TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - An Assessment of the Divisions of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology Located in Boulder, Colorado: Fiscal Year 2023 SN - DO - 10.17226/27338 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27338/an-assessment-of-the-divisions-of-the-physical-measurement-laboratory-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-located-in-boulder-colorado PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Since 1959, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has annually commissioned the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to assess its various measurements and standards laboratories. This report appraises the Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML), assessing four divisions of PML situated at the NIST Boulder campus: the Applied Physics Division, the Time and Frequency Division, the Quantum Electromagnetics Division, and the Quantum Physics Division. The report compares the caliber of research at PML with similar international programs to determine whether programs adequately align with its objectives; assesses the range of scientific and technical expertise available within PML; considers the budget, facilities, equipment, and Human Resources to bolster PML technical endeavors and contribute to the fulfillment of its goals; and assesses the efficacy of PML methods for disseminating the products of its work. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - An Assessment of Four Divisions of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2018 SN - DO - 10.17226/25281 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25281/an-assessment-of-four-divisions-of-the-physical-measurement-laboratory-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - An Assessment of Four Divisions of the Physical Measurement Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2018 assesses the scientific and technical work performed by four divisions of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physical Measurement Laboratory. This publication reviews technical reports and technical program descriptions prepared by NIST staff and summarizes the findings of the authoring panel. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physical Measurement Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2015 SN - DO - 10.17226/23448 PY - 2016 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23448/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-physical-measurement-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The Physical Measurement Laboratory (PML) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is dedicated to three fundamental and complementary tasks: (1) increase the accuracy of our knowledge of the physical parameters that are the foundation of our technology-driven society; (2) disseminate technologies by which these physical parameters can be accessed in a standardized way by the stakeholders; and (3) conduct research at both fundamental and applied levels to provide knowledge that may eventually lead to advances in measurement approaches and standards. This report assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the PML and identifies salient examples of accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities for improvement for each of its nine divisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physics Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2010 SN - DO - 10.17226/13008 PY - 2010 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13008/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-physics-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Physics Laboratory is to support U.S. industry, government, and the scientific community by providing measurement services and research for electronic, optical, and radiation technology. In this respect, the laboratory provides the foundation for the metrology of optical and ionizing radiations, time and frequency, and fundamental quantum processes, historically major areas of standards and technology. The Panel on Physics visited the six divisions of the laboratory and reviewed a selected sample of their programs and projects. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Physics Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2008 SN - DO - 10.17226/12499 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12499/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-physics-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - The mission of the NIST Physics Laboratory is to support U.S. industry, government, and the scientific community by providing measurement services and research for electronic, optical, and radiation technology. In this respect, the laboratory provides the foundation for the metrology of optical and ionizing radiations, time and frequency, and fundamental quantum processes, historically major areas of standards and technology. The Panel on Physics visited the six divisions of the laboratory and reviewed a selected sample of their programs and projects. This book finds that the overall quality and productivity of the Physics Laboratory are comparable to or better than those of other peer institutions, an accomplishment that is being achieved with an infrastructure that is smaller in both size and funding than the size and funding of most national and agency laboratories in the United States. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Biologic Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields Associated With Proposed Project Seafarer: DO - 10.17226/20341 PY - 1977 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20341/biologic-effects-of-electric-and-magnetic-fields-associated-with-proposed-project-seafarer PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Environment and Environmental Studies ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - 2022 Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Communications Technology Laboratory SN - DO - 10.17226/26778 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26778/2022-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technologys-communications-technology-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - At the request of the director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, this report assesses the management of Standards and Technology Communications Technology Laboratory (CTL), focusing on the work, facilities, equipment, personnel, portfolios of scientific expertise, and effective dissemination of the results. