TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Andrew Koltun TI - Informing the Selection of Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2030: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25654 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25654/informing-the-selection-of-leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2030 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Experts from the health measurement and population health fields gathered on May 28, 2019, in Washington, DC, at a workshop organized by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine for the Committee on Informing the Selection of Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2030. The workshop presentations and discussion aimed to help inform the committee’s task, which is to advise on the criteria for selecting Healthy People 2030's Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) and to propose a slate of LHIs for the Healthy People Federal Interagency Workgroup to consider in finalizing the Healthy People 2030 plan. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Leading Health Indicators 2030: Advancing Health, Equity, and Well-Being SN - DO - 10.17226/25682 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25682/leading-health-indicators-2030-advancing-health-equity-and-well-being PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Beginning in 1979 and in each subsequent decades, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) has overseen the Healthy People initiative to set national goals and objectives for health promotion and disease prevention. At the request of HHS, this study presents a slate of Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) that will serve as options for the Healthy People Federal Interagency Workgroup to consider as they develop the final criteria and set of LHIs for Healthy People 2030. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Criteria for Selecting the Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2030 SN - DO - 10.17226/25531 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25531/criteria-for-selecting-the-leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2030 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Every ten years, the Department of Health and Human Service’s Healthy People Initiative develops a new set of science-based, national objectives with the goal of improving the health of all Americans. Defining balanced and comprehensive criteria for healthy people enables the public, programs, and policymakers to gauge our progress and reevaluate efforts towards a healthier society. Criteria for Selecting the Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2030 makes recommendations for the development of Leading Health Indicators for the initiative’s Healthy People 2030 framework. The authoring committee’s assessments inform their recommendations for the Healthy People Federal Interagency Workgroup in their endeavor to develop the latest Leading Health Indicators. The finalized Leading Health Indicators will establish the criteria for healthy Americans and help update policies that will guide decision-marking throughout the next decade. This report also reviews and reflects upon current and past Healthy People materials to identify gaps and new objectives. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Russell Pate A2 - Maria Oria A2 - Laura Pillsbury TI - Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth SN - DO - 10.17226/13483 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13483/fitness-measures-and-health-outcomes-in-youth PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Food and Nutrition AB - Physical fitness affects our ability to function and be active. At poor levels, it is associated with such health outcomes as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Physical fitness testing in American youth was established on a large scale in the 1950s with an early focus on performance-related fitness that gradually gave way to an emphasis on health-related fitness. Using appropriately selected measures to collected fitness data in youth will advance our understanding of how fitness among youth translates into better health. In Fitness Measures and Health Outcomes in Youth, the IOM assesses the relationship between youth fitness test items and health outcomes, recommends the best fitness test items, provides guidance for interpreting fitness scores, and provides an agenda for needed research. The report concludes that selected cardiorespiratory endurance, musculoskeletal fitness, and body composition measures should be in fitness surveys and in schools. Collecting fitness data nationally and in schools helps with setting and achieving fitness goals and priorities for public health at an individual and national level. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Norman B. Anderson A2 - Rodolfo A. Bulatao A2 - Barney Cohen TI - Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life SN - DO - 10.17226/11086 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11086/critical-perspectives-on-racial-and-ethnic-differences-in-health-in-late-life PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - In their later years, Americans of different racial and ethnic backgrounds are not in equally good--or equally poor--health. There is wide variation, but on average older Whites are healthier than older Blacks and tend to outlive them. But Whites tend to be in poorer health than Hispanics and Asian Americans. This volume documents the differentials and considers possible explanations. Selection processes play a role: selective migration, for instance, or selective survival to advanced ages. Health differentials originate early in life, possibly even before birth, and are affected by events and experiences throughout the life course. Differences in socioeconomic status, risk behavior, social relations, and health care all play a role. Separate chapters consider the contribution of such factors and the biopsychosocial mechanisms that link them to health. This volume provides the empirical evidence for the research agenda provided in the separate report of the Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Thomas J. Plewes TI - Improving the Health of Women in the United States: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/23441 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23441/improving-the-health-of-women-in-the-united-states-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The environment for women's health has changed over the last 25 years. Increased use of automobiles can lead to health risks from lack of physical activity. There has also been an increase in access to and consumption of unhealthy food. Other changes in the past 2 to 3 decades include the significant increase in the number of women who are heads of households and responsible for all aspects of a household and family. Many women now are also having children later in life, which poses interesting issues for both biology and sociology. The growing stress faced by women and the effect of stress on health and illness are issues that need a more comprehensive examination, as do issues of mental health and mental illness, which have been more common and thus increasingly prominent issues for U.S. women. In September 2015, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to shed light on important determinants, consequences, effects, and issues attending the relative disadvantage of women in the United States in comparison with women in other economically advanced nations. