TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Small Wonders, Endless Frontiers: A Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative SN - DO - 10.17226/10395 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10395/small-wonders-endless-frontiers-a-review-of-the-national-nanotechnology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Health and Medicine AB - Nanoscale science and technology, often referred to as "nanoscience" or "nanotechnology," are science and engineering enabled by our relatively new ability to manipulate and characterize matter at the level of single atoms and small groups of atoms. This capability is the result of many developments in the last two decades of the 20th century, including inventions of scientific instruments like the scanning tunneling microscope. Using such tools, scientists and engineers have begun controlling the structure and properties of materials and systems at the scale of 10?9 meters, or 1/100,000 the width of a human hair. Scientists and engineers anticipate that nanoscale work will enable the development of materials and systems with dramatic new properties relevant to virtually every sector of the economy, such as medicine, telecommunications, and computers, and to areas of national interest such as homeland security. Indeed, early products based on nanoscale technology have already found their way into the marketplace and into defense applications.In 1996, as the tremendous scientific and economic potential of nanoscale science and technology was beginning to be recognized, a federal interagency working group formed to consider creation of a national nanotechnology initiative (NNI). As a result of this effort, around $1 billion has been directed toward NNI research since the start of FY 2001. At the request of officials in the White House National Economic Council and agencies that are participating in NNI, the National Research Council (NRC) agreed to review the NNI. The Committee for the Review of the National Nanotechnology Initiative was formed by the NRC and asked to consider topics such as the current research portfolio of the NNI, the suitability of federal investments, and interagency coordination efforts in this area. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Atoms, Molecules, and Light: AMO Science Enabling the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/10516 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10516/atoms-molecules-and-light-amo-science-enabling-the-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - With the publication in 1994 of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science: An Investment in the Future (the FAMOS report), the National Research Council launched the series Physics in a New Era, its latest survey of physics. Each of the six area volumes in the survey focuses on a different subfield of physics, describing advances since the last decadal survey and suggesting future opportunities and directions. This survey culminated in 2001 with the publication of the seventh and final volume, Physics in a New Era: An Overview. Since the publication of the FAMOS report, the developments in atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) science have been amazing. Significant advances in areas such as cooling and trapping, atom and quantum optics, single-atom and single-molecule detection, and ultrafast and ultra intense phenomena, along with the emergence of new applications, made it clear that an update of the FAMOS report was needed. With support from the National Science Foundation and the Department of Energy, the Committee for an Updated Assessment of Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science was formed. The committee's statement of task reads as follows: The committee will prepare a narrative document that portrays the advances in AMO science and its impact on society. This report highlights selected forefront areas of AMO science, emphasizing recent accomplishments and new opportunities, identifies connections between AMO science and other scientific fields, emerging technologies, and national needs, describes career opportunities for AMO scientists. To accomplish its task and at the same time reach a broad audience, the committee decided to present its report in the form of a brochure highlighting selected advances, connections, and impacts on national needs. An exhaustive assessment of the field, which will fall within the purview of the next decadal survey, was not the goal of the update. The committee would like to express its gratitude for the informative interactions it had with many scientists and policy makers. Many colleagues completed a questionnaire and suggested topics to be included in this report. The final selection of topics was made in accordance with the criteria set forth in the statement of task. While this report was still being written, the tragic events of September 11, 2001, occurred. AMO science and its applications have already played and will continue to play a central role in our nation's response to terrorist threats from conventional as well as chemical or biological weapons. Some of the technology discussed in this report in the chapter "AMO Science Enhancing National Defense" was used successfully for the U.S. military response in Afghanistan—the Global Positioning System (GPS) and laser-guided munitions are just two examples. AMO science will also enable the development of early detection techniques that will help to neutralize the threat from biological and chemical agents. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Operator Drug- and Alcohol-Testing Across Modes DO - 10.17226/14635 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14635/operator-drug-and-alcohol-testing-across-modes PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Commercial Truck and Bus Safety Synthesis Program (CTBSSP) Synthesis 23: Operator Drug- and Alcohol-Testing Across Modes explores practices used to deter drug and alcohol use among operators within the U.S. Department of Transportation’s (DOT’s) regulated community.The report includes a brief history of the transportation workplace drug- and alcohol-testing program, the general approach, the reasons for testing, some of the issues that impact the validity of the tests, and an outline of the specific regulations by mode.Some alcohol- and drug-testing statistics are presented in the report to help provide a sense of the scope of the program and of the prevalence of illegal alcohol and drug use among safety-sensitive employees.The report also highlights alternative strategies aimed at helping to deter illegal alcohol and drug use among employees. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Arthur L. Schawlow TI - Lasers and Their Uses DO - 10.17226/18699 PY - 1983 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18699/lasers-and-their-uses PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward SN - DO - 10.17226/12589 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12589/strengthening-forensic-science-in-the-united-states-a-path-forward PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Scores of talented and dedicated people serve the forensic science community, performing vitally important work. However, they are often constrained by lack of adequate resources, sound policies, and national support. It is clear that change and advancements, both systematic and scientific, are needed in a number of forensic science disciplines to ensure the reliability of work, establish enforceable standards, and promote best practices with consistent application. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward provides a detailed plan for addressing these needs and suggests the creation of a new government entity, the National Institute of Forensic Science, to establish and enforce standards within the forensic science community. The benefits of improving and regulating the forensic science disciplines are clear: assisting law enforcement officials, enhancing homeland security, and reducing the risk of wrongful conviction and exoneration. Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States gives a full account of what is needed to advance the forensic science disciplines, including upgrading of systems and organizational structures, better training, widespread adoption of uniform and enforceable best practices, and mandatory certification and accreditation programs. While this book provides an essential call-to-action for congress and policy makers, it also serves as a vital tool for law enforcement agencies, criminal prosecutors and attorneys, and forensic science educators. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Research Universities and the Future of America: Ten Breakthrough Actions Vital to Our Nation's Prosperity and Security: Summary DO - 10.17226/13299 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13299/research-universities-and-the-future-of-america-ten-breakthrough-actions PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - Research Universities and the Future of America presents critically important strategies for ensuring that our nation's research universities contribute strongly to America's prosperity, security, and national goals. Widely considered the best in the world, our nation's research universities today confront significant financial pressures, important advances in technology, a changing demographic landscape, and increased international competition. This report provides a course of action for ensuring our universities continue to produce the knowledge, ideas, and talent the United States needs to be a global leader in the 21st century. Research Universities and the Future of America focuses on strengthening and expanding the partnership among universities and government, business, and philanthropy that has been central to American prosperity and security. The report focuses on the top 10 actions that Congress, the federal government, state governments, research universities, and others could take to strengthen the research and education missions of our research universities, their relationships with other parts of the national research enterprise, and their ability to transfer new knowledge and ideas to those who productively use them in our society and economy. This report examines trends in university finance, prospects for improving university operations, opportunities for deploying technology, and improvement in the regulation of higher education institutions. It also explores ways to improve pathways to graduate education, take advantage of opportunities to increase student diversity, and realign doctoral education for the careers new doctorates will follow. Research Universities and the Future of America is an important resource for policy makers on the federal and state levels, university administrators, philanthropic organizations, faculty, technology transfer specialists, libraries, and researchers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Arsenic in Drinking Water SN - DO - 10.17226/6444 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6444/arsenic-in-drinking-water PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been considering a more stringent regulation of arsenic in water. A significant reduction in the maximum contaminant level (MCL) could increase compliance costs for water utilities. This book discusses the adequacy of the current EPA MCL for protecting human health in the context of stated EPA policy and provides an unbiased scientific basis for deriving the arsenic standard for drinking water and surface water. Arsenic in Drinking Water evaluates epidemiological data on the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic health effects of arsenic exposure of Taiwanese populations and compares those effects with the effects of arsenic exposure demonstrated in other countries—including the United States. The book also reviews data on toxicokinetics, metabolism, and mechanism and mode of action of arsenic to ascertain how these data could assist in assessing human health risks from arsenic exposures. This volume recommends specific changes to improve the toxicity analyses and risk characterization. The implications of the changes for EPA's current MCL for arsenic are also described. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports DO - 10.17226/14160 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14160/research-needs-associated-with-particulate-emissions-at-airports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 6: Research Needs Associated with Particulate Emissions at Airports examines the state of industry research on aviation-related particulate matter emissions and explores knowledge gaps that existing research has not yet bridged. ER - TY - BOOK TI - The Physics of Materials: How Science Improves Our Lives DO - 10.17226/9090 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9090/the-physics-of-materials-how-science-improves-our-lives PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data DO - 10.17226/14197 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14197/summarizing-and-interpreting-aircraft-gaseous-and-particulate-emissions-data PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 9: Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data explores a series of government-sponsored aircraft emissions tests that were undertaken to gain a better understanding of gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Arsenic: Medical and Biological Effects of Environmental Pollutants DO - 10.17226/9003 PY - 1977 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9003/arsenic-medical-and-biological-effects-of-environmental-pollutants PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury SN - DO - 10.17226/9899 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9899/toxicological-effects-of-methylmercury PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Mercury is widespread in our environment. Methylmercury, one organic form of mercury, can accumulate up the aquatic food chain and lead to high concentrations in predatory fish. When consumed by humans, contaminated fish represent a public health risk. Combustion processes, especially coal-fired power plants, are major sources of mercury contamination in the environment. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is considering regulating mercury emissions from those plants. Toxicological Effects of Methylmercury reviews the health effects of methylmercury and discusses the estimation of mercury exposure from measured biomarkers, how differences between individuals affect mercury toxicity, and appropriate statistical methods for analysis of the data and thoroughly compares the epidemiological studies available on methylmercury. Included are discussions of current mercury levels on public health and a delineation of the scientific aspects and policy decisions involved in the regulation of mercury. This report is a valuable resource for individuals interested in the public health effects and regulation of mercury. The report also provides an excellent example of the implications of decisions in the risk assessment process for a larger audience. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Science: An Investment in the Future SN - DO - 10.17226/2357 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2357/atomic-molecular-and-optical-science-an-investment-in-the-future PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - This book responds to the call for a clear description of the role of basic science in meeting societal needs. It gives examples of societal benefits of atomic, molecular, and optical (AMO) science in a number of key areas, including industrial technology, information technology, energy, global change, defense, health and medical technology, space technology, and transportation. This volume highlights the role of lasers in trapping, cooling, and manipulating individual atoms and molecules to make possible ultraprecise atomic clocks, structural engineering at the atomic level (nanotechnology), and new approaches to the study of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). AMO science is shown to be a field that is both an intellectually important basic science and a powerful enabling science that supports many other areas of science and technology. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Geochemistry and the Environment: Volume I: The Relation of Selected Trace Elements to Health and Disease DO - 10.17226/20136 PY - 1974 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20136/geochemistry-and-the-environment-volume-i-the-relation-of-selected PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Leslie Pray A2 - Ann Yaktine TI - Nanotechnology in Food Products: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/12633 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12633/nanotechnology-in-food-products-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Food and Nutrition AB - In the food industry, scientists are exploring the potential of nanotechnology to enhance the flavor and other sensory characteristics of foods, introduce antibacterial nanostructures into food packaging and encapsulate and deliver nutrients directly into targeted tissues, among other applications. However, as with any new technology, along with the benefits, there is the potential for unanticipated adverse effects. There is still a great deal to learn about any health outcomes related to introducing nanosized materials into foods and food packaging materials. Developing nanotechnology into a safe, effective tool for use in food science and technology will require addressing these and other questions. Assuring consumer confidence will be equally important to the success of this new emerging technology. The Institute of Medicine held a one-day workshop, summarized in this volume, to further explore the use of nanotechnology in food. Specifically, the workshop was organized around three primary topic areas: (1) the application of nanotechnology to food products; (2) the safety and efficacy of nanomaterials in food products; and (3) educating and informing consumers about the applications of nanotechnology to food products. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Critical Technologies: The Role of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering DO - 10.17226/9235 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9235/critical-technologies-the-role-of-chemistry-and-chemical-engineering PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science Opportunities Enabled by NASA's Constellation System: Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/12201 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12201/science-opportunities-enabled-by-nasas-constellation-system-interim-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - To begin implementation of the Vision for Space Exploration (recently renamed "United States Space Exploration Policy"), NASA has begun development of new launch vehicles and a human-carrying spacecraft that are collectively called the Constellation System. In November 2007, NASA asked the NRC to evaluate the potential for the Constellation System to enable new space science opportunities. For this interim report, 11 existing "Vision Mission" studies of advanced space science mission concepts inspired by earlier NASA forward-looking studies were evaluated. The focus was to assess the concepts and group them into two categories: more-deserving or less deserving of future study. This report presents a description of the Constellation System and its opportunities for enabling new space science opportunities, and a systematic analysis of the 11 Vision Mission studies. For the final report, the NRC issued a request for information to the relevant communities to obtain ideas for other mission concepts that will be assessed by the study committee, and several issues addressed only briefly in the interim report will be explored more fully. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Engineering and the Advancement of Human Welfare: 10 Outstanding Achievements 1964-1989 DO - 10.17226/1469 PY - 1989 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1469/engineering-and-the-advancement-of-human-welfare-10-outstanding-achievements PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - This popularly written booklet contains nontechnical descriptions of 10 major engineering achievements selected by the National Academy of Engineering on the occasion of its 25th anniversary, December 5, 1989. The achievements are the moon landing, application satellites, the microprocessor, computer-aided design and manufacturing, computer-assisted tomography, advanced composite materials, the jumbo jet, lasers, fiber-optic communication, and genetically engineered products. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Recommendations for the Prevention of Lead Poisoning in Children DO - 10.17226/18520 PY - 1976 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18520/recommendations-for-the-prevention-of-lead-poisoning-in-children PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Pneumatic Dust Control in Grain Elevators: Guidelines for Design Operation and Maintenance DO - 10.17226/18634 PY - 1982 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18634/pneumatic-dust-control-in-grain-elevators-guidelines-for-design-operation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Agriculture ER -