%0 Book %T Engineering Aviation Security Environments--False Alarm Reduction: Interim Report (Letter Report) %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13126/engineering-aviation-security-environments-false-alarm-reduction-interim-report-letter %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13126/engineering-aviation-security-environments-false-alarm-reduction-interim-report-letter %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 15 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Engineering Aviation Security Environments—Reduction of False Alarms in Computed Tomography-Based Screening of Checked Baggage %@ 978-0-309-21479-7 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13171/engineering-aviation-security-environments-reduction-of-false-alarms-in-computed-tomography-based-screening-of-checked-baggage %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13171/engineering-aviation-security-environments-reduction-of-false-alarms-in-computed-tomography-based-screening-of-checked-baggage %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 100 %X On November 19, 2001 the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) was created as a separate entity within the U.S. Department of Transportation through the Aviation and Transportation Security Act. The act also mandated that all checked baggage on U.S. flights be scanned by explosive detection systems (EDSs) for the presence of threats. These systems needed to be deployed quickly and universally, but could not be made available everywhere. As a result the TSA emphasized the procurement and installation of certified systems where EDSs were not yet available. Computer tomography (CT)-based systems became the certified method or place-holder for EDSs. CT systems cannot detect explosives but instead create images of potential threats that can be compared to criteria to determine if they are real threats. The TSA has placed a great emphasis on high level detections in order to slow false negatives or missed detections. As a result there is abundance in false positives or false alarms. In order to get a better handle on these false positives the National Research Council (NRC) was asked to examine the technology of current aviation-security EDSs and false positives produced by this equipment. The ad hoc committee assigned to this task examined and evaluated the cases of false positives in the EDSs, assessed the impact of false positive resolution on personnel and resource allocation, and made recommendations on investigating false positives without increase false negatives. To complete their task the committee held four meetings in which they observed security measures at the San Francisco International Airport, heard from employees of DHS and the TSA. Engineering Aviation Security Environments--Reduction of False Alarms in Computed Tomography-Based Screening of Checked Baggage is the result of the committee's investigation. The report includes key conclusions and findings, an overview of EDSs, and recommendations made by the committee. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Refining the Concept of Scientific Inference When Working with Big Data: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23616/refining-the-concept-of-scientific-inference-when-working-with-big-data %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23616/refining-the-concept-of-scientific-inference-when-working-with-big-data %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %K Engineering and Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Surveys and Statistics %P 4 %X Big Data – broadly considered as datasets whose size, complexity, and heterogeneity preclude conventional approaches to storage and analysis – continues to generate interest across many scientific domains in both the public and private sectors. However, analyses of large heterogeneous datasets can suffer from unidentified bias, misleading correlations, and increased risk of false positives. In order for the proliferation of data to produce new scientific discoveries, it is essential that the statistical models used for analysis support reliable, reproducible inference. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to discuss how scientific inference should be applied when working with large, complex datasets. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Maria J. Muia and Mary E. %T Evaluating Methods for Counting Aircraft Operations at Non-Towered Airports %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22182/evaluating-methods-for-counting-aircraft-operations-at-non-towered-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22182/evaluating-methods-for-counting-aircraft-operations-at-non-towered-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 159 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 129: Evaluating Methods for Counting Aircraft Operations at Non-Towered Airports reviews techniques and technologies applied at airports without air traffic control towers to estimate aircraft operations. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Haupt, Steven %E Rowshan, Shahed %E Sauntry, William %T Applicability of Portable Explosive Detection Devices in Transit Environments %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23367/applicability-of-portable-explosive-detection-devices-in-transit-environments %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23367/applicability-of-portable-explosive-detection-devices-in-transit-environments %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 34 %X TRB's Transit Cooperative Research Program (TCRP) Report 86: Public Transportation Security, Volume 6: Applicability of Portable Explosive Detection Devices in Transit Environments assesses the usefulness of portable explosive detectors in a transit environment to help transit agencies augment their existing explosive detection activities.The TCRP Report 86: Public Transportation Security series assembles relevant information into single, concise volumes, each pertaining to a specific security problem and closely related issues. These volumes focus on the concerns that transit agencies are addressing when developing programs in response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, and the anthrax attacks that followed. Future volumes of the report will be issued as they are completed. