%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Sylvina, Teresa J. %T Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species and Biodiversity: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69015-7 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26614/animal-welfare-challenges-in-research-and-education-on-wildlife-non-model-animal-species-and-biodiversity %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26614/animal-welfare-challenges-in-research-and-education-on-wildlife-non-model-animal-species-and-biodiversity %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 144 %X Research to advance understanding of the ecology and biology of wildlife species is more important than ever as the world confronts issues ranging from biodiversity loss to the emergence of zoonotic diseases. However, the current understanding of animal welfare in research and education has been based on laboratory work with specific domesticated species. Wildlife research represents a starkly different context and with different implications for animal welfare. Wild species that are the subject of research have extremely diverse physiologies and behaviors and live in diverse habitats. This makes it challenging and sometimes impossible for wildlife researchers to follow the recommendations outlined in the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (NRC 2011) and other guidelines developed for a laboratory-based, biomedically focused research context. To explore issues associated with the unique welfare considerations of wildlife research, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (under the auspices of the Roundtable on Science and Animal Welfare in Laboratory Animal Use), hosted a workshop titled Discussing and Understanding Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species, and Biodiversity on February 9-10, 2022. The event, held virtually, included pre-recorded presentations and overarching discussions to explore this topic in breadth and depth. More than 1,800 participants from academia, industry, government, and nonprofit organizations joined the webcast. This proceedings summarizes key topics covered in the workshop presentations and discussions based on transcripts, recordings, and slides from the event. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Torbic, Darren J. %E O’Laughlin, Mitchell K. %E Harwood, Douglas W. %E Bauer, Karin M. %E Bokenkroger, Courtney D. %E Lucas, Lindsay M. %E Ronchetto, John R. %E Brennan, Sean %E Donnell, Eric %E Brown, Alexander %E Varunjikar, Tejas %T Superelevation Criteria for Sharp Horizontal Curves on Steep Grades %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22312/superelevation-criteria-for-sharp-horizontal-curves-on-steep-grades %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22312/superelevation-criteria-for-sharp-horizontal-curves-on-steep-grades %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 182 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 774 provides superelevation criteria for horizontal curves on steep grades. A series of field studies and vehicle dynamics simulations were undertaken to investigate combinations of horizontal curve and vertical grade design. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Torbic, Darren J. %E Gilmore, David K. %E Bauer, Karin M. %E Bokenkroger, Courtney D. %E Harwood, Douglas W. %E Lucas, Lindsay M. %E Frazier, Robert J. %E Kinzel, Christopher S. %E Petree, David L. %E Forsberg, Michael %T Design Guidance for High-Speed to Low-Speed Transitions Zones for Rural Highways %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22670/design-guidance-for-high-speed-to-low-speed-transitions-zones-for-rural-highways %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22670/design-guidance-for-high-speed-to-low-speed-transitions-zones-for-rural-highways %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 88 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 737: Design Guidance for High-Speed to Low-Speed Transitions Zones for Rural Highways presents guidance for designing the transition from a high-speed rural highway to a lower-speed section, typically approaching a small town.The report includes a methodology for assessing these highway sections and a catalog of potential treatments for addressing problems. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Torbic, Darren J. %E Bauer, Karin M. %E Fees, Chris A. %E Harwood, Douglas W. %E Van Houten, Ron %E LaPlante, John %E Roseberry, Nathan %T Recommended Bicycle Lane Widths for Various Roadway Characteristics %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22350/recommended-bicycle-lane-widths-for-various-roadway-characteristics %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22350/recommended-bicycle-lane-widths-for-various-roadway-characteristics %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 64 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 766: Recommended Bicycle Lane Widths for Various Roadway Characteristics presents an analysis of the research and design guidance for bicycle lane widths on existing travel lane widths and parking lane widths. The conclusions are most applicable to urban and suburban roadways with level grade and a posted speed limit of 30 mph and should be used cautiously for the design of roadways with motor vehicle speeds outside of the range of 25 to 35 mph, and in particular for higher-speed roadways. