified. Treatment options that are high in efficacy and low in side effects are still lacking for many diseases and, in some cases are nonexistent. A particular problem in drug development is the high rate of attrition in Phase II and III clinical trials. Why do many therapeutics show promise in preclinical animal models but then fail to elicit predicted effects when tested in humans? On March 28 and 29, 2012, the Institute of Medicine Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders convened the workshop "Improving Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders" to discuss potential opportunities for maximizing the translation of new therapies from animal models to clinical practice. The primary focus of the workshop was to examine mechanisms for increasing the efficiency of translational neuroscience research through discussions about how and when to use animal models most effectively and then best approaches for the interpretation of the data collected. Specifically, the workshop objectives were to: discuss key issues that contribute to poor translation of animal models in nervous system disorders, examine case studies that highlight successes and failures in the development and application of animal models, consider strategies to increase the scientific rigor of preclinical efficacy testing, explore the benefits and challenges to developing standardized animal and behavioral models. Improving the Utility and Translation of Animal Models for Nervous System Disorders: Workshop Summary also identifies methods to facilitate development of corresponding animal and clinical endpoints, indentifies methods that would maximize bidirectional translation between basic and clinical research and determines the next steps that will be critical for improvement of the development and testing of animal models of disorders of the nervous system. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily Zevon A2 - Margie Patlak A2 - Sharyl J. Nass TI - Improving Cancer Diagnosis and Care: Clinical Application of Computational Methods in Precision Oncology: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25404 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25404/improving-cancer-diagnosis-and-care-clinical-application-of-computational-methods PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A hallmark of high-quality cancer care is the delivery of the right treatment to the right patient at the right time. Precision oncology therapies, which target specific genetic changes in a patient’s cancer, are changing the nature of cancer treatment by allowing clinicians to select therapies that are most likely to benefit individual patients. In current clinical practice, oncologists are increasingly formulating cancer treatment plans using results from complex laboratory and imaging tests that characterize the molecular underpinnings of an individual patient’s cancer. These molecular fingerprints can be quite complex and heterogeneous, even within a single patient. To enable these molecular tumor characterizations to effectively and safely inform cancer care, the cancer community is working to develop and validate multiparameter omics tests and imaging tests as well as software and computational methods for interpretation of the resulting datasets. To examine opportunities to improve cancer diagnosis and care in the new precision oncology era, the National Cancer Policy Forum developed a two-workshop series. The first workshop focused on patient access to expertise and technologies in oncologic imaging and pathology and was held in February 2018. The second workshop, conducted in collaboration with the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, was held in October 2018 to examine the use of multidimensional data derived from patients with cancer, and the computational methods that analyze these data to inform cancer treatment decisions. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the second workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Communicating Science and Engineering Data in the Information Age SN - DO - 10.17226/13282 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13282/communicating-science-and-engineering-data-in-the-information-age PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Policy for Science and Technology KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics (NCSES) of the National Science Foundation (NSF) communicates its science and engineering (S&E) information to data users in a very fluid environment that is undergoing modernization at a pace at which data producer dissemination practices, protocols, and technologies, on one hand, and user demands and capabilities, on the other, are changing faster than the agency has been able to accommodate. NCSES asked the Committee on National Statistics and the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council to form a panel to review the NCSES communication and dissemination program that is concerned with the collection and distribution of information on science and engineering and to recommend future directions for the program. Communicating Science and Engineering Data in the Information Age includes recommendations to improve NCSES's dissemination program and improve data user engagement. This report includes recommendations such as NCSES's transition to a dissemination framework that emphasizes database management rather than data presentation, and that NCSES analyze the results of its initial online consumer survey and refine it over time. The implementation of the report's recommendations should be undertaken within an overall framework that accords priority to the basic quality of the data and the fundamentals of dissemination, then to significant enhancements that are achievable in the short term, while laying the groundwork for other long-term improvements. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Margaret E. Martin A2 - Miron L. Straf A2 - Constance F. Citro TI - Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency: Third Edition SN - DO - 10.17226/11252 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11252/principles-and-practices-for-a-federal-statistical-agency-third-edition PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Computers and Information Technology KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Since 1992, the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) has produced a book on principles and practices for a federal statistical agency, updating the document every 4 years to provide a current edition to newly appointed cabinet secretaries at the beginning of each presidential administration. This third edition presents and comments on three basic principles that statistical agencies must embody in order to carry out their mission fully: (1) They must produce objective data that are relevant to policy issues, (2) they must achieve and maintain credibility among data users, and (3) they must achieve and maintain trust among data providers. The book also discusses 11 important practices that are means for statistical agencies to live up to the four principles. These practices include a commitment to quality and professional practice and an active program of methodological and substantive research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Lisa Bain A2 - Amanda Wagner Gee A2 - Clare Stroud TI - Neuroscience Data in the Cloud: Opportunities and Challenges: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25653 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25653/neuroscience-data-in-the-cloud-opportunities-and-challenges-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The cloud model of data sharing has led to a vast increase in the quantity and complexity of data and expanded access to these data, which has attracted many more researchers, enabled multi-national neuroscience collaborations, and facilitated the development of many new tools. Yet, the cloud model has also produced new challenges related to data storage, organization, and protection. Merely switching the technical infrastructure from local repositories to cloud repositories is not enough to optimize data use. To explore the burgeoning use of cloud computing in neuroscience, the National Academies Forum on Neuroscience and Nervous System Disorders hosted a workshop on September 24, 2019. A broad range of stakeholders involved in cloud-based neuroscience initiatives and research explored the use of cloud technology to advance neuroscience research and shared approaches to address current barriers. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steve Olson TI - Experimental Approaches to Improving Research Funding Programs: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/27244 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27244/experimental-approaches-to-improving-research-funding-programs-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - On March 14-15, 2023, the Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a 2-day workshop in Washington, DC to explore the use of data, research, and experiments to improve the processes for and outcomes of federal funding of scientific research. The workshop brought together researchers in the science of science funding and practitioners from government and the private sector with experience supporting or carrying out experimentation and evaluation to discuss illustrative examples of the use of experimentation from the United States and abroad; consider methods of evaluation; and foster relationships for future experimentation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Constance F. Citro A2 - Margaret E. Martin A2 - Miron L. Straf TI - Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency: Fourth Edition SN - DO - 10.17226/12564 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12564/principles-and-practices-for-a-federal-statistical-agency-fourth-edition PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Since 1992, the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) has produced a book on principles and practices for a federal statistical agency, updating the document every 4 years to provide a current edition to newly appointed cabinet secretaries at the beginning of each presidential administration. This fourth edition presents and comments on four basic principles that statistical agencies must embody in order to carry out their mission fully: (1) They must produce objective data that are relevant to policy issues, (2) they must achieve and maintain credibility among data users, (3) they must achieve and maintain trust among data providers, and (4) they must achieve and maintain a strong position of independence from the appearance and reality of political control. The book also discusses 11 important practices that are means for statistical agencies to live up to the four principles. These practices include a commitment to quality and professional practice and an active program of methodological and substantive research. This fourth edition adds the principle that statistical agencies must operate from a strong position of independence and the practice that agencies must have ongoing internal and external evaluations of their programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Coatings for High-Temperature Structural Materials: Trends and Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/5038 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5038/coatings-for-high-temperature-structural-materials-trends-and-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - This book assesses the state of the art of coatings materials and processes for gas-turbine blades and vanes, determines potential applications of coatings in high-temperature environments, identifies needs for improved coatings in terms of performance enhancements, design considerations, and fabrication processes, assesses durability of advanced coating systems in expected service environments, and discusses the required inspection, repair, and maintenance methods. The promising areas for research and development of materials and processes for improved coating systems and the approaches to increased coating standardization are identified, with an emphasis on materials and processes with the potential for improved performance, quality, reproducibility, or manufacturing cost reduction. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Constance F. Citro A2 - Miron L. Straf TI - Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency: Fifth Edition SN - DO - 10.17226/18318 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18318/principles-and-practices-for-a-federal-statistical-agency-fifth-edition PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - Publicly available statistics from government agencies that are credible, relevant, accurate, and timely are essential for policy makers, individuals, households, businesses, academic institutions, and other organizations to make informed decisions. Even more, the effective operation of a democratic system of government depends on the unhindered flow of statistical information to its citizens. In the United States, federal statistical agencies in cabinet departments and independent agencies are the governmental units whose principal function is to compile, analyze, and disseminate information for such statistical purposes as describing population characteristics and trends, planning and monitoring programs, and conducting research and evaluation. The work of these agencies is coordinated by the U.S. Office of Management and Budget. Statistical agencies may acquire information not only from surveys or censuses of people and organizations, but also from such sources as government administrative records, private-sector datasets, and Internet sources that are judged of suitable quality and relevance for statistical use. They may conduct analyses, but they do not advocate policies or take partisan positions. Statistical purposes for which they provide information relate to descriptions of groups and exclude any interest in or identification of an individual person, institution, or economic unit. Four principles are fundamental for a federal statistical agency: relevance to policy issues, credibility among data users, trust among data providers, and independence from political and other undue external influence. Principles and Practices for a Federal Statistical Agency: Fifth Edition explains these four principles in detail. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Erin Hammers Forstag A2 - Lida Anestidou TI - Advancing Disease Modeling in Animal-Based Research in Support of Precision Medicine: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25002 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25002/advancing-disease-modeling-in-animal-based-research-in-support-of-precision-medicine PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - Precision medicine is focused on the individual and will require the rapid and accurate identification and prioritization of causative factors of disease. To move forward and accelerate the delivery of the anticipated benefits of precision medicine, developing predictable, reproducible, and reliable animal models will be essential. In order to explore the topic of animal-based research and its relevance to precision medicine, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 2-day workshop on October 5 and 6, 2017. The workshop was designed to focus on the development, implementation, and interpretation of model organisms to advance and accelerate the field of precision medicine. Participants examined the extent to which next-generation animal models, designed using patient data and phenotyping platforms targeted to reveal and inform disease mechanisms, will be essential to the successful implementation of precision medicine. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information for Decision Making: A Framework Going Forward SN - DO - 10.17226/26641 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26641/greenhouse-gas-emissions-information-for-decision-making-a-framework-going PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Climate change, driven by increases in human-produced greenhouse gases and particles (collectively referred to as GHGs), is the most serious environmental issue facing society. The need to reduce GHGs has become urgent as heat waves, heavy rain events, and other impacts of climate change have become more frequent and severe. Since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, more than 136 countries, accounting for about 80% of total global GHG emissions, have committed to achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. A growing number of cities, regional governments, and industries have also made pledges to reduce emissions. Providing decision makers with useful, accurate, and trusted GHG emissions information is a crucial part of this effort. This report examines existing and emerging approaches used to generate and evaluate GHG emissions information at global to local scales. The report develops a framework for evaluating GHG emissions information to support and guide policy makers about its use in decision making. The framework identifies six criteria or pillars that can be used to evaluate and improve GHG emissions information: usability and timeliness, information transparency, evaluation and validation, completeness, inclusivity, and communication. The report recommends creating a coordinated repository or clearinghouse to operationalize the six pillars, for example, by providing timely, transparent, traceable information; standardized data formats; and governance mechanisms that are coordinated, trusted, and inclusive of the global community. ER -