TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science SN - DO - 10.17226/13340 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13340/ocean-acidification-starting-with-the-science PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Over recent years, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels have increased the amount of carbon dioxide gas emitted to the atmosphere—and the amount that dissolves into the ocean. Now, so much carbon dioxide has been absorbed by the ocean that the chemistry of seawater is changing, causing the ocean to become more acidic. Based on a National Research Council report, this booklet describes the well-understood chemistry of ocean acidification and explores the many questions that remain: How will ocean acidification impact marine life such as fish, corals, and shellfish? How will the effects on individual species scale up to whole ecosystems? What will ocean acidification mean for aquaculture, the fishing industry, and coastal tourism? ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fish Stock Rebuilding Plans in the United States SN - DO - 10.17226/18488 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18488/evaluating-the-effectiveness-of-fish-stock-rebuilding-plans-in-the-united-states PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture AB - In the United States (U.S.), the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976, now known as the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSFCMA), was the first major legislation to regulate federal fisheries in the U.S. Fishery Conservation Zone (later designated as the U.S. exclusive economic zone). The re-authorization of the MSFCMA passed by Congress in 2006 included additional mandates for conserving and rebuilding fish stocks and strengthening the role of scientific advice in fisheries management. Approximately 20% of the fisheries that have been assessed are considered overfished according to the September 2012 stock status Report to Congress prepared by the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Overfished refers to a stock that is below the minimum stock size threshold, commonly set to half the stock size at which maximum sustainable yield (MSY) is achieved. Under the provisions of the MSFCMA, rebuilding plans for overfished stocks should take no more than 10 years, except when certain provisions apply. Rebuilding mandates have led to substantial reductions in catch and effort for many fisheries, raising concerns about the consequent social and economic impacts to the fishing communities and industry. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fish Stock Rebuilding Plans in the United States reviews the technical specifications that underlie current federally-implemented rebuilding plans, and the outcomes of those plans. According to this report, fisheries management has evolved substantially since 1977 when the U.S. extended its jurisdiction to 8 200 miles, in the direction of being more prescriptive and precautionary in terms of preventing overfishing and rebuilding overfished fisheries. However, the trade-offs between precaution and yield have not been fully evaluated. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Fish Stock Rebuilding Plans in the United States discusses the methods and criteria used to set target fishing mortality and biomass levels for rebuilding overfished stocks, and to determine the probability that a particular stock will rebuild by a certain date. This report will be of interest to the fishing industry, ecology professionals, and members of Congress as they debate the renewal of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Understanding and Predicting the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current: Critical Gaps and Recommendations SN - DO - 10.17226/24823 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24823/understanding-and-predicting-the-gulf-of-mexico-loop-current-critical PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - One of the most significant, energetic, yet not well understood, oceanographic features in the Americas is the Gulf of Mexico Loop Current System (LCS), consisting of the Loop Current (LC) and the Loop Current Eddies (LCEs) it sheds. Understanding the dynamics of the LCS is fundamental to understanding the Gulf of Mexico's full oceanographic system, and vice versa. Hurricane intensity, offshore safety, harmful algal blooms, oil spill response, the entire Gulf food chain, shallow water nutrient supply, the fishing industry, tourism, and the Gulf Coast economy are all affected by the position, strength, and structure of the LC and associated eddies. This report recommends a strategy for addressing the key gaps in general understanding of LCS processes, in order to instigate a significant improvement in predicting LC/LCE position, evolving structure, extent, and speed, which will increase overall understanding of Gulf of Mexico circulation and to promote safe oil and gas operations and disaster response in the Gulf of Mexico. This strategy includes advice on how to design a long-term observational campaign and complementary data assimilation and numerical modeling efforts. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Science and Its Role in the National Marine Fisheries Service SN - DO - 10.17226/10387 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10387/science-and-its-role-in-the-national-marine-fisheries-service PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture AB - NMFS has a difficult and complex task in managing U.S. marine fisheries. Despite some successes, too many stocks continue to decline. Over the past decade, several problems have been identified that have contributed to the current dissatisfaction with how marine fisheries are managed. This dissatisfaction is evident from the large number of lawsuits filed by the fishing industry and environmental organizations. One central problem is overfishing. Overfishing issues have been discussed in a series of NRC reports, and these reports identify overcapitalization, and technological and gear improvements as some of the causes. The reports recommend ways to stem these problems and to advance the practice of fishery science at NMFS. This report reiterates some of these recommendations, and makes new recommendations to enhance the use of data and science for fisheries management. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Fishing Vessel Safety: Blueprint for a National Program SN - DO - 10.17226/1622 PY - 1991 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1622/fishing-vessel-safety-blueprint-for-a-national-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture AB - In response to a continuing high loss of commercial fishing vessels and crews, the U.S. Congress has mandated development of new safety requirements for the industry. This volume provides a blueprint for an integrated national safety program that responds realistically to industry conditions, with priority on the most cost-effective alternatives. Fishing Vessel Safety addresses the role of the U.S. Coast Guard and the fishing industry and evaluates such safety measures as vessel inspection and registration, and the training and licensing of fishermen. It explores vessel condition, the role of human behavior, the problem of weather prediction, the high cost of insurance, and more. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Establishing a 200-Mile Fisheries Zone DO - 10.17226/21260 PY - 1977 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21260/establishing-a-200-mile-fisheries-zone PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Agriculture ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Emily Twigg TI - Atlantic Offshore Renewable Energy Development and Fisheries: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/25062 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25062/atlantic-offshore-renewable-energy-development-and-fisheries-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Agriculture AB - The development of offshore energy on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) is overseen by the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM). In support of its mission to conduct its activities in an environmentally and economically responsible way, BOEM engaged a steering committee of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to facilitate a workshop about the research and monitoring needed to assess potential impacts from offshore wind turbine installation and operation on fisheries on the Atlantic OCS. This activity is specifically focused on fisheries resources and is one part of a suite of efforts by BOEM to understand the potential impact of offshore renewable energy on the environment. The workshop was focused on southern New England, where several offshore wind leases are progressing toward construction. This publication briefly summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Cooperative Research in the National Marine Fisheries Service SN - DO - 10.17226/10836 PY - 2004 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10836/cooperative-research-in-the-national-marine-fisheries-service PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences AB - In recent years there has been growing interest in having fisheries stakeholders involved in various aspects of fisheries data collection and experimentation. This activity is generally known as cooperative research and may take many forms, including gear technology studies, bycatch avoidance studies, and surveys. While the process is not new, the current interest in cooperative research and the growing frequency of direct budgetary allocation for cooperative research prompted this report. Cooperative Research in the National Marine Fisheries Service addresses issues essential for the effective design and implementation of cooperative and collaborative research programs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Sharing the Fish: Toward a National Policy on Individual Fishing Quotas SN - DO - 10.17226/6335 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6335/sharing-the-fish-toward-a-national-policy-on-individual-fishing PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences AB - Most U.S. fish stocks are fully or over-exploited, and harvesting in many fisheries far exceeds sustainable levels. The individual fishing quota (IFQ) is a relatively new instrument under which harvesting privileges are allocated to individual fishermen—innovative yet controversial for its feared effect on fishing communities and individual fishermen. Based on testimony from fishermen, regulators, environmentalists, and others, Sharing the Fish explores how IFQs might address the serious social, economic, and biologic issues raised by depleted fish stocks. In their approach to a national policy on IFQs, the panel makes direct recommendations to Congress, the Secretary of Commerce, the National Marine Fisheries Service, regional fishery management councils, state authorities, and others. This book provides definitions and examples, reviews legislation and regulations, and includes lessons learned from fisheries on the U.S. East Coast and in Alaska, and in Iceland, New Zealand, and other nations. The committee discusses the public trust doctrine, management of common-pool resources, alternative and complementary approaches to the IFQ, and more. Sharing the Fish provides straightforward answers that will be important to fishery policymakers and regulators, natural resource economists, fishery managers, environmental advocates, and concerned fishermen and their communities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Research at NIOSH: Reviews of Research Programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health SN - DO - 10.17226/12088 PY - 2008 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12088/agriculture-forestry-and-fishing-research-at-niosh-reviews-of-research PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences KW - Health and Medicine AB - The agriculture, forestry, and fishing sectors are the cornerstone of industries that produce food, fiber, and biofuel. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) conducts research in order to improve worker safety and health in these sectors. This National Research Council book reviews the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program to evaluate the 1) relevance of its work to improvements in occupational safety and health and 2) the impact of research in reducing workplace illnesses and injuries. The assessment reveals that the program has made meaningful contributions to improving worker safety and health in these fields. To enhance the relevance and impact of its work and fulfill its mission, the NIOSH Agriculture, Forestry, and Fishing Program should provide national leadership, coordination of research, and activities to transfer findings, technologies, and information into practice. The program will also benefit from establishing strategic goals and implementing a comprehensive surveillance system in order to better identify and track worker populations at risk. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Advancing The Principles of The Prevention Through People Program DO - 10.17226/9150 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9150/advancing-the-principles-of-the-prevention-through-people-program PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English ER - TY - BOOK TI - Improving the Management of U.S. Marine Fisheries DO - 10.17226/9045 PY - 1994 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9045/improving-the-management-of-us-marine-fisheries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Community Development Quota Program in Alaska SN - DO - 10.17226/6114 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6114/the-community-development-quota-program-in-alaska PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences AB - This book reviews the performance and effectiveness of the Community Development Quotas (CDQ) programs that were formed as a result of the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996. The CDQ program is a method of allocating access to fisheries to eligible communities with the intent of promoting local social and economic conditions through participation in fishing-related activities. The book looks at those Alaskan fisheries that have experience with CDQs, such as halibut, pollock, sablefish, and crab, and comments on the extent to which the programs have met their objectives—helping communities develop ongoing commercial fishing and processing activities, creating employment opportunities, and providing capital for investment in fishing, processing, and support projects such as infrastructure. It also considers how CDQ-type programs might apply in the Western Pacific. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Sustaining Marine Fisheries SN - DO - 10.17226/6032 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6032/sustaining-marine-fisheries PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences AB - Fluctuations and declines in marine fish populations have caused growing concern among marine scientists, fisheries managers, commercial and recreational fishers, and the public. Sustaining Marine Fisheries explores the nature of marine ecosystems and the complex interacting factors that shape their productivity. The book documents the condition of marine fisheries today, highlighting species and geographic areas that are under particular stress. Challenges to achieving sustainability are discussed, and shortcomings of existing fisheries management and regulation are examined. The volume calls for fisheries management to adopt a broader ecosystem perspective that encompasses all relevant environmental and human influences. Sustaining Marine Fisheries offers new approaches to building workable fisheries management institutions, improving scientific data, and developing management tools. The book recommends ways to change current practices that encourage overexploitation of fish resources. It will be of special interest to marine policymakers and ecologists, fisheries regulators and managers, fisheries scientists and marine ecologists, fishers, and concerned individuals. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat SN - DO - 10.17226/10323 PY - 2002 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10323/effects-of-trawling-and-dredging-on-seafloor-habitat PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences KW - Agriculture AB - Concerns over the potential ecological effects of fishing have increased with the expansion of fisheries throughout the marine waters of the United States. Effects of Trawling and Dredging on Seafloor Habitat describes how assessment of fishing impacts depends on gear type, number and location of bottom tows, and the physical and biological characteristics of seafloor habitats. Many experimental studies have documented acute, gear--specific effects of trawling and dredging on various types of habitat. These studies indicate that low mobility, long--lived species are more vulnerable to towed fishing gear than short--lived species in areas where the seabed is often disturbed by natural phenomena. Trawling and dredging may also change the composition and productivity of fish communities dependent on seafloor habitats for food and refuge. The scale of these impacts depends on the level of fishing effort. This volume presents color maps of fishing effort for all regions with significant bottom trawl or dredge fisheries -- the first time that such data has been assembled and analyzed for the entire nation. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Global Ocean Observing System: Users, Benefits, and Priorities SN - DO - 10.17226/5580 PY - 1997 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5580/the-global-ocean-observing-system-users-benefits-and-priorities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - The Global Ocean Observing System is a study by the Ocean Studies Board intended to provide information and advice to federal agencies (the U.S. GOOS Interagency ad hoc Working Group) to help define and implement an effective, affordable, and customer-based U.S. contribution to GOOS. In particular, the committee was asked to provide advice to U.S. agencies regarding a practical concept for GOOS, identify potential applications and users of GOOS during the next 3 to 5 years and beyond, recommend appropriate roles for industry and academia in GOOS, and prioritize observational and infrastructure activities that should be undertaken or continued by the United States in its initial commitments to GOOS. In response to its charge, the committee reviewed the status of GOOS planning and implementation at both the national and international levels, invited presentations by relevant federal agencies and members of the private sector, and examined the range of potential uses and benefits of products derived from information to be collected by GOOS. Finally, the committee drew upon this information and its own expertise to develop a number of recommendations intended to help move the implementation of GOOS forward. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Gulf Research Program Annual Report 2020 DO - 10.17226/26147 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26147/gulf-research-program-annual-report-2020 PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Each year, the Gulf Research Program (GRP) produces an annual report to summarize how funds were used. These reports review accomplishments, highlight activities, and, over time, will assess metrics to determine how the program is progressing in accomplishing its goals. The 2020 annual report is the seventh report in this series. The GRP is an independent, science-based program founded in 2013. Through grants, fellowships, and other activities, it seeks to enhance oil system safety and the protection of human health and the environment in the Gulf of Mexico region and other areas along the U.S. outer continental shelf with offshore oil and gas operations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Review of Northeast Fishery Stock Assessments SN - DO - 10.17226/6067 PY - 1998 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6067/review-of-northeast-fishery-stock-assessments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences AB - The collapse of cod, flounder, and haddock fish stocks in the Northeast United States has caused widespread concern among managers and fishers in the United States and Canada. The diminishing stocks have forced managers to take strict regulatory measures. Numerous questions have been raised about the adequacy of stock assessment science used to evaluate the status of these stocks and the appropriateness of the management measures taken. Based on these concerns, Congress mandated that a scientific review of the methodology and data used to evaluate these stocks be conducted. In this volume, the committee concludes that although there are improvements to be made in data collection, modeling uncertainty, and communicating between fishers, managers, and scientists, the scientific methods used in the Northeast stock assessments are sound. Recommendations are made on how the stock assessment process can be improved. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Improving the Collection, Management, and Use of Marine Fisheries Data SN - DO - 10.17226/9969 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9969/improving-the-collection-management-and-use-of-marine-fisheries-data PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture KW - Earth Sciences AB - Congress has promoted fisheries science for over a century and its involvement in fisheries management took a great leap forward with passage of the Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976. In the past decade, Congress has requested advice from the National Research Council (NRC) on both national issues (e.g., individual fishing quotas and community development quotas) and the assessments related to specific fisheries (Northeast groundfish). This report was produced, in part, in response to another congressional request, this time related to the assessments of the summer flounder stocks along the East Coast of the United States. Following the initial request, the NRC, National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), and congressional staff agreed to broaden the study into a more comprehensive review of marine fisheries data collection, management, and use. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board A2 - Peter Johnson TI - Offshore Wind Energy Projects: Summary of a Workshop DO - 10.17226/13333 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13333/offshore-wind-energy-projects-summary-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB Conference Proceedings on the Web 4: Offshore Wind Energy Projects: Summary of a Workshop summarizes a March 2010 workshop held in Washington, D.C., that examined the processes use by the former Minerals Management Service (MMS) for selecting and managing certified verification agents (CVAs) and for identifying appropriate standards for assuring good engineering judgment and practice; for reviewing and approving designs, fabrications, and installations; and for determining acceptable qualifications and role for a CVA associated with nonhydrokinetic offshore renewable energy projects. ER -