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Newcomb, David E. %E Arambula, Edith %E Yin, Fan %E Zhang, Jun %E Bhasin, Amit %E Li, Wei %E Arega, Zelalem %T Properties of Foamed Asphalt for Warm Mix Asphalt Applications %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22145/properties-of-foamed-asphalt-for-warm-mix-asphalt-applications %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22145/properties-of-foamed-asphalt-for-warm-mix-asphalt-applications %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 126 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 807: Properties of Foamed Asphalt for Warm Mix Asphalt Applications presents methods for measuring the performance-related properties of foamed asphalts and designing foamed asphalt mixes with satisfactory aggregate coating and workability. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Torbic, Darren J. %E Lucas, Lindsay M. %E Harwood, Douglas W. %E Brewer, Marcus A. %E Park, Eun Sug %E Avelar, Raul %E Pratt, Michael P. %E Abu-Odeh, Akram %E Depwe, Elizabeth %E Rau, Kimberly %T Design of Interchange Loop Ramps and Pavement/Shoulder Cross-Slope Breaks %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24683/design-of-interchange-loop-ramps-and-pavementshoulder-cross-slope-breaks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24683/design-of-interchange-loop-ramps-and-pavementshoulder-cross-slope-breaks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 227: Design of Interchange Loop Ramps and Pavement/Shoulder Cross-Slope Breaks is presented in two parts. Part 1 presents design guidance for interchange loop ramps based on observational field studies and safety analyses and includes suggestions for the next edition of A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets published by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). Part 2 assesses AASHTO’s current design policy for pavement/shoulder cross-slope breaks on superelevated horizontal curves. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Miller, Nicholas P. %E Cantor, David %E Lohr, Sharon %E Jodts, Eric %E Boene, Pam %E Williams, Doug %E Fields, James %E Gettys, Monty %E Basner, Mathias %E Hu, Ken, me %T Research Methods for Understanding Aircraft Noise Annoyances and Sleep Disturbance %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22352/research-methods-for-understanding-aircraft-noise-annoyances-and-sleep-disturbance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22352/research-methods-for-understanding-aircraft-noise-annoyances-and-sleep-disturbance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 0 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Web-Only Document 17: Research Methods for Understanding Aircraft Noise Annoyances and Sleep Disturbance explores the development and validation of a research protocol for a large-scale study of aircraft noise exposure-annoyance response relationships across the U.S. The report also highlights alternative research methods for field studies to assess the relationship between aircraft noise and sleep disturbance for U.S. airports. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T An Astrobiology Strategy for the Search for Life in the Universe %@ 978-0-309-48416-9 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25252/an-astrobiology-strategy-for-the-search-for-life-in-the-universe %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25252/an-astrobiology-strategy-for-the-search-for-life-in-the-universe %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 188 %X Astrobiology is the study of the origin, evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe. It is an inherently interdisciplinary field that encompasses astronomy, biology, geology, heliophysics, and planetary science, including complementary laboratory activities and field studies conducted in a wide range of terrestrial environments. Combining inherent scientific interest and public appeal, the search for life in the solar system and beyond provides a scientific rationale for many current and future activities carried out by the National Aeronautics and Science Administration (NASA) and other national and international agencies and organizations. Requested by NASA, this study offers a science strategy for astrobiology that outlines key scientific questions, identifies the most promising research in the field, and indicates the extent to which the mission priorities in existing decadal surveys address the search for life's origin, evolution, distribution, and future in the universe. This report makes recommendations for advancing the research, obtaining the measurements, and realizing NASA's goal to search for signs of life in the universe. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne Frances %T Understanding the Societal Challenges Facing Nuclear Power: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-68987-8 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26606/understanding-the-societal-challenges-facing-nuclear-power-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26606/understanding-the-societal-challenges-facing-nuclear-power-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 76 %X Nuclear reactors can provide low-carbon energy, and advanced nuclear technologies could play an important role in moving the United States toward a zero-carbon future. Next-generation nuclear reactors have the potential to be smaller, safer, less expensive to build, and better integrated with the modern grid. However, the technical, economic, and regulatory outlook for these technologies remains uncertain. The Committee on Laying the Foundation for New and Advanced Nuclear Reactors in the United States was convened by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to identify opportunities and barriers to the commercialization of new and advanced nuclear reactor technologies in the United States over the next 30 years as part of a decarbonization strategy. To support its information gathering, the committee convened a workshop on September 1-3, 2021, titled Understanding the Societal Challenges Facing Nuclear Power. Speakers and participants from industry, government, and academia discussed the nature and extent of the societal challenges facing nuclear energy as well as lessons from past experiences in the nuclear industry, from analogous industries, and from the social sciences. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14197/summarizing-and-interpreting-aircraft-gaseous-and-particulate-emissions-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14197/summarizing-and-interpreting-aircraft-gaseous-and-particulate-emissions-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 59 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 9: Summarizing and Interpreting Aircraft Gaseous and Particulate Emissions Data explores a series of government-sponsored aircraft emissions tests that were undertaken to gain a better understanding of gaseous and particulate emissions from aircraft engines. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Blatt, Alan %E Pierowicz, John %E Flanigan, Marie %E Lin, Pei-Sung %E Kourtellis, Achilleas %E Jovanis, Paul %E Jenness, James %E Wilaby, Martha %E Campbell, John %E Richard, Christian %E Good, David %E Czar, Nora %E Hoover, Michelle %T Naturalistic Driving Study: Field Data Collection %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22367/naturalistic-driving-study-field-data-collection %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22367/naturalistic-driving-study-field-data-collection %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 173 %X TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-S07-RW-1: Naturalistic Driving Study: Field Data Collection that summarizes the compilation of a comprehensive naturalistic driving database. This database, together with associated roadway, driver, and environmental data provides a resource from which to study the role of driver performance and behavior in traffic safety and how driver behavior affects the risk of crashes.The Naturalistic Driving Study was tested in several locations with In-Vehicle Driving Behavior Field Studies, including: Bloomington, Indiana (S07A)Central Pennsylvania (S07B)Tampa Bay, Florida (S07C)Erie County, New York (S07D)Raleigh-Durham, North Carolina (S07E)Seattle, Washington (S07F) %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13962/improving-pedestrian-safety-at-unsignalized-crossings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13962/improving-pedestrian-safety-at-unsignalized-crossings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 111 %X TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) and National Cooperative Highway Research Program have jointly produced and published Improving Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings. The product, which can be referred to as TCRP Report 112 or NCHRP Report 562, examines selected engineering treatments to improve safety for pedestrians crossing high-volume and high-speed roadways at unsignalized locations. The report presents the edited final report and Appendix A. TCRP Web-Only Document 30/NCHRP Web-Only Document 91 (Pedestrian Safety at Unsignalized Crossings: Appendices B to O) contains the remaining appendixes of the contractor's final report.A summary of TCRP Report 112/NCHRP Report 562 as published in the July-August 2007 issue of the TR News is available online. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Evaluation of the Use and Effectiveness of Wildlife Crossings %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14166/evaluation-of-the-use-and-effectiveness-of-wildlife-crossings %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/14166/evaluation-of-the-use-and-effectiveness-of-wildlife-crossings %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 161 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Report 615: Evaluation of the Use and Effectiveness of Wildlife Crossings explores the development of an interactive, web-based decision guide protocol for the selection, configuration, and location of wildlife crossings. The decision tool as outlined in the report is available online. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Integrating Multiscale Observations of U.S. Waters %@ 978-0-309-11457-8 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12060/integrating-multiscale-observations-of-us-waters %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12060/integrating-multiscale-observations-of-us-waters %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 210 %X Water is essential to life for humans and their food crops, and for ecosystems. Effective water management requires tracking the inflow, outflow, quantity and quality of ground-water and surface water, much like balancing a bank account. Currently, networks of ground-based instruments measure these in individual locations, while airborne and satellite sensors measure them over larger areas. Recent technological innovations offer unprecedented possibilities to integrate space, air, and land observations to advance water science and guide management decisions. This book concludes that in order to realize the potential of integrated data, agencies, universities, and the private sector must work together to develop new kinds of sensors, test them in field studies, and help users to apply this information to real problems. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone %@ 978-0-309-07302-8 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10102/conceptual-models-of-flow-and-transport-in-the-fractured-vadose-zone %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10102/conceptual-models-of-flow-and-transport-in-the-fractured-vadose-zone %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 398 %X Fluid flow and solute transport within the vadose zone, the unsaturated zone between the land surface and the water table, can be the cause of expanded plumes arising from localized contaminant sources. An understanding of vadose zone processes is, therefore, an essential prerequisite for cost-effective contaminant remediation efforts. In addition, because such features are potential avenues for rapid transport of chemicals from contamination sources to the water table, the presence of fractures and other channel-like openings in the vadose zone poses a particularly significant problem, Conceptual Models of Flow and Transport in the Fractured Vadose Zone is based on the work of a panel established under the auspices of the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics. It emphasizes the importance of conceptual models and goes on to review the conceptual model development, testing, and refinement processes. The book examines fluid flow and transport mechanisms, noting the difficulty of modeling solute transport, and identifies geochemical and environmental tracer data as important components of the modeling process. Finally, the book recommends several areas for continued research. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Future of Atmospheric Chemistry Research: Remembering Yesterday, Understanding Today, Anticipating Tomorrow %@ 978-0-309-44565-8 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23573/the-future-of-atmospheric-chemistry-research-remembering-yesterday-understanding-today %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23573/the-future-of-atmospheric-chemistry-research-remembering-yesterday-understanding-today %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 226 %X Our world is changing at an accelerating rate. The global human population has grown from 6.1 billion to 7.1 billion in the last 15 years and is projected to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the century. The distribution of humans across the globe has also shifted, with more than 50 percent of the global population now living in urban areas, compared to 29 percent in 1950. Along with these trends, increasing energy demands, expanding industrial activities, and intensification of agricultural activities worldwide have in turn led to changes in emissions that have altered the composition of the atmosphere. These changes have led to major challenges for society, including deleterious impacts on climate, human and ecosystem health. Climate change is one of the greatest environmental challenges facing society today. Air pollution is a major threat to human health, as one out of eight deaths globally is caused by air pollution. And, future food production and global food security are vulnerable to both global change and air pollution. Atmospheric chemistry research is a key part of understanding and responding to these challenges. The Future of Atmospheric Chemistry Research: Remembering Yesterday, Understanding Today, Anticipating Tomorrow summarizes the rationale and need for supporting a comprehensive U.S. research program in atmospheric chemistry; comments on the broad trends in laboratory, field, satellite, and modeling studies of atmospheric chemistry; determines the priority areas of research for advancing the basic science of atmospheric chemistry; and identifies the highest priority needs for improvements in the research infrastructure to address those priority research topics. This report describes the scientific advances over the past decade in six core areas of atmospheric chemistry: emissions, chemical transformation, oxidants, atmospheric dynamics and circulation, aerosol particles and clouds, and biogeochemical cycles and deposition. This material was developed for the NSF's Atmospheric Chemistry Program; however, the findings will be of interest to other agencies and programs that support atmospheric chemistry research. %0 Book %A National Academy of Medicine %E Whicher, Danielle %E Rosengren, Kristin %E Siddiqi, Sameer %E Simpson, Lisa %T The Future of Health Services Research: Advancing Health Systems Research and Practice in the United States %@ 978-0-309-70522-6 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27113/the-future-of-health-services-research-advancing-health-systems-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27113/the-future-of-health-services-research-advancing-health-systems-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 124 %X Health services research is "the multidisciplinary field of scientific investigation that studies how social factors, financing systems, organizational structures and processes, health technologies, and personal behaviors affect access to health care and the quality and cost of health care." Since the 1960s, health services research has provided the foundation for progress, effectiveness, and value in health care. Ironically, at a time in which appreciation has never been higher for both the need and potential from health services research, the political and financial support for sustenance and growth appear to be weakening. With funding support from AcademyHealth, the American Association of