TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Identification of Promising Naval Aviation Science and Technology Opportunities SN - DO - 10.17226/11566 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11566/identification-of-promising-naval-aviation-science-and-technology-opportunities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - The Department of Defense is developing the means to transform the nation’s armed forces to meet future military challenges. For the Navy and Marine Corps, this vision is encompassed in Naval Power 21. Many new war-fighting concepts will be needed to implement this vision, and the ONR has requested the NRC to identify new science and technology opportunities for new naval aviation capabilities to support those concepts. This report presents an assessment of what they imply for naval aviation, an analysis of some capabilities that, if developed, would make a significant contribution to realizing those concepts, and an identification of key technologies in which ONR could invest to achieve those capabilities. In particular, the report focuses on seven key capabilities: multispectral defense, unmanned air operations, hypersonic weapons delivery, fast-kill weapons, heavy-lift air transport, intelligent combat information management, and omniscient intelligence. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields SN - DO - 10.17226/18321 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18321/making-the-soldier-decisive-on-future-battlefields PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The U.S. military does not believe its soldiers, sailors, airmen, and marines should be engaged in combat with adversaries on a "level playing field." Our combat individuals enter engagements to win. To that end, the United States has used its technical prowess and industrial capability to develop decisive weapons that overmatch those of potential enemies. In its current engagement—what has been identified as an "era of persistent conflict"— the nation's most important weapon is the dismounted soldier operating in small units. Today's soldier must be prepared to contend with both regular and irregular adversaries. Results in Iraq and Afghanistan show that, while the U.S. soldier is a formidable fighter, the contemporary suite of equipment and support does not afford the same high degree of overmatch capability exhibited by large weapons platforms—yet it is the soldier who ultimately will play the decisive role in restoring stability. Making the Soldier Decisive on Future Battlefields establishes the technical requirements for overmatch capability for dismounted soldiers operating individually or in small units. It prescribes technological and organizational capabilities needed to make the dismounted soldier a decisive weapon in a changing, uncertain, and complex future environment and provides the Army with 15 recommendations on how to focus its efforts to enable the soldier and tactical small unit (TSU) to achieve overmatch. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Community Response to High-Energy Impulsive Sounds: An Assessment of the Field Since 1981 DO - 10.17226/9135 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9135/community-response-to-high-energy-impulsive-sounds-an-assessment-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Navy and Marine Corps in Regional Conflict in the 21st Century DO - 10.17226/9231 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9231/the-navy-and-marine-corps-in-regional-conflict-in-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - 2000 Assessment of the Office of Naval Research's Marine Corps Science and Technology Program SN - DO - 10.17226/9900 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9900/2000-assessment-of-the-office-of-naval-researchs-marine-corps-science-and-technology-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - This review of the Science and Technology (S&T) program of the Office of Naval Research's (ONR's) Expeditionary Warfare Operations Technology Division, Code 353, comes at a time of considerable change in the Marine Corps and in ONR, which are currently in the midst of significant transitions. The Marine Corps is making plans to equip and train for engaging in a new style of warfare known as Operational Maneuver From the Sea (OMFTS) and for performing a wide variety of missions in urban settings, ranging from humanitarian assistance to combat and mixes of these suggested by the term three-block war. During 1999, ONR assumed management of that portion of the Marine Corps S&T program that had not been assigned several years earlier to the Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory (MCWL). In 2002, control of most of ONR's advanced development funding (6.3), and of much of its exploratory development funding (6.2), will move from ONR's line divisions, of which Code 353 is one of many, to 12 new program offices, each dedicated to demonstrating technologies for future naval capabilities (FNCs). Given these changes, it is not surprising that some of the projects inherited recently by ONR, and assessed by the Committee for the Review of ONR's Marine Corps Science and Technology Program under the auspices of the Naval Studies Board of the National Research Council, differed from the customary ONR project and were more akin to preacquisition or acquisition support than to S&T. It is also not surprising that Code 353 could not articulate its plans for future investments clearly and concisely, given the current uncertainty about the content of and funding level for FNCs. The Marine Corps S&T program supports the five imperatives for technology advancement that the Marine Corps Combat Development Command (MCCDC) has identified as prerequisites for the transition to OMFTS: maneuver, firepower, logistics, training and education, and command and control. The committee supports investment in these areas and, in the report's discussions and recommendations, follows the five imperatives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - L. H. Newburgh