%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Whelan, Carolyn %E Beins, Kaley %E Guyton, Kathryn Z. %T Triangulation in Environmental Epidemiology for EPA Human Health Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68670-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26538/triangulation-in-environmental-epidemiology-for-epa-human-health-assessments-proceedings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26538/triangulation-in-environmental-epidemiology-for-epa-human-health-assessments-proceedings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 64 %X Human health risk assessments provide the basis for public health decision-making and chemical regulation in the United States. Three evidence streams generally support the development of human health risk assessments - epidemiology, toxicology, and mechanistic information. Epidemiologic studies are generally the preferred evidence stream for assessing causal relationships during hazard identification. However, the available studies may be limited in scope, subject to bias, or otherwise inadequate to inform causal inferences. In addition, there are challenges in assessing coherence, validity, and reliability during synthesis of individual epidemiological studies with different designs, which in turn affects conclusions on causation. Triangulation aims to address the challenge of synthesizing evidence from diverse studies with distinct sources of bias. Bias is a systematic error that leads to inaccurate study results. Tools for assessing risk of bias provide a structured list of questions for systematic consideration of different domains (such as confounding, selective reporting, and conflict of interest). These tools also provide a structured framework for identifying potential sources of bias and informing judgments on individual studies. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to understand and explore triangulation and opportunities to use the practice to enhance the EPA's human health assessments. The workshop was held virtually on May 9 and 11, 2022. This publication summarizes the key presentations and discussions conducted during the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Microphysiological Systems: Bridging Human and Animal Research: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26124/microphysiological-systems-bridging-human-and-animal-research-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26124/microphysiological-systems-bridging-human-and-animal-research-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 10 %X Microphysiological systems (MPS) are complex, multi-cellular in vitro systems that commonly include three-dimensional aspects, fluid flow, changing pressure or stretch, and multi-organ interactions. These systems are being developed to better mimic some aspects of specific organ systems or combinations of organ systems to improve upon standard two-dimensional cell systems, with the goal of eventually replacing animal models being used for hazard identification, risk assessment, and disease modeling, among other uses. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine convened a workshop to discuss current progress in developing MPS that realistically model in vivo animal and human physiology and to strategize about the potential to establish sustainable human and animal MPS banks. Speakers discussed how MPS fit within the portfolio of tools used in their fields of expertise, the limitations and areas of needed improvement for MPS, and how MPS may be used in the future as the technology develops. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Beebe, Jeanette %E Wassel, Raymond %E Beins, Kaley %E Guyton, Kathryn Z. %T Artificial Intelligence Tools and Open Data Practices for EPA Chemical Hazard Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26540/artificial-intelligence-tools-and-open-data-practices-for-epa-chemical-hazard-assessments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26540/artificial-intelligence-tools-and-open-data-practices-for-epa-chemical-hazard-assessments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 12 %X The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA’s) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Program identifies and characterizes the human health hazards of chemicals found in the environment. Human health risk assessments cover hazard identification as well as dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer outcomes that are obtained from IRIS assessments. Human health risk assessments are highly important as they are used to inform a broad range of risk-related decisions across the agency. These assessments involve systematic reviews of the scientific literature, which obtain, evaluate, and summarize information to answer a research question in a transparent manner. At the request of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment within EPA's Office of Research and Development, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore opportunities and challenges in using advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and data science to enhance human health risk assessments. The workshop was held virtually on May 25 and 26, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review of U.S. EPA's ORD Staff Handbook for Developing IRIS Assessments: 2020 Version %@ 978-0-309-09088-9 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26289/review-of-us-epas-ord-staff-handbook-for-developing-iris-assessments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26289/review-of-us-epas-ord-staff-handbook-for-developing-iris-assessments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 110 %X The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program develops human health assessments that focus on hazard identification and dose-response analyses for chemicals in the environment. The ORD Staff Handbook for Developing IRIS Assessments (the handbook) provides guidance to scientists who perform the IRIS assessments in order to foster consistency in the assessments and enhance transparency about the IRIS assessment process. At the request of the EPA, this report reviews the procedures and considerations for operationalizing the principles of systematic reviews and the methods described in the handbook for determining the scope of the IRIS assessments, evidence integration, extrapolation techniques, dose-response analyses, and characterization of uncertainties. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Emerging Hazards in Commercial Aviation—Report 1: Initial Assessment of Safety Data and Analysis Processes %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26673/emerging-hazards-in-commercial-aviation-report-1-initial-assessment-of-safety-data-and-analysis-processes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26673/emerging-hazards-in-commercial-aviation-report-1-initial-assessment-of-safety-data-and-analysis-processes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 128 %X Commercial aviation safety in the United States has improved more than 40-fold over the last several decades, according to industry statistics. The biggest risks include managing safety in the face of climate change, increasingly complex systems, changing workforce needs, and new players, business models, and technologies. TRB Special Report 344: Emerging Hazards in Commercial Aviation—Report 1: Initial Assessment of Safety Data and Analysis Processes is the first of a series of six reports that will be issued from TRB and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine over the next 10 years on commercial aviation safety trends in the U.S. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review of DOD's Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene %@ 978-0-309-49924-8 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25610/review-of-dods-approach-to-deriving-an-occupational-exposure-level-for-trichloroethylene %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25610/review-of-dods-approach-to-deriving-an-occupational-exposure-level-for-trichloroethylene %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 76 %X Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a solvent that is used as a degreasing agent, a chemical intermediate in refrigerant manufacture, and a component of spot removers and adhesives. It is produced in mass quantities but creates dangerous vapors and is an environmental contaminant at many industrial and government facilities, including facilities run by the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). It is important to determine the safe occupational exposure level (OEL) for the solvent in order to protect the health of workers who are exposed to its vapors. However, there are concerns that the current occupational standards insufficiently protect workers from these health threats. Review of DOD’s Approach to Deriving an Occupational Exposure Level for Trichloroethylene makes recommendations to improve the DoD’s approach to developing an OEL for TCE, strengthen transparency of the process, and improve confidence in the final OEL value. This report reviews the DoD’s approach using a literature review, evidence synthesis based on weight of evidence [WOE], point-of-departure derivation, physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, extrapolation tools, and explores other elements of the process of deriving an OEL for TCE. It examines scientific approaches to developing exposure values and cancer risk levels, defining the scope of the problem, and improving hazard identification. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Critical Aspects of EPA's IRIS Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-29706-6 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18594/critical-aspects-of-epas-iris-assessment-of-inorganic-arsenic-interim %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18594/critical-aspects-of-epas-iris-assessment-of-inorganic-arsenic-interim %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 127 %X The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) program develops toxicologic assessments of environmental contaminants. IRIS assessments provide hazard identification and dose-response assessment information. The information is then used in conjunction with exposure information to characterize risks to public health and may be used in risk-based decisionmaking, in regulatory actions, and for other risk-management purposes. Since the middle 1990s, EPA has been in the process of updating the IRIS assessment of inorganic arsenic. In response to a congressional mandate for an independent review of the IRIS assessment of inorganic arsenic, EPA requested that the National Research Council convene a committee to conduct a two-phase study. Critical Aspects of EPA's IRIS Assessment of Inorganic Arsenic is the report of the first phase of that study. This report evaluates critical scientific issues in assessing cancer and noncancer effects of oral exposure to inorganic arsenic and offers recommendations on how the issues could be addressed in EPA's IRIS assessment. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ayres, Manuel, Jr. %E Parra, Allen %T Airport Safety Risk Management Panel Activities and Outcomes %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23622/airport-safety-risk-management-panel-activities-and-outcomes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23622/airport-safety-risk-management-panel-activities-and-outcomes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 120 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 71: Airport Safety Risk Management Panel Activities and Outcomes compiles information and tools that help Part 139 airports conduct Safety Risk Assessments (SRAs) effectively. This report enhances ACRP Report 131: A Guidebook for Safety Risk Management for Airports with additional tools and templates, and presents the conclusions from the survey and interviews as well as the main findings from the literature review. Several tools and templates, including a Quick Reference Guide and a template for the SRA briefing, are provided in the appendices of this report. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of California's Risk-Assessment Process for Pesticides %@ 978-0-309-36775-2 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21664/review-of-californias-risk-assessment-process-for-pesticides %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21664/review-of-californias-risk-assessment-process-for-pesticides %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 70 %X The California Department of Pesticide Regulation(DPR)conducts human health risk assessments as part of its mission to ensure the protection of workers and public health in the state. The risk assessments identify potential health hazards posed by pesticides, characterize dose-response relationships, and estimate exposure to characterize potential risks to humans. Over the last decade, advances in methods of scientific and technical analysis have led to improvements in the risk-assessment process that have made them more rigorous, transparent, and useful to risk managers. In light of the advances, the California legislature asked DPR to arrange an independent peer review of the agency's risk-assessment practices to ensure that they are scientifically and technically credible. Review of California's Risk-Assessment Process for Pesticides examines DPR's processes of hazard identification, exposure assessment, dose-response analysis, and risk characterization to determine whether they are consistent with best practices. This report also evaluates the methods used for setting priorities among pesticides for risk assessment and identifies possible options for improving efficiency and productivity. Recommendations of this report will help to make the process more transparent and defensible. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Guidance for Identifying and Mitigating Approach Lighting System Hazards %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23042/guidance-for-identifying-and-mitigating-approach-lighting-system-hazards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23042/guidance-for-identifying-and-mitigating-approach-lighting-system-hazards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 14 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Research Results Digest 6: Guidance for Identifying and Mitigating Approach Lighting System Hazards is designed to assist with defining response procedures to mitigate or reduce the hazards associated with aircraft and approach lighting system incidents. Additional information on the project that developed ACRP RRD 6 was published as ACRP Web-Only Document 4: Contractor’s Final Report for ACRP RRD 6: Guidance for Identifying and Mitigating Approach Lighting System Hazards, which explores the results of the research on approach lighting system (ALS) hazard identification and mitigation techniques. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Contractor’s Final Report for ACRP RRD 6: Guidance for Identifying and Mitigating Approach Lighting System Hazards %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23013/contractors-final-report-for-acrp-rrd-6-guidance-for-identifying-and-mitigating-approach-lighting-system-hazards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23013/contractors-final-report-for-acrp-rrd-6-guidance-for-identifying-and-mitigating-approach-lighting-system-hazards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Web-Only Document 4: Contractor’s Final Report for ACRP RRD 6: Guidance for Identifying and Mitigating Approach Lighting System Hazards provides additional information on the project that developed ACRP Research Results Digest 6, which explores the results of the research on approach lighting system (ALS) hazard identification and mitigation techniques. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process %@ 978-0-309-30414-6 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18764/review-of-epas-integrated-risk-information-system-iris-process %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18764/review-of-epas-integrated-risk-information-system-iris-process %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 170 %X The Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) is a program within the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that is responsible for developing toxicologic assessments of environmental contaminants. An IRIS assessment contains hazard identifications and dose-response assessments of various chemicals related to cancer and noncancer outcomes. Although the program was created to increase consistency among toxicologic assessments within the agency, federal, state, and international agencies and other organizations have come to rely on IRIS assessments for setting regulatory standards, establishing exposure guidelines, and estimating risks to exposed populations. Over the last decade, the National Research Council (NRC) has been asked to review some of the more complex and challenging IRIS assessments, including those of formaldehyde, dioxin, and tetrachloroethylene. In 2011, an NRC committee released its review of the IRIS formaldehyde assessment. Like other NRC committees that had reviewed IRIS assessments, the formaldehyde committee identified deficiencies in the specific assessment and more broadly in some of EPA's general approaches and specific methods. Although the committee focused on evaluating the IRIS formaldehyde assessment, it provided suggestions for improving the IRIS process and a roadmap for its revision in case EPA decided to move forward with changes to the process. Congress directed EPA to implement the report's recommendations and then asked the National Research Council to review the changes that EPA was making (or proposing to make) in response to the recommendations. Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Process provides an overview of some general issues associated with IRIS assessments. This report then addresses evidence identification and evaluation for IRIS assessments and discusses evidence integration for hazard evaluation and methods for calculating reference values and unit risks. The report makes recommendations and considerations for future directions. Overall, Review of EPA's Integrated Risk Information System Process finds that substantial improvements in the IRIS process have been made, and it is clear that EPA has embraced and is acting on the recommendations in the NRC formaldehyde report. The recommendations of this report should be seen as building on the progress that EPA has already made. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Methyl Bromide Risk Characterization in California %@ 978-0-309-07087-4 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9849/methyl-bromide-risk-characterization-in-california %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9849/methyl-bromide-risk-characterization-in-california %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Space and Aeronautics %P 112 %X Methyl bromide is gaseous pesticide used to fumigate soil, crops, commodity warehouses, and commodity-shipping facilities. Up to 17 million pounds of methyl bromide are used annually in California to treat grapes, almonds, strawberries, and other crops. Methyl bromide is also a known stratospheric ozone depleter and, as such, is scheduled to be phased out of use in the United States by 2005 under the United Nations Montreal Protocol. In California, the use of methyl bromide is regulated by the Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR), which is responsible for establishing the permit conditions that govern the application of methyl bromide for pest control. The actual permits for use are issued on a site-specific basis by the local county agricultural commissioners. Because of concern for potential adverse health effects, in 1999 DPR developed a draft risk characterization document for inhalation exposure to methyl bromide. The DPR document is intended to support new regulations regarding the agricultural use of this pesticide. The proposed regulations encompass changes to protect children in nearby schools, establish minimum buffer zones around application sites, require notification of nearby residents, and set new limits on hours that fumigation employees may work. The State of California requires that DPR arrange for an external peer review of the scientific basis for all regulations. To this end, the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to review independently the draft risk characterization document prepared by DPR for inhalation exposure to methyl bromide. The task given to NRC's subcommittee on methyl bromide states the following: The subcommittee will perform an independent scientific review of the California Environmental Protection Agency's risk assessment document on methyl bromide. The subcommittee will (1) determine whether all relevant data were considered, (2) determine the appropriateness of the critical studies, (3) consider the mode of action of methyl bromide and its implications in risk assessment, and (4) determine the appropriateness of the exposure assessment and mathematical models used. The subcommittee will also identify data gaps and make recommendations for further research relevant to setting exposure limits for methyl bromide. This report evaluates the toxicological and exposure data on methyl bromide that characterize risks at current exposure levels for field workers and nearby residents. The remainder of this report contains the subcommittee's analysis of DPR's risk characterization for methyl bromide. In Chapter 2, the critical toxicological studies and endpoints identified in the DPR document are evaluated. Chapter 3 summarizes DPR's exposure assessment, and the data quality and modeling techniques employed in its assessment are critiqued. Chapter 4 provides a review of DPR's risk assessment, including the adequacy of the toxicological database DPR used for hazard identification, an analysis of the margin-of-exposure data, and appropriateness of uncertainty factors used by DPR. Chapter 5 contains the subcommittee's conclusions about DPR's risk characterization, highlights data gaps, and makes recommendations for future research. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Safety Management Systems for Airports, Volume 2: Guidebook %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14316/safety-management-systems-for-airports-volume-2-guidebook %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14316/safety-management-systems-for-airports-volume-2-guidebook %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 166 %X TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 1: Safety Management Systems for Airports, Volume 2: Guidebook explores what constitutes an airport safety management system (SMS). The report examines SMS components and their interactions, and offers guidance in the planning, implementation, and operation of an airport SMS. It also provides detailed information on how to carry out each of the necessary SMS processes.This guidebook supplements ACRP Report 1: Volume 1, which provides an overview of SMS and explains how a systems approach to safety management can benefit both the safety and business aspects of airports. http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/acrp/acrp_rpt_001a.pdf %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Mantus, Ellen %T Toxicity-Pathway-Based Risk Assessment: Preparing for Paradigm Change: A Symposium Summary %@ 978-0-309-15422-2 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12913/toxicity-pathway-based-risk-assessment-preparing-for-paradigm-change-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12913/toxicity-pathway-based-risk-assessment-preparing-for-paradigm-change-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 134 %X In 2007, the National Research Council envisioned a new paradigm in which biologically important perturbations in key toxicity pathways would be evaluated with new methods in molecular biology, bioinformatics, computational toxicology, and a comprehensive array of in vitro tests based primarily on human biology. Although some considered the vision too optimistic with respect to the promise of the new science, no one can deny that a revolution in toxicity testing is under way. New approaches are being developed, and data are being generated. As a result, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) expects a large influx of data that will need to be evaluated. EPA also is faced with tens of thousands of chemicals on which toxicity information is incomplete and emerging chemicals and substances that will need risk assessment and possible regulation. Therefore, the agency asked the National Research Council to convene a symposium to stimulate discussion on the application of the new approaches and data in risk assessment. The symposium was held on May 11-13, 2009, in Washington, DC, and included presentations and discussion sessions on pathway-based approaches for hazard identification, applications of new approaches to mode-of-action analyses, the challenges to and opportunities for risk assessment in the changing paradigm, and future directions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack: A Decision Making Framework %@ 978-0-309-09661-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11324/reopening-public-facilities-after-a-biological-attack-a-decision-making %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11324/reopening-public-facilities-after-a-biological-attack-a-decision-making %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 224 %X The anthrax attacks in fall 2001 spurred an extensive and costly decontamination effort where many decisions had to be made about which sites required cleanup, what method to use, how to determine the effectiveness of the cleanup, and how "clean" the building had to be for reoccupation. As part of a project funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS), and managed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, the National Research Council was asked to consider the criteria that must be met for a cleanup to be declared successful, allowing the reoccupation of a facility. The report finds that efficiently sampling and characterizing a pathogen is critical for choosing the best remediation strategy. However, there should be no universal standard for deciding when a building is safe to re-enter because varying pathogen amounts and characteristics could require different strategies. The report offers a flowchart for decision-makers that includes questions about the characteristics of the pathogen; how far it has spread; whether it is transmissible between humans; and how long it will survive to pose a threat. The report also recommends that a risk-assessment approach be adopted as part of a strategy for achieving a "socially acceptable" standard for cleanup. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Investigative Strategies for Lead-Source Attribution at Superfund Sites Associated with Mining Activities %@ 978-0-309-46556-4 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24898/investigative-strategies-for-lead-source-attribution-at-superfund-sites-associated-with-mining-activities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24898/investigative-strategies-for-lead-source-attribution-at-superfund-sites-associated-with-mining-activities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 112 %X The Superfund program of the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was created in the 1980s to address human-health and environmental risks posed by abandoned or uncontrolled hazardous-waste sites. Identification of Superfund sites and their remediation is an expensive multistep process. As part of this process, EPA attempts to identify parties that are responsible for the contamination and thus financially responsible for remediation. Identification of potentially responsible parties is complicated because Superfund sites can have a long history of use and involve contaminants that can have many sources. Such is often the case for mining sites that involve metal contamination; metals occur naturally in the environment, they can be contaminants in the wastes generated at or released from the sites, and they can be used in consumer products, which can degrade and release the metals back to the environment. This report examines the extent to which various sources contribute to environmental lead contamination at Superfund sites that are near lead-mining areas and focuses on sources that contribute to lead contamination at sites near the Southeast Missouri Lead Mining District. It recommends potential improvements in approaches used for assessing sources of lead contamination at or near Superfund sites. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 4 %@ 978-0-309-09147-3 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10902/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-4 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10902/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-4 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 309 %X The Bhopal Disaster of 1984 resulted in the death of around 2,000 residents living near chemical plants and irreversible injuries to more than 20,000 other residents. These numbers can be attributed to the community's lack of awareness concerning the chemicals' existence, dangers and effects, and/or how to react in case of emergency. The disaster emphasized the need for governments to identify hazardous substances and to aid local communities in developing plans for emergency exposures. As a result, the United States government issued the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act (SARA) of 1986; requiring the identification of extremely hazardous substances (EHSs) by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA was also tasked with assisting Local Emergency Planning Committees (LEPCs) in conducting health-hazard assessments to develop emergency-response plans for sites where EHSs are produced, stored, transported, or used. The EPA identified nearly 400 EHSs in terms of their immediate danger to life and health (IDLH) as their first step in assisting these LEPCs. In 1991 the EPA went on to request that the National Research Council (NRC) Committee on Toxicology (COT) develop criteria and methods for developing emergency exposure levels for EHSs for the general population. The COT, who had published many reports on emergency exposure guidance levels at the time, designated the task to a subcommittee. The subcommittee focused on Guidelines for Developing Community Emergency Exposure Levels for Hazardous Substances. Four years later the National Advisory Committee for Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances (NAC) was created with a focus on identifying, reviewing, and interpreting relevant toxicologic and other scientific data and developing acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for high-priority, acutely toxic chemicals. In Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals:Volume 4, the NAC outlines acute exposure guideline levels for chlorine, hydrogen chloride, toluene 2,4, hydrogen fluoride, 2,6-diisocyanate, and uranium hexafluoride. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water %@ 978-0-309-08370-6 %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9038/nitrate-and-nitrite-in-drinking-water %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9038/nitrate-and-nitrite-in-drinking-water %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 78 %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review of Report and Approach to Evaluating Long-Term Health Effects in Army Test Subjects %@ 978-0-309-47418-4 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25065/review-of-report-and-approach-to-evaluating-long-term-health-effects-in-army-test-subjects %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25065/review-of-report-and-approach-to-evaluating-long-term-health-effects-in-army-test-subjects %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Health and Medicine %P 66 %X Between 1942 and 1975, the U.S. Army conducted tests on human subjects to study the effects of a variety of agents, including chemical warfare agents, biological agents, medications, vaccines, and other substances. The tests investigated the immediate or short-term health effects from acute exposure to understand vulnerabilities to attack. Whether the exposures could have resulted in long-term health consequences to the test subjects has been assessed periodically, and the Army is required to notify subjects of information relating to potential health effects associated with exposure to the test agents. Most recently, a 2016 court injunction directed the Army to provide test subjects with new information about potential long-term health effects associated with their exposures, and to provide medical care if an injury or illness could be attributed to their participation in an Army chemical or biological testing program. In support of the first requirement, the Army contracted a report, Assessment of Potential Long-Term Health Effects on Army Human Test Subjects of Relevant Biological and Chemical Agents, Drugs, Medications and Substances: Literature Review and Analysis (the Report), to determine whether new information published since 2006 should be provided to the veterans. At the request of the Army, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine formed an ad hoc committee that was tasked with conducting an independent review of the Report. The committee assessed whether the Report appropriately identified potential long-term health effects that could have resulted from test exposures using an adequate weight-of-evidence approach. The general approach for evaluating agent- and outcome-specific associations as outlined in the Army Memorandum was also reviewed. An interim report of its overarching findings and their supporting evidence was prepared in February 2018. This final report provides additional detail about the basis of the committee’s findings and recommendations. No new findings or recommendations have been added to this report.