Colleges of Nursing, the American Board of Family Medicine, the American Society of Anesthesiologists, the Association of American Medical Colleges, the Federation of American Hospitals, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, this National Academy of Medicine Special Publication identifies the range of issues that health services research must consider, address, and potentially overcome to transform the field to meet the needs of a 21st-century health care system. These issues are broad, multidisciplinary, and will require a coordinated effort to address—as well as dedicated and sustainable funding. Federal support for health services research has never been more critical. Now is a critical time for the field to articulate its priorities, demonstrate its utility, and transform to meet the needs of a 21st-century health care system. The physical and financial health of the nation is at stake. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Wessner, Charles W. %T The Small Business Innovation Research Program: An Assessment of the Department of Defense Fast Track Initiative %@ 978-0-309-06929-8 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9985/the-small-business-innovation-research-program-an-assessment-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9985/the-small-business-innovation-research-program-an-assessment-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %P 362 %X In 1992, Congress for the first time explicitly directed the federal agencies making SBIR grants to use commercial potential as a criterion for granting SBIR awards. In response, the Department of Defense developed the SBIR Fast Track initiative, which provides expedited decision-making for SBIR awards to companies that have commitments from outside vendors. To verify the effectiveness of this initiative, the DoD asked the STEP Board to assess the operation of Fast Track. This volume of original field research includes case studies comparing Fast Track and non-Fast Track firms, a large survey of SBIR awardees, and statistical analyses of the impact of regular SBIR and Fast Track awards. Collectively, the commissioned papers and the findings and recommendations represent a significant contribution to our understanding of the SBIR program. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Advancing the Nation's Health Needs: NIH Research Training Programs %@ 978-0-309-09427-6 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11275/advancing-the-nations-health-needs-nih-research-training-programs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11275/advancing-the-nations-health-needs-nih-research-training-programs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %P 186 %X The National Institutes of Health’s role in supporting research has long been recognized as a major factor in advancing the health needs in the nation and the world. The National Research Council was charged with the responsibility of periodically assessing the National Institutes of Health’s National Research Service Awards program, thus this book is the twelfth edition in the series. While the National Research Service Awards program now supports only a fraction of the training in the biomedical, clinical, behavioral, and social sciences, it sets a high standard for the training in all doctoral programs in these fields. Also included are the training needs of oral health, nursing, and health services research. This book has been broadly constructed to take into account the rapidly evolving national and international health care needs. The past and present are analyzed and predictions with regard to future needs are presented. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Controlling Cost Growth of NASA Earth and Space Science Missions %@ 978-0-309-15737-7 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12946/controlling-cost-growth-of-nasa-earth-and-space-science-missions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12946/controlling-cost-growth-of-nasa-earth-and-space-science-missions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 76 %X Cost and schedule growth is a problem experienced by many types of projects in many fields of endeavor. Based on prior studies of cost growth in NASA and Department of Defense projects, this book identifies specific causes of cost growth associated with NASA Earth and space science missions and provides guidance on how NASA can overcome these specific problems. The recommendations in this book focus on changes in NASA policies that would directly reduce or eliminate the cost growth of Earth and space science missions. Large cost growth is a concern for Earth and space science missions, and it can be a concern for other missions as well. If the cost growth is large enough, it can create liquidity problems for NASA's Science Mission Directorate that in turn cause cost profile changes and development delays that amplify the overall cost growth for other concurrent and/or pending missions. Addressing cost growth through the allocation of artificially high reserves is an inefficient use of resources because it unnecessarily diminishes the portfolio of planned flights. The most efficient use of resources is to establish realistic budgets and reserves and effective management processes that maximize the likelihood that mission costs will not exceed reserves. NASA is already taking action to reduce cost growth; additional steps, as recommended herein, will help improve NASA's mission planning process and achieve the goal of ensuring frequent mission opportunities for NASA Earth and space science.