@BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras: Science, Ethics, and Governance", isbn = "978-0-309-30336-1", abstract = "Each year, tens of millions of individuals in the U.S. suffer from neurological and psychiatric disorders including neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease, and psychiatric disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, depression and schizophrenia. Treatments for these diseases are often completely lacking or only partially effective, due in large part to the difficulty of conducting brain research and the complexity of the brain itself.\nResearchers in recent years have developed new models to better represent and study the human brain. The three models considered in this report, all of which generate and use pluripotent stem cells from healthy individuals and patients, are human neural organoids, human neural transplants, and human-animal neural chimeras. The Emerging Field of Human Neural Organoids, Transplants, and Chimeras: Science, Ethics, and Governance reviews the status of research, considers its benefits and risks, discusses associated ethical issues, and considers governance mechanisms for this type of research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26078/the-emerging-field-of-human-neural-organoids-transplants-and-chimeras", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Medicine and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Human Genome Editing: Science, Ethics, and Governance", isbn = "978-0-309-45288-5", abstract = "Genome editing is a powerful new tool for making precise alterations to an organism's genetic material. Recent scientific advances have made genome editing more efficient, precise, and flexible than ever before. These advances have spurred an explosion of interest from around the globe in the possible ways in which genome editing can improve human health. The speed at which these technologies are being developed and applied has led many policymakers and stakeholders to express concern about whether appropriate systems are in place to govern these technologies and how and when the public should be engaged in these decisions. \n\nHuman Genome Editing considers important questions about the human application of genome editing including: balancing potential benefits with unintended risks, governing the use of genome editing, incorporating societal values into clinical applications and policy decisions, and respecting the inevitable differences across nations and cultures that will shape how and whether to use these new technologies. This report proposes criteria for heritable germline editing, provides conclusions on the crucial need for public education and engagement, and presents 7 general principles for the governance of human genome editing.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24623/human-genome-editing-science-ethics-and-governance", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Ana Deros and Jen Saunders", title = "Attacks on Scientists and Health Professionals During the Pandemic: Proceedings of a Symposium—in Brief", abstract = "Scientists and health professionals have long been targeted in connection with their professional work. Though this problem preceded the pandemic, it has emerged as a major concern, both in the United States and globally, as a result of COVID-19. Since the onset of the pandemic, scientists and health professionals have been subjected to threats and other attacks - online and offline - resulting from their efforts to combat the spread of COVID-19 with public health interventions and information. Reports of violence - carried out by numerous actors, including governments, groups, and individuals - are wide ranging and have come from all over the globe. In some cases, scientists, health professionals, and other groups have been targeted by multiple sources simultaneously, putting them at heightened risk of harm.\nBeginning September 1, 2022, the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Human Rights hosted five webcasts examining the global problem of COVID-19-related attacks on researchers and health professionals, along with concerns regarding repression of information during the pandemic and implications for internationally protected rights. Topics included the targeting of scientists and public health professionals for providing evidence-based health information, global patterns of violence against health personnel, censorship and the right to information, science communication and human rights amid public health emergencies, and constructing a human rights framework for online health-related speech. This Proceedings of a Symposium-in Brief provides a high-level summary of the issues discussed during the series.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26936/attacks-on-scientists-and-health-professionals-during-the-pandemic-proceedings", year = 2023, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Jeanette Beebe and Raymond Wassel and Kaley Beins and Kathryn Z. Guyton", title = "Artificial Intelligence Tools and Open Data Practices for EPA Chemical Hazard Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA\u2019s) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Program identifies and characterizes the human health hazards of chemicals found in the environment. Human health risk assessments cover hazard identification as well as dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer outcomes that are obtained from IRIS assessments. Human health risk assessments are highly important as they are used to inform a broad range of risk-related decisions across the agency. These assessments involve systematic reviews of the scientific literature, which obtain, evaluate, and summarize information to answer a research question in a transparent manner.