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010: Second Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/6381 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6381/leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2010-second-interim-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - During Spring 1998, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) contracted with the National Academy of Sciences (NAS), Institute of Medicine (IOM) to conduct a multi phase project resulting in the development of sets of leading health indicators that would provide a 'face' for Healthy People 2010. Of equal or greater importance was the development of indicator sets that would attract and sustain public attention and motivation to engage in healthy behaviors. Development of such leading health indicators sets is intended to move the United States toward achievement of more positive health outcomes for the general population and for select population groups defined by race, ethnicity, gender, age, socio-economic status, level of education, and disability. This second interim report presents a summary of the efforts of the IOM Committee on Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010 to develop sample sets of leading health indicators that would meet the requisite functions of attracting and sustaining attention and motivating engagement in healthier behaviors by the public. Reactions to this report and more specifically, to the potential leading health indicator sets and suggested measures, will be solicited from the public health community as well as representatives of diverse consumer audiences through electronic communication, regional public meetings convened by DHHS, focus group discussions with target populations, and other information-gathering techniques. Review of information from these various sources will be summarized in a third and final report for DHHS to be published in April 1999. The third report will also include the committee's final recommendations regarding the functions to be fulfilled by leading health indicators, will define specific criteria underlying the selection of leading health indicators, and will identify specific sets of leading health indicators to be promoted and monitored during the decade 2000 to 2010. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Executive Summary: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Providing Non-Emergency Medical Transportation DO - 10.17226/23285 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23285/executive-summary-cost-benefit-analysis-of-providing-non-emergency-medical-transportation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Research Results Digest 75, Executive Summary: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Providing Non-Emergency Medical Transportation examines the relative costs and benefits of providing transportation to non-emergency medical care for individuals who miss or delay healthcare appointments because of transportation issues. The final report is available as TCRP Web-Only Document 29. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Carole A. Chrvala A2 - Roger J. Bulger TI - Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010: Final Report SN - DO - 10.17226/9436 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9436/leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2010-final-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Healthy People is the nation's agenda for health promotion and disease prevention. The concept, first established in 1979 in a report prepared by the Office of the Surgeon General, has since been revised on a regular basis, and the fourth iteration, known as Healthy People 2010 will take the nation into the 21st century. Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010: Final Report contains a number of recommendations and suggestions for the Department of Health and Human Services that address issues relevant to the composition of leading health indicator sets, data collection, data analysis, effective dissemination strategies, health disparities, and application of the indicators across multiple jurisdictional levels. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Leading Health Indicators for Healthy People 2010: First Interim Report SN - DO - 10.17226/6259 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6259/leading-health-indicators-for-healthy-people-2010-first-interim-report PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Marilyn J. Field A2 - Harold T. Shapiro TI - Employment and Health Benefits: A Connection at Risk SN - DO - 10.17226/2044 PY - 1993 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2044/employment-and-health-benefits-a-connection-at-risk PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - The United States is unique among economically advanced nations in its reliance on employers to provide health benefits voluntarily for workers and their families. Although it is well known that this system fails to reach millions of these individuals as well as others who have no connection to the work place, the system has other weaknesses. It also has many advantages. Because most proposals for health care reform assume some continued role for employers, this book makes an important contribution by describing the strength and limitations of the current system of employment-based health benefits. It provides the data and analysis needed to understand the historical, social, and economic dynamics that have shaped present-day arrangements and outlines what might be done to overcome some of the access, value, and equity problems associated with current employer, insurer, and government policies and practices. Health insurance terminology is often perplexing, and this volume defines essential concepts clearly and carefully. Using an array of primary sources, it provides a store of information on who is covered for what services at what costs, on how programs vary by employer size and industry, and on what governments do—and do not do—to oversee employment-based health programs. A case study adapted from real organizations' experiences illustrates some of the practical challenges in designing, managing, and revising benefit programs. The sometimes unintended and unwanted consequences of employer practices for workers and health care providers are explored. Understanding the concepts of risk, biased risk selection, and risk segmentation is fundamental to sound health care reform. This volume thoroughly examines these key concepts and how they complicate efforts to achieve efficiency and equity in health coverage and health care. With health care reform at the forefront of public attention, this volume will be important to policymakers and regulators, employee benefit managers and other executives, trade associations, and decisionmakers in the health insurance industry, as well