A2 - Milton Harris TI - Clothing Test Methods, Edited by L.H. Newburgh (Physiological Tests) and Milton Harris (Physical Tests) of Subcommittee on Clothing of the National Research Council (U.S.A.) DO - 10.17226/18651 PY - 1945 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18651/clothing-test-methods-edited-by-lh-newburgh-physiological-tests-and-milton-harris-physical-tests-of-subcommittee-on-clothing-of-the-national-research-council-usa PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Food and Nutrition ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - David A. Savitz A2 - Anne N. Styka A2 - David A. Butler TI - Assessment of the Department of Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry SN - DO - 10.17226/23677 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23677/assessment-of-the-department-of-veterans-affairs-airborne-hazards-and-open-burn-pit-registry PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Military operations produce a great deal of trash in an environment where standard waste management practices may be subordinated to more pressing concerns. As a result, ground forces have long relied on incineration in open-air pits as a means of getting rid of refuse. Concerns over possible adverse effects of exposure to smoke from trash burning in the theater were first expressed in the wake of the 1990–1991 Gulf War and stimulated a series of studies that indicated that exposures to smoke from oil-well fires and from other combustion sources, including waste burning, were stressors for troops. In January 2013, Congress directed the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) to establish and maintain a registry for service members who may have been exposed to toxic airborne chemicals and fumes generated by open burn pits. Assessment of the Department of Veterans Affairs Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry analyzes the initial months of data collected by the registry and offers recommendations on ways to improve the instrument and best use the information it collects. This report assesses the effectiveness of the VA's information gathering efforts and provides recommendations for addressing the future medical needs of the affected groups, and provides recommendations on collecting, maintaining, and monitoring information collected by the VA's Airborne Hazards and Open Burn Pit Registry. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Technology-Based Pilot Programs: Improving Future U.S. Military Reserve Forces SN - DO - 10.17226/9675 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9675/technology-based-pilot-programs-improving-future-us-military-reserve-forces PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - As the twenty-first century approaches, the number of full-time, active duty personnel in the U.S. military (excluding the Reserves and National Guard) is about 1.4 million, the lowest level since before World War II. Nevertheless, the U.S. military is supposed to be prepared to fight two major-theater wars almost simultaneously while conducting peacekeeping operations and other assignments around the globe. To fulfill this wide range of missions, the U.S. military must continue to rely on the Reserves and National Guard, which are known collectively as the reserve components. The current number of reserve components is almost equal to the number of active duty personnel. In the case of the U.S. Army, the number of reserves is double the number of active personnel. This study addresses how technology can be used to improve the readiness and effectiveness of the reserve components and their integration with the active components. Many technologies are expected to enhance the capabilities of the U.S. military in the twenty-first century, including precision weapons, high-fidelity sensors, long-range surveillance, enhanced stealth characteristics, and advanced communications and information systems. This study reaffirms the importance of improved communication and information systems, for improving comprehensive training and accelerating the mobilization of reserve components for military missions in the coming decade. Although programs using these technologies are already under way in both the reserve and active components of the military, this study focuses on the effectiveness of reserve components and active-reserve integration. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering From the 2000 NAE Symposium on Frontiers in Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/10063 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10063/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - In 1995 the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) initiated the Frontiers of Engineering Symposium program, which every year brings together 100 of the nation's future engineering leaders to learn about cutting-edge research and technical work in different engineering fields. On September 14-16, 2000, the National Academy of Engineering held its sixth Frontiers of Engineering Symposium at the Academies' Beckman Center in Irvine, California. Symposium speakers were asked to prepare extended summaries of their presentations, and it is those papers that are contained here. The intent of this book, and of the five that precede it in the series, is to describe the content and underpinning philosophy of this unique meeting and to highlight some of the exciting developments in engineering today. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Statistical Issues in Defense Analysis and Testing: Summary of a Workshop DO - 10.17226/9686 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9686/statistical-issues-in-defense-analysis-and-testing-summary-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Surveys and Statistics ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Holly E. Reed A2 - Charles B. Keely TI - Forced Migration and Mortality SN - DO - 10.17226/10086 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10086/forced-migration-and-mortality PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In recent years the number of complex humanitarian emergencies around the world has been steadily increasing. War and political, ethnic, racial, and religious strife continually force people to migrate against their will. These forced migrants create a stream of new challenges for relief workers and policy makers. A better understanding of the characteristics of refugee populations and of the population dynamics of these situations is vital. Improved research and insights can enhance disaster management, refugee camp administration, and repatriation or resettlement programs. Forced Migration and Mortality examines mortality patterns in complex human- itarian emergencies, reviewing the state of knowledge, as well as how patterns may change in the new century. It contains four case studies of mortality in recent emergencies: Rwanda, North Korea, Kosovo, and Cambodia. Because refugees and internally displaced persons are likely to continue to be a significant humanitarian concern for many years, research in this field is critical. This is the first book to comprehensively explore forced migration and mortality and it provides useful material for researchers, policy makers, and relief workers. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Commercial Multimedia Technologies for Twenty-First Century Army Battlefields: A Technology Management Strategy SN - DO - 10.17226/5036 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5036/commercial-multimedia-technologies-for-twenty-first-century-army-battlefields-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - This book responds to an request by the U.S. Army to study the applicability of commercial multimedia technologies to command, control, communications and intelligence needs on future battlefields. After reviewing Army's needs and discussing relevant commercial technologies within the context of a generic architecture, the book recommends approaches for meeting the Army's needs. Battlefield potential is illustrated, and—drawing on lessons learned from the private sector—a technology management strategy consisting of specific recommendations to the Army is provided. The key to future benefits is for the Army to accommodate the rapid changes taking place in the commercial world of multimedia technologies. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Larry E. Humes A2 - Lois M. Joellenbeck A2 - Jane S. Durch TI - Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus SN - DO - 10.17226/11443 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11443/noise-and-military-service-implications-for-hearing-loss-and-tinnitus PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The Institute of Medicine carried out a study mandated by Congress and sponsored by the Department of Veterans Affairs to provide an assessment of several issues related to noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus associated with service in the Armed Forces since World War II. The resulting book, Noise and Military Service: Implications for Hearing Loss and Tinnitus, presents findings on the presence of hazardous noise in military settings, levels of noise exposure necessary to cause hearing loss or tinnitus, risk factors for noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus, the timing of the effects of noise exposure on hearing, and the adequacy of military hearing conservation programs and audiometric testing. The book stresses the importance of conducting hearing tests (audiograms) at the beginning and end of military service for all military personnel and recommends several steps aimed at improving the military services’ prevention of and surveillance for hearing loss and tinnitus. The book also identifies research needs, emphasizing topics specifically related to military service. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Review of the Department of Energy's Inertial Confinement Fusion Program DO - 10.17226/21645 PY - 1986 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21645/review-of-the-department-of-energys-inertial-confinement-fusion-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Energy and Energy Conservation ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - STAR 21: Strategic Technologies for the Army of the Twenty-First Century SN - DO - 10.17226/1888 PY - 1992 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1888/star-21-strategic-technologies-for-the-army-of-the-twenty PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Dramatic political and economic changes throughout the world, coupled with rapid advances in technology, pose an important question for the U.S. Army: What technologies are best suited to defending U.S. interests against tomorrow's military threats? STAR 21 provides an expert analysis of how the Army can prepare itself for the battlefield of the future—where soldiers will wear "smart" helmets and combat chemical warfare with vaccines produced in days to counter new threats. This book summarizes emerging developments in robotics, "brillant" munitions, medical support, laser sensors, biotechnolgy, novel materials, and other key areas. Taking into account reliability, deployability, and other values that all military systems will need, the volume identifies new systems and emerging technologies that offer the greatest payoff for the Army. The volume addresses a host of important military issues, including the importance of mobile, rapidly deployable forces, the changing role of the helicopter, and how commercial technology may help the Army stay ahead of potential opponents. Alternative Selection, Doubleday's Military Book Club ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - The Impact of War on Child Health in the Countries of the Former Yugoslavia DO - 10.17226/9290 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9290/the-impact-of-war-on-child-health-in-the-countries-of-the-former-yugoslavia PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Sciences TI - Biographical Memoirs: Volume 90 SN - DO - 10.17226/12562 PY - 2009 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12562/biographical-memoirs-volume-90 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biography and Autobiography AB - Biographic Memoirs Volume 90 contains the biographies of deceased members of the National Academy of Sciences and bibliographies of their published works. Each biographical essay was written by a member of the Academy familiar with the professional career of the deceased. For historical and bibliographical purposes, these volumes are worth returning to time and again. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Meeting the Energy Needs of Future Warriors SN - DO - 10.17226/11065 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11065/meeting-the-energy-needs-of-future-warriors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - The central characteristic of the evolution of the combat soldier in recent years is an increasingly sophisticated array of sensing, communications, and related electronics for use in battlefield situations. The most critical factor for maintaining this evolution will be the development of power supply systems capable of operating those electronics effectively for missions up to 72 hours long. To address the challenge, it is important that new approaches be sought on how to integrate and power these electronics. To assist in addressing this problem, the Army requested the National Research Council to review the state of the art and to recommend technologies that will support the rapid development of effective power systems for the future warrior. This report presents the results of that review. It provides an assessment of various technology options for different power level requirements, power system design, and soldier energy sinks. The report also describes future design concepts, focusing on low-power systems. Recommendations for technology development and system design are presented. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Stacey Knobler A2 - Adel Mahmoud A2 - Stanley Lemon A2 - Leslie Pray TI - The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control: Exploring the Consequences and Opportunities: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/11588 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11588/the-impact-of-globalization-on-infectious-disease-emergence-and-control PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Globalization is by no means a new phenomenon; transcontinental trade and the movement of people date back at least 2,000 years, to the era of the ancient Silk Road trade route. The global spread of infectious disease has followed a parallel course. Indeed, the emergence and spread of infectious disease are, in a sense, the epitome of globalization. Although some experts mark the fall of the Berlin Wall as the beginning of this new era of globalization, others argue that it is not so new. The future of globalization is still in the making. Despite the successful attempts of the developed world during the course of the last century to control many infectious diseases and even to eradicate some deadly afflictions, 13 million people worldwide still die from such diseases every year. On April 16 and 17, 2002, the Forum on Emerging Infections held a working group discussion on the influence of globalization on the emergence and control of infectious diseases. The contents of the unattributed sections are based on the presentations and discussions that took place during the workshop. The Impact of Globalization on Infectious Disease Emergence and Control report summarizes the presentations and discussions related to the increasing cross-border and cross-continental movements of people and how this could exacerbate the emergence and global spread of infectious diseases. This report also summarizes the means by which sovereign states and nations must adopt a global public health mind-set and develop a new organizational framework to maximize the opportunities and overcome the challenges created by globalization and build the necessary capacity to respond effectively to emerging infectious disease threats. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Post-Cold War Conflict Deterrence SN - DO - 10.17226/5464 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5464/post-cold-war-conflict-deterrence PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - Deterrence as a strategic concept evolved during the Cold War. During that period, deterrence strategy was aimed mainly at preventing aggression against the United States and its close allies by the hostile Communist power centers—the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) and its allies, Communist China and North Korea. In particular, the strategy was devised to prevent aggression involving nuclear attack by the USSR or China. Since the end of the Cold War, the risk of war among the major powers has subsided to the lowest point in modern history. Still, the changing nature of the threats to American and allied security interests has stimulated a considerable broadening of the deterrence concept. Post-Cold War Conflict Deterrence examines the meaning of deterrence in this new environment and identifies key elements of a post-Cold War deterrence strategy and the critical issues in devising such a strategy. It further examines the significance of these findings for the U.S. Navy and Marine Corps. Quantitative and qualitative measures to support judgments about the potential success or failure of deterrence are identified. Such measures will bear on the suitability of the naval forces to meet the deterrence objectives. The capabilities of U.S. naval forces that especially bear on the deterrence objectives also are examined. Finally, the book examines the utility of models, games, and simulations as decision aids in improving the naval forces' understanding of situations in which deterrence must be used and in improving the potential success of deterrence actions. ER -