\nAt the request of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment within EPA's Office of Research and Development, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore opportunities and challenges in using advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and data science to enhance human health risk assessments. The workshop was held virtually on May 25 and 26, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26540/artificial-intelligence-tools-and-open-data-practices-for-epa-chemical-hazard-assessments", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Steve Olson", title = "Branches from the Same Tree: A National Convening on the Integration of the Arts, Humanities, and STEMM in Higher Education: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief", abstract = "In its 2018 report The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education: Branches from the Same Tree, a committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine pointed to an emerging body of evidence suggesting that integration of the arts, humanities, and STEMM fields - science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine - is associated with positive learning outcomes that may help students enter the workforce, live enriched lives, and become active and informed members of a modern democracy. On April 12, 2019, the National Academies held a national convening in Washington, DC, to review, extend, and disseminate the committee's findings. At the convening, which was part of a series of events held across the United States, committee members, students, faculty members, and others discussed the future of higher education, the benefits of integration, and examples of integration that have proven to have positive effects. In addition, the convening featured dramatic readings that illustrated some of the issues involved with integrating the arts, humanities, and STEMM fields. This publication highlights the presentations of the event.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25675/branches-from-the-same-tree-a-national-convening-on-the-integration-of-the-arts-humanities-and-stemm-in-higher-education", year = 2020, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "Ruth Cooper and Carol Berkower and Sharyl Nass", title = "Companion Animals as Sentinels for Predicting Environmental Exposure Effects on Aging and Cancer Susceptibility in Humans: Proceedings of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-68794-2", abstract = "To examine the potential role of companion animals as sentinels of relevant, shared environmental exposures that may affect human aging and cancer, the National Cancer Policy Forum held a workshop in collaboration with the Forum on Aging, Disability, and Independence and the Standing Committee on the Use of Emerging Science for Environmental Health Decisions to explore this promising and underutilized pathway for research. Presentations and panel discussions covered the current state of the science and pathways for accelerating research, along with opportunities and challenges for using this novel translational approach to exposure science to advance human health. This Proceedings of a Workshop outlines the presentations and discussions that occurred during the workshop.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26547/companion-animals-as-sentinels-for-predicting-environmental-exposure-effects-on-aging-and-cancer-susceptibility-in-humans", year = 2022, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Looking Ahead at the Cybersecurity Workforce at the Federal Aviation Administration", isbn = "978-0-309-39150-4", abstract = "The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has overseen significant upgrades to the technology used to manage aviation operations to increase the safety and efficiency of the National Airspace System (NAS). Though necessary to regular operations, these modern computing and communications systems provide a greater attack surface for criminals, terrorists, or nation-states to exploit and thereby increase the potential for cybersecurity threats to the NAS and its constituents.\nThe future safety and security of air travel will rely in part on the ability of the FAA to build a workforce capable of addressing the evolving cybersecurity threat landscape. Securing the computers, networks, and data that underpin modern aviation depends in part on the FAA having enough cybersecurity professionals (capacity) with the right knowledge, skills, and abilities (capability)). It also depends on the FAA's workforce having sufficient diversity of backgrounds and experience. Such diversity is critical in analyzing cybersecurity problems and widely understood to be a \"functional imperative\" for effective cybersecurity programs.\nAt the request of Congress, the publication examines the FAA's cybersecurity workforce challenges, reviews the current strategy for meeting those challenges, and recommends ways to strengthen the FAA's cybersecurity workforce.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26105/looking-ahead-at-the-cybersecurity-workforce-at-the-federal-aviation-administration", year = 2021, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", editor = "David Skorton and Ashley Bear", title = "The Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education: Branches from the Same Tree", isbn = "978-0-309-47061-2", abstract = "In the United States, broad study in an array of different disciplines \u2014arts, humanities, science, mathematics, engineering\u2014 as well as an in-depth study within a special area of interest, have been defining characteristics of a higher education. But over time, in-depth study in a major discipline has come to dominate the curricula at many institutions. This evolution of the curriculum has been driven, in part, by increasing specialization in the academic disciplines. There is little doubt that disciplinary specialization has helped produce many of the achievement of the past century. Researchers in all academic disciplines have been able to delve more deeply into their areas of expertise, grappling with ever more specialized and fundamental problems. \n\nYet today, many leaders, scholars, parents, and students are asking whether higher education has moved too far from its integrative tradition towards an approach heavily rooted in disciplinary \"silos\". These \"silos\" represent what many see as an artificial separation of academic disciplines. This study reflects a growing concern that the approach to higher education that favors disciplinary specialization is poorly calibrated to the challenges and opportunities of our time. \n\nThe Integration of the Humanities and Arts with Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine in Higher Education examines the evidence behind the assertion that educational programs that mutually integrate learning experiences in the humanities and arts with science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) lead to improved educational and career outcomes for undergraduate and graduate students. It explores evidence regarding the value of integrating more STEMM curricula and labs into the academic programs of students majoring in the humanities and arts and evidence regarding the value of integrating curricula and experiences in the arts and humanities into college and university STEMM education programs.