as analysts, researchers, and students of health policy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Ellen M. Weissman TI - Using Performance Monitoring to Improve Community Health: Conceptual Framework and Community Experience SN - DO - 10.17226/5514 PY - 1996 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5514/using-performance-monitoring-to-improve-community-health-conceptual-framework-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Land Management Practices for Carbon Dioxide Removal and Reliable Sequestration: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/25037 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25037/land-management-practices-for-carbon-dioxide-removal-and-reliable-sequestration PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Carbon dioxide removal (CDR) techniques, which aim to remove and sequester excess carbon from the atmosphere, have been identified as an important part of the portfolio of responses to climate change and have been garnering increased attention. Forests, grasslands, agricultural lands, and soils are significant reservoirs of carbon. As the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere has increased, there is growing interest in land management practices that can enhance the uptake and storage of carbon. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a webinar on September 14 and a workshop on September 19, 2017, to explore the current state of knowledge on the potential or capacity of land management practices as a CDR approach, the research that could help achieve this capacity and to estimate the impacts of land management practices across multiple scales, the state of knowledge on policies and incentives, and the socio-economic constraints on soil carbon sequestration and forest carbon storage activities. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from both the webinar and the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Melissa G. French TI - Health Literacy and Numeracy: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18660 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18660/health-literacy-and-numeracy-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Although health literacy is commonly defined as an individual trait, it does not depend on the skills of individuals alone. Health literacy is the product of the interaction between individuals' capacities and the health literacy-related demands and complexities of the health care system. Specifically, the ability to understand, evaluate, and use numbers is important to making informed health care choices. Health Literacy and Numeracy is the summary of a workshop convened by The Institute of Medicine Roundtable on Health Literacy in July 2013 to discuss topics related to numeracy, including the effects of ill health on cognitive capacity, issues with communication of health information to the public, and communicating numeric information for decision making. This report includes a paper commissioned by the Roundtable, "Numeracy and the Affordable Care Act: Opportunities and Challenges," that discusses research findings about people's numeracy skill levels; the kinds of numeracy skills that are needed to select a health plan, choose treatments, and understand medication instructions; and how providers should communicate with those with low numeracy skills. The paper was featured in the workshop and served as the basis of discussion. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kelly McHugh A2 - Rose Marie Martinez A2 - Joe Alper TI - Adoption of Health Literacy Best Practices to Enhance Clinical Research and Community Participation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26506 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26506/adoption-of-health-literacy-best-practices-to-enhance-clinical-research-and-community-participation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Clinical research is critical to developing new treatments and therapies for patients. To maximize societal benefit and health equity, it is important that clinical research information be accessible and inclusive, and participants should be representative of the patient population. To explore the role that patient comprehension of clinical research can have in delivering high-quality clinical care and in increasing the diversity of the populations enrolled in clinical research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Roundtable on Health Literacy held a virtual public workshop on October 28, 2021. Workshop attendees discussed current and promising resources and approaches for ensuring that the public receives clinical research information in accessible language that promotes health literacy. They also discussed strategies for integrating clinical research information into various care and community settings to improve research awareness and engagement. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief highlights the presentations and discussions of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Rodolfo A. Bulatao A2 - Norman B. Anderson TI - Understanding Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life: A Research Agenda SN - DO - 10.17226/11036 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11036/understanding-racial-and-ethnic-differences-in-health-in-late-life PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - As the population of older Americans grows, it is becoming more racially and ethnically diverse. Differences in health by racial and ethnic status could be increasingly consequential for health policy and programs. Such differences are not simply a matter of education or ability to pay for health care. For instance, Asian Americans and Hispanics appear to be in better health, on a number of indicators, than White Americans, despite, on average, lower socioeconomic status. The reasons are complex, including possible roles for such factors as selective migration, risk behaviors, exposure to various stressors, patient attitudes, and geographic variation in health care. This volume, produced by a multidisciplinary panel, considers such possible explanations for racial and ethnic health differentials within an integrated framework. It provides a concise summary of available research and lays out a research agenda to address the many uncertainties in current knowledge. It recommends, for instance, looking at health differentials across the life course and deciphering the links between factors presumably producing differentials and biopsychosocial mechanisms that lead to impaired health. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Capturing Social and Behavioral Domains in Electronic Health Records: Phase 1 SN - DO - 10.17226/18709 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18709/capturing-social-and-behavioral-domains-in-electronic-health-records-phase PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Substantial empirical evidence of the contribution of social and behavioral factors to functional status and the onset and progression of disease has accumulated over the past few decades. Electronic health records (EHRs) provide crucial information to providers treating individual patients, to health systems, including public health officials, about the health of populations, and to researchers about the determinants of health and the effectiveness of treatment. Inclusion of social and behavioral health domains in EHRs is vital to all three uses. The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act and the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act place new importance on the widespread adoption and meaningful use of EHRs. "Meaningful use" in a health information technology context refers to the use of EHRs and related technology within a health care organization to achieve specified objectives. Achieving meaningful use also helps determine whether an organization can receive payments from the Medicare EHR Incentive Program or the Medicaid EHR Incentive Program. Capturing Social and Behavioral Domains in Electronic Health Records is the first phase of a two-phase study to identify domains and measures that capture the social determinants of health to inform the development of recommendations for meaningful use of EHRs. This report identifies specific domains to be considered by the Office of the National Coordinator, specifies criteria that should be used in deciding which domains should be included, identifies core social and behavioral domains to be included in all EHRs, and identifies any domains that should be included for specific populations or settings defined by age, socioeconomic status, race/ethnicity, disease, or other characteristics. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Using Linked Census, Survey, and Administrative Data to Assess Longer-Term Effects of Policy: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/23583 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23583/using-linked-census-survey-and-administrative-data-to-assess-longer-term-effects-of-policy PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - The United States has seen major changes in recent decades in family structures, gender roles, immigration pat- terns, occupational and industrial patterns, and labor markets. All of these factors—and others—affect people’s long-term health, social status, educational attainment, and economic opportunity. At the same time, the country’s capacity to monitor trends and make long-term evidence-based policy to effect positive change has languished. The American Opportunity Study (AOS) is envisioned to create an intergenerational panel—using existing data at the person level—to study both social and economic mobility and the effectiveness of programs and policies that affect that mobility. It will develop the capacity to link existing data as needed for approved research purposes within a secure data environment. To begin work on the AOS, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine established the Standing Committee on Creating the American Opportunity Study. To begin its work, the committee has explored the feasibility of capturing names of the people in the 1990 census and convened its first workshop. The committee’s goal for the workshop, held on May 9, 2016, in Washington, D.C., was to more fully explore the value and potential uses of the AOS throughout a broad range of social science research. The committee also wanted to explore researchers’ data needs and how those might converge with the vision for the AOS. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard J. Bonnie A2 - Clare Stroud A2 - Heather Breiner TI - Investing in the Health and Well-Being of Young Adults SN - DO - 10.17226/18869 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18869/investing-in-the-health-and-well-being-of-young-adults PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - Young adulthood - ages approximately 18 to 26 - is a critical period of development with long-lasting implications for a person's economic security, health and well-being. Young adults are key contributors to the nation's workforce and military services and, since many are parents, to the healthy development of the next generation. Although 'millennials' have received attention in the popular media in recent years, young adults are too rarely treated as a distinct population in policy, programs, and research. Instead, they are often grouped with adolescents or, more often, with all adults. Currently, the nation is experiencing economic restructuring, widening inequality, a rapidly rising ratio of older adults, and an increasingly diverse population. The possible transformative effects of these features make focus on young adults especially important. A systematic approach to understanding and responding to the unique circumstances and needs of today's young adults can help to pave the way to a more productive and equitable tomorrow for young adults in particular and our society at large. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults describes what is meant by the term young adulthood, who young adults are, what they are doing, and what they need. This study recommends actions that nonprofit programs and federal, state, and local agencies can take to help young adults make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood. According to this report, young adults should be considered as a separate group from adolescents and older adults. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults makes the case that increased efforts to improve high school and college graduate rates and education and workforce development systems that are more closely tied to high-demand economic sectors will help this age group achieve greater opportunity and success. The report also discusses the health status of young adults and makes recommendations to develop evidence-based practices for young adults for medical and behavioral health, including preventions. What happens during the young adult years has profound implications for the rest of the life course, and the stability and progress of society at large depends on how any cohort of young adults fares as a whole. Investing in The Health and Well-Being of Young Adults will provide a roadmap to improving outcomes for this age group as they transition from adolescence to adulthood. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine A2 - Valerie Tate Jopeck A2 - Marion Ein Lewin TI - Developing an Information Infrastructure for the Medicare+Choice Program: Summary of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/6419 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6419/developing-an-information-infrastructure-for-the-medicarechoice-program-summary-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - On March 4 and 5, 1998, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) Committee on Choice and Managed Care held a 2-day workshop entitled Developing the Information Infrastructure for Medicare Beneficiaries. This workshop was a follow-up to the IOM report entitled Improving the Medicare Market: Adding Choice and Protections. The workshop focused on the Medicare provisions in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997, which mandate that the Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) develop a "nationally coordinated education and publicity campaign" in 1998 and move Medicare beneficiaries to an open-season enrollment process by the year 2002. ER -