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - An Assessment of the Communications Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2019 SN - DO - 10.17226/25602 PY - 2019 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25602/an-assessment-of-the-communications-technology-laboratory-at-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - An Assessment of the Communications Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology: Fiscal Year 2019 is an independent technical assessment of the quality of the National Institute of Standards and Technology's (NIST's) Communications Technology Laboratory (CTL). It reviews the organization's technical programs, the portfolio of scientific expertise within the organization, the adequacy of the organization's facilities, equipment, and human resources, and the effectiveness by which the organization disseminates its program outputs. This report focuses on CTL priority areas such as public safety communications, trusted spectrum testing, and Next Generation Wireless (5G and Beyond). It also assesses the extent to which CTL applied the recommendations from a 2015 National Academies' report, which describes many of the critical uses of radio communications, provides lab-specific recommendations, and highlights important research priorities for the Boulder, Colorado communications technology laboratory of the Department of Commerce laboratory. This new report also describes the current activities of the Boulder telecommunications laboratories, its strengths and weaknesses as an organization, and its plans for the near future ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories: Fiscal Years 2004-2005 SN - DO - 10.17226/11475 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11475/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Measurements and Standards Laboratories (MSL) provide technical leadership for the nation’s measurement and standards infrastructure and assure the availability of essential reference data and measurement capabilities. At NIST’s request the National Research Council (NRC) carries out a biennial assessment of the seven MSL. The assessment focuses on each laboratory’s technical quality and merit; and effectiveness. It also examines the relevance of the NIST programs and how well laboratory facilities, equipment, and personnel are able to fulfill the MSL mission. This report presents an overall assessment of the MSL followed by detailed assessments of each of the seven laboratories. ER - TY - BOOK TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Programs Fiscal Year 1994 DO - 10.17226/9198 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9198/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-programs-fiscal-year-1994 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories: Fiscal Year 2000 DO - 10.17226/9979 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9979/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories: Fiscal Year 2001 DO - 10.17226/10204 PY - 2001 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10204/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English AB - This volume represents the 42nd annual assessment by the National Research Council (NRC) of the technical quality and relevance of the programs of the Measurement and Standards Laboratories of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). This report provides judgments regarding the overall state of the NIST Measurement and Standards Laboratories (MSL),and offers findings to further increase the merit and impact of NIST MSL programs. It also offers in-depth reviews of each of the seven laboratories of the MSL, with findings aimed at their specific programmatic areas. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories: Fiscal Year 2003 DO - 10.17226/10820 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10820/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology ER - TY - BOOK TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories: Fiscal Year 1999 DO - 10.17226/9685 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9685/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Measurement and Standards Laboratories: Fiscal Year 2002 SN - DO - 10.17226/10510 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10510/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-measurement-and-standards-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - This assessment of the technical quality and relevance of the programs of the Measurement and Standards Laboratories of the National Institute of Standards and Technology is the work of the 165 members of the National Research Council's (NRC's) Board on Assessment of NIST Programs and its panels. These individuals were chosen by the NRC for their technical expertise, their practical experience in running research programs, and their knowledge of industry's needs in basic measurements and standards. This assessment addresses the following: The technical merit of the laboratory programs relative to the state of the art worldwide; The effectiveness with which the laboratory programs are carried out and the results disseminated to their customers; The relevance of the laboratory programs to the needs of their customers; and The ability of the laboratories' facilities, equipment, and human resources to enable the laboratories to fulfill their mission and meet their customers' needs. ER - TY - BOOK A2 - Michael C. Kelley TI - Aspects of Weather and Space Weather in the Earth's Upper Atmosphere: The Role of Internal Atmospheric Waves SN - DO - 10.17226/5846 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5846/aspects-of-weather-and-space-weather-in-the-earths-upper-atmosphere PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Space and Aeronautics ER - TY - BOOK TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Programs: Fiscal Year 1993 DO - 10.17226/9192 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9192/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-programs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michael Carroll A2 - Hollis Stambaugh A2 - Joseph Kolesar A2 - Stephen Berger A2 - Heidi Benaman A2 - Zachary Varwig TI - A Guidebook for Mitigating Disruptive WiFi Interference at Airports DO - 10.17226/22187 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22187/a-guidebook-for-mitigating-disruptive-wifi-interference-at-airports PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 127: A Guidebook for Mitigating Disruptive WiFi Interference at Airports describes the WiFi interference problems at airports and offers potential solutions to mitigate disruptions. Interference is addressed in the context of the business and regulatory structure within which airports operate.The guidebook is designed to provide practical assistance for improving WiFi performance by enhancing the ability of airport authorities to identify when radio frequency interference is occurring and then how to eliminate, reduce, or at least minimize its impact.The guidebook addresses following:• Quantification of the extent and magnitude of the interference problems;• Best technical and business practices to provide accessible, secure service with adaptable bandwidth to meet the needs of all stakeholders;• Communication and collaboration efforts among parties to maximize the benefits of a cooperative approach;• Reference designs that are adaptable to different airport environments (i.e., small, medium, large, dominant carrier, no dominant carrier, and other tenant mix), including security requirements for all stakeholders;• Techniques for identifying and resolving interference issues outside reference designs;• Strategic vision that addresses potential impacts due to increasing demand, rapidly evolving technologies, and new uses (e.g., 802.11 ac, HD video, 4G backhaul); and• Total cost of ownership and return on investment, including intangibles. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Wireless Technology Prospects and Policy Options SN - DO - 10.17226/13051 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13051/wireless-technology-prospects-and-policy-options PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The use of radio-frequency communication--commonly referred to as wireless communication--is becoming more pervasive as well as more economically and socially important. Technological progress over many decades has enabled the deployment of several successive generations of cellular telephone technology, which is now used by many billions of people worldwide; the near-universal addition of wireless local area networking to personal computers; and a proliferation of actual and proposed uses of wireless communications. The flood of new technologies, applications, and markets has also opened up opportunities for examining and adjusting the policy framework that currently governs the management and use of the spectrum and the institutions involved in it, and models for allocating spectrum and charging for it have come under increasing scrutiny. Yet even as many agree that further change to the policy framework is needed, there is debate about precisely how the overall framework should be changed, what trajectory its evolution should follow, and how dramatic or rapid the change should be. Many groups have opinions, positions, demands, and desires related to these questions--reflecting multiple commercial, social, and political agendas and a mix of technical, economic, and social perspectives. The development of technologies and associated policy and regulatory regimes are often closely coupled, an interplay apparent as early as the 1910s, when spectrum policy emerged in response to the growth of radio communications. As outlined in this report, current and ongoing technological advances suggest the need for a careful reassessment of the assumptions that inform spectrum policy in the United States today. This book seeks to shine a spotlight on 21st-century technology trends and to outline the implications of emerging technologies for spectrum management in ways that the committee hopes will be useful to those setting future spectrum policy. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of Precision Time and Time Interval Science and Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/10541 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10541/an-assessment-of-precision-time-and-time-interval-science-and-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Knowledge of time is essential to precise knowledge of location, and for this reason the Navy, with its need to navigate on the high seas, has historically played an important role in the development and application of advanced time realization and dissemination technologies. Discoveries coming from basic research funded by the Office of Naval Research (ONR) lie at the heart of today's highest performance atomic clocks, Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) expertise played a role in developing the space-qualified atomic clocks that enable the Global Positioning System (GPS), and the U.S. Naval Observatory (USNO) maintains and disseminates the standard of time for all of the Department of Defense (DOD). The Navy has made major investments in most aspects of precision time and time interval (PTTI) science and technology, although specific PTTI-related research has also been funded by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and non-DOD agencies such as the National Science Foundation (NSF), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and the Department of Commerce. Navy funding, largely through ONR, has a history of being an early enabler of key new developments. Judicious funding decisions by the Navy—particularly by ONR program officers—have underpinned most of the major advances in PTTI science and technology (S&T) in the last 50 years. PTTI is important to modern naval needs, and indeed to all the armed Services, for use in both navigation and communications. Precise time synchronization is needed to efficiently determine the start of a code sequence in secure communications, to perform navigation, and to locate the position of signal emitters. Precise frequency control is required in communications for spectrum utilization and frequency-hopped spread-spectrum techniques. There are many examples of essential military operations that depend on PTTI and could benefit from improvements in PTTI technology. These include: -GPS clocks and autonomous operations, -Weapon system four-dimensional coordination, -GPS antijamming, -Network-centric warfare, and -Secure military communications. This report summarizes that reductions in the size, weight, and power requirements and increases in the ruggedness of PTTI devices without sacrificing performance would put more accurate and precise timekeeping in the hands of the warrior, improving capabilities in all of the above operations. ER -