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24988/the-integration-of-the-humanities-and-arts-with-sciences-engineering-and-medicine-in-higher-education", year = 2018, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences", editor = "Robin Marantz Henig", title = "From Research to Reward: The Hospital Checklist: How Social Science Insights Improve Health Care Outcomes", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23510/from-research-to-reward-the-hospital-checklist-how-social-science", year = 2016, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy", isbn = "978-0-309-26468-6", abstract = "From the use of personal products to our consumption of food, water, and air, people are exposed to a wide array of agents each day\u2014many with the potential to affect health. Exposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy investigates the contact of humans or other organisms with those agents (that is, chemical, physical, and biologic stressors) and their fate in living systems. The concept of exposure science has been instrumental in helping us understand how stressors affect human and ecosystem health, and in efforts to prevent or reduce contact with harmful stressors. In this way exposure science has played an integral role in many areas of environmental health, and can help meet growing needs in environmental regulation, urban and ecosystem planning, and disaster management.\nExposure Science in the 21st Century: A Vision and A Strategy explains that there are increasing demands for exposure science information, for example to meet needs for data on the thousands of chemicals introduced into the market each year, and to better understand the health effects of prolonged low-level exposure to stressors. Recent advances in tools and technologies\u2014including sensor systems, analytic methods, molecular technologies, computational tools, and bioinformatics\u2014have provided the potential for more accurate and comprehensive exposure science data than ever before. This report also provides a roadmap to take advantage of the technologic innovations and strategic collaborations to move exposure science into the future.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13507/exposure-science-in-the-21st-century-a-vision-and-a", year = 2012, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies: Proceedings - Symposium and Fifth Biennial Meeting, Paris, May 10-11, 2001", abstract = "This report is the proceedings of the fifth biennial meeting of the International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies. (The international Network, created in 1993, consists of 60 national academies and scholarly societies around the world that work to address serious science and human rights issues of mutual concern. The Committee on Human Rights of the U.S. National Academies serves as the Network's secretariat.) The meeting was held on May 10 and 11, 2001, at the Palais de l'Institut de France in Paris. The main events of the meeting were a semipublic symposium, entitled Human Rights and the Scientific Community, and a workshop on a variety of topics related to science, engineering, and health in the human rights context.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10706/international-human-rights-network-of-academies-and-scholarly-societies-proceedings", year = 2003, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Consumer Health Information Technology in the Home: A Guide for Human Factors Design Considerations", isbn = "978-0-309-21731-6", abstract = "Every day, in households across the country, people engage in behavior to improve their current health, recover from disease and injury, or cope with chronic, debilitating conditions. Innovative computer and information systems may help these people manage health concerns, monitor important indicators of their health, and communicate with their formal and informal caregivers. Human factors is an engineering science dedicated to understanding and improving the way people use technology and other things in the environment.\nConsumer Health Information Technology in the Home introduces designers and developers to the practical realities and complexities of managing health at home. It provides guidance and human factors design considerations that will help designers and developers create consumer health IT applications that are useful resources to achieve better health.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13205/consumer-health-information-technology-in-the-home-a-guide-for", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "Science, Engineering, and Humanities Doctorates in the United States: 1979 Profile", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21629/science-engineering-and-humanities-doctorates-in-the-united-states-1979", year = 1980, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies: Proceedings - Symposium and Seventh Biennial Meeting, London, May 18-20, 2005", abstract = "This report is the proceedings of the seventh biennial meeting of the International Human Rights Network of Academies and Scholarly Societies. (The international Network, created in 1993, consists of 70 national academies and scholarly societies around the world that work to address serious science and human rights issues of mutual concern. The Committee on Human Rights of the U.S. National Academies serves as the Network's secretariat.) The meeting was held on May 18 and 20, 2005, at the Royal Society in London. The main events of the meeting were a semipublic symposium, entitled Scientists, Human Rights, and Prospects for the Future, and a workshop on a variety of topics related to science, engineering, and health in the human rights context.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11740/international-human-rights-network-of-academies-and-scholarly-societies-proceedings", year = 2006, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "Institute of Medicine", editor = "Leslie Pray", title = "Relationships Among the Brain, the Digestive System, and Eating Behavior: Workshop Summary", isbn = "978-0-309-36683-0", abstract = "On July 9-10, 2014, the Institute of Medicine's Food Forum hosted a public workshop to explore emerging and rapidly developing research on relationships among the brain, the digestive system, and eating behavior. Drawing on expertise from the fields of nutrition and food science, animal and human physiology and behavior, and psychology and psychiatry as well as related fields, the purpose of the workshop was to (1) review current knowledge on the relationship between the brain and eating behavior, explore the interaction between the brain and the digestive system, and consider what is known about the brain's role in eating patterns and consumer choice; (2) evaluate current methods used to determine the impact of food on brain activity and eating behavior; and (3) identify gaps in knowledge and articulate a theoretical framework for future research. Relationships among the Brain, the Digestive System, and Eating Behavior summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. \n", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21654/relationships-among-the-brain-the-digestive-system-and-eating-behavior", year = 2015, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP title = "", url = "", year = , publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Engineering and National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine", title = "Microbiomes of the Built Environment: A Research Agenda for Indoor Microbiology, Human Health, and Buildings", isbn = "978-0-309-44980-9", abstract = "People's desire to understand the environments in which they live is a natural one. People spend most of their time in spaces and structures designed, built, and managed by humans, and it is estimated that people in developed countries now spend 90 percent of their lives indoors. As people move from homes to workplaces, traveling in cars and on transit systems, microorganisms are continually with and around them. The human-associated microbes that are shed, along with the human behaviors that affect their transport and removal, make significant contributions to the diversity of the indoor microbiome. \n\nThe characteristics of \"healthy\" indoor environments cannot yet be defined, nor do microbial, clinical, and building researchers yet understand how to modify features of indoor environments\u2014such as building ventilation systems and the chemistry of building materials\u2014in ways that would have predictable impacts on microbial communities to promote health and prevent disease. The factors that affect the environments within buildings, the ways in which building characteristics influence the composition and function of indoor microbial communities, and the ways in which these microbial communities relate to human health and well-being are extraordinarily complex and can be explored only as a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem by engaging the fields of microbial biology and ecology, chemistry, building science, and human physiology. \n\nThis report reviews what is known about the intersection of these disciplines, and how new tools may facilitate advances in understanding the ecosystem of built environments, indoor microbiomes, and effects on human health and well-being. It offers a research agenda to generate the information needed so that stakeholders with an interest in understanding the impacts of built environments will be able to make more informed decisions.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23647/microbiomes-of-the-built-environment-a-research-agenda-for-indoor", year = 2017, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering and Institute of Medicine", editor = "Susan Sauer Sloan and Joe Alper", title = "Culture Matters: International Research Collaboration in a Changing World: Summary of a Workshop", isbn = "978-0-309-30895-3", abstract = "In an increasingly interconnected world, science and technology research often transects international boundaries and involves researchers from multiple nations. This paradigm provides both new opportunities and new challenges. As science and technology capabilities grow around the world, United States-based organizations are finding that international collaborations and partnerships provide unique opportunities to enhance research and training. At the same time, enhancing international collaboration requires recognition of differences in culture, legitimate national security needs, and critical needs in education and training.\nCulture Matters is the summary of a workshop convened by the Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable (GUIRR) in July 2013 to address how culture and cultural perception influence and impact the process by which research agreements are made and negotiated across international boundaries. In this workshop, \"Culture Matters: An Approach to International Research Agreements\", representatives from around the world and from GUIRR's three constituent sectors - government, university, and industry - gathered to provide input into four specific meeting tracks or domains. The tracks focused on research and agreements affecting or involving people\/human subjects; environmental and natural resources; science, engineering, and manufacturing; and agriculture and animal issues. This report examines each of these domains and the role that culture and cultural expectations may have in the forging and implementation of international research agreements. ", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18849/culture-matters-international-research-collaboration-in-a-changing-world-summary", year = 2014, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" } @BOOK{NAP author = "National Research Council", title = "Transforming Combustion Research through Cyberinfrastructure", isbn = "978-0-309-16387-3", abstract = "Combustion has provided society with most of its energy needs for millenia, from igniting the fires of cave dwellers to propelling the rockets that traveled to the Moon. Even in the face of climate change and the increasing availability of alternative energy sources, fossil fuels will continue to be used for many decades. However, they will likely become more expensive, and pressure to minimize undesired combustion by-products (pollutants) will likely increase. \n\nThe trends in the continued use of fossil fuels and likely use of alternative combustion fuels call for more rapid development of improved combustion systems. In January 2009, the Multi-Agency Coordinating Committee on Combustion Research (MACCCR) requested that the National Research Council (NRC) conduct a study of the structure and use of a cyberinfrastructure (CI) for combustion research. The charge to the authoring committee of Transforming Combustion Research through Cyberinfrastructure was to: identify opportunities to improve combustion research through computational infrastructure (CI) and the potential benefits to applications; identify necessary CI elements and evaluate the accessibility, sustainability, and economic models for various approaches; identify CI that is needed for education in combustion science and engineering; identify human, cultural, institutional, and policy challenges and how other fields are addressing them. Transforming Combustion Research through Cyberinfrastructure also estimates the resources needed to provide stable, long-term CI for research in combustion and recommends a plan for enhanced exploitation of CI for combustion research.", url = "https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13049/transforming-combustion-research-through-cyberinfrastructure", year = 2011, publisher = "The National Academies Press", address = "Washington, DC" }