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Smith, Ryan C. %E Doerzaph, Zachary %E Hankey, Jon %T Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22230/naturalistic-driving-study-alcohol-sensor-performance %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22230/naturalistic-driving-study-alcohol-sensor-performance %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 35 %X TRB’s second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP 2) Report S2-S31-RW-2: Naturalistic Driving Study: Alcohol Sensor Performance offers a glimpse into alcohol-impaired driving through the inclusion of an alcohol sensor in the Naturalistic Driving Study (NDS). The S31 Project developed and evaluated an alcohol-detection algorithm using the sensor through two approaches: an experimental in-vehicle testing regimen and an examination of a subset of SHRP 2 NDS trips. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Impact of Revised Airborne Exposure Limits on Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel Program Activities %@ 978-0-309-09545-7 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11261/impact-of-revised-airborne-exposure-limits-on-non-stockpile-chemical-materiel-program-activities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11261/impact-of-revised-airborne-exposure-limits-on-non-stockpile-chemical-materiel-program-activities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 108 %X The U.S. Army's Non-Stockpile Chemical Materiel program is responsible for dismantling former chemical agent production facilities and destroying recovered chemical materiel. In response to congressional requirements, the Center for Disease Control (CDC), in 2003, recommended new airborne exposure limits (AELs) to protect workforce and public health during operations to destroy this materiel. To assist in meeting these recommended limits, the U.S. Army asked the NRC for a review of its implementation plans for destruction of production facilities at the Newport Chemical Depot and the operation of two types of mobile destruction systems. This report presents the results of that review. It provides recommendations on analytical methods, on airborne containment monitoring, on operational procedures, on the applicability of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and on involvement of workers and the public in implementation of the new AELs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Monitoring at Chemical Agent Disposal Facilities %@ 978-0-309-09732-1 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11431/monitoring-at-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11431/monitoring-at-chemical-agent-disposal-facilities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 104 %X Under the direction of the U.S. Army’s Chemical Materials Agency (CMA) and mandated by Congress, the nation is destroying its chemical weapons stockpile. Over the past several years, the Army has requested several studies from the NRC to assist with the stockpile destruction. This study was requested to advise the CMA about the status of analytical instrumentation technology and systems suitable for monitoring airborne chemical warfare agents at chemical weapons disposal and storage facilities. The report presents an assessment of current monitoring systems used for airborne agent detection at CMA facilities and of the applicability and availability of innovative new technologies. It also provides a review of how new regulatory requirements would affect the CMA’s current agent monitoring procedures, and whether new measurement technologies are available and could be effectively incorporated into the CMA’s overall chemical agent monitoring strategies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Protecting Individual Privacy in the Struggle Against Terrorists: A Framework for Program Assessment %@ 978-0-309-12488-1 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12452/protecting-individual-privacy-in-the-struggle-against-terrorists-a-framework %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12452/protecting-individual-privacy-in-the-struggle-against-terrorists-a-framework %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Surveys and Statistics %P 376 %X All U.S. agencies with counterterrorism programs that collect or "mine" personal data -- such as phone records or Web sites visited -- should be required to evaluate the programs' effectiveness, lawfulness, and impacts on privacy. A framework is offered that agencies can use to evaluate such information-based programs, both classified and unclassified. The book urges Congress to re-examine existing privacy law to assess how privacy can be protected in current and future programs and recommends that any individuals harmed by violations of privacy be given a meaningful form of redress. Two specific technologies are examined: data mining and behavioral surveillance. Regarding data mining, the book concludes that although these methods have been useful in the private sector for spotting consumer fraud, they are less helpful for counterterrorism because so little is known about what patterns indicate terrorist activity. Regarding behavioral surveillance in a counterterrorist context, the book concludes that although research and development on certain aspects of this topic are warranted, there is no scientific consensus on whether these techniques are ready for operational use at all in counterterrorism. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T State Voter Registration Databases: Immediate Actions and Future Improvements: Interim Report %@ 978-0-309-11878-1 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12173/state-voter-registration-databases-immediate-actions-and-future-improvements-interim %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12173/state-voter-registration-databases-immediate-actions-and-future-improvements-interim %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Computers and Information Technology %P 74 %X The Help America Vote Act of 2002 requires the states to develop a single, computerized voter registration data base (VRD) that is defined, maintained, and administered at the state level. To help the states with this task, the U.S. Election Assistance Commission asked the NRC to organize a series of workshops and prepare an interim report addressing the challenges in implementing and maintaining state VRDs. The EAC also asked the NRC to advise the states on how to evolve and maintain the databases so that they can share information with each other. This report provides an examination of various challenges to the deployment of state VRDs and describes potential solutions to these challenges. This interim report's primary focus is on shorter-term recommendations although a number of long-range recommendations are presented. The final report will elaborate on the long-range questions and address considerations about interstate interoperability of the VRDs. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Testing and Evaluation of Standoff Chemical Agent Detectors %@ 978-0-309-08740-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10645/testing-and-evaluation-of-standoff-chemical-agent-detectors %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10645/testing-and-evaluation-of-standoff-chemical-agent-detectors %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 66 %X The report provides an independent assessment of suitable test protocols that might be useful and reliable for the testing and evaluation of standoff chemical agent detectors. The report proposes two testing protocols, one for passive detectors and one for active detectors, to help ensure the reliable detection of a release of chemical warfare agents. The report determined that testing these detectors by release of chemical warfare agents into the atmosphere would not provide additional useful information on the effectiveness of these detectors than would a rigorous testing protocol using chemical agents in the laboratory combined with atmospheric release of simulated chemical warfare agents. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Srinivasan, Raghavan %E Lan, Bo %E Mozingo, Caroline %E Bonneson, James %E Lyon, Craig %E Persaud, Bhagwant %E Bahar, Geni %T Reliability of Crash Prediction Models: A Guide for Quantifying and Improving the Reliability of Model Results %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26517/reliability-of-crash-prediction-models-a-guide-for-quantifying-and-improving-the-reliability-of-model-results %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26517/reliability-of-crash-prediction-models-a-guide-for-quantifying-and-improving-the-reliability-of-model-results %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 102 %X The AASHTO Highway Safety Manual (HSM) provides fact-based, analytical tools and techniques to quantify the potential safety impacts of planning, design, operations, and maintenance decisions.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 983: Reliability of Crash Prediction Models: A Guide for Quantifying and Improving the Reliability of Model Results complements the HSM by providing methods for consistently ensuring model reliability.Supplemental to the report are NCHRP Web-Only Document 303: Understanding and Communicating Reliability of Crash Prediction Models, a communications plan, a flyer, and a PowerPoint presentation. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Fusion of Security System Data to Improve Airport Security %@ 978-0-309-10748-8 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11913/fusion-of-security-system-data-to-improve-airport-security %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11913/fusion-of-security-system-data-to-improve-airport-security %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 82 %X The security of the U.S. commercial aviation system has been a growing concern since the 1970's when the hijacking of aircraft became a serious problem. Over that period, federal aviation officials have been searching for more effective ways for non-invasive screening of passengers, luggage, and cargo to detect concealed explosives and weapons. To assist in this effort, the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) asked the NRC for a study of emerging screening technologies. This book - the fourth of four - focuses on data fusion as a means to significantly improve the ability of the existing suite of airport detection systems and access control systems to detect and prevent attacks. The book presents a discussion of the data fusion, an analysis of current data fusion efforts, and an assessment of data fusion opportunities for various airport security activities. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Polygraph and Lie Detection %@ 978-0-309-26392-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10420/the-polygraph-and-lie-detection %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10420/the-polygraph-and-lie-detection %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 416 %X The polygraph, often portrayed as a magic mind-reading machine, is still controversial among experts, who continue heated debates about its validity as a lie-detecting device. As the nation takes a fresh look at ways to enhance its security, can the polygraph be considered a useful tool? The Polygraph and Lie Detection puts the polygraph itself to the test, reviewing and analyzing data about its use in criminal investigation, employment screening, and counter-intelligence. The book looks at: The theory of how the polygraph works and evidence about how deceptiveness—and other psychological conditions—affect the physiological responses that the polygraph measures. Empirical evidence on the performance of the polygraph and the success of subjects' countermeasures. The actual use of the polygraph in the arena of national security, including its role in deterring threats to security. The book addresses the difficulties of measuring polygraph accuracy, the usefulness of the technique for aiding interrogation and for deterrence, and includes potential alternatives—such as voice-stress analysis and brain measurement techniques. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Johnson, Anne %E Grumbling, Emily %T Implications of Artificial Intelligence for Cybersecurity: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49450-2 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25488/implications-of-artificial-intelligence-for-cybersecurity-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25488/implications-of-artificial-intelligence-for-cybersecurity-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %P 98 %X In recent years, interest and progress in the area of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) have boomed, with new applications vigorously pursued across many sectors. At the same time, the computing and communications technologies on which we have come to rely present serious security concerns: cyberattacks have escalated in number, frequency, and impact, drawing increased attention to the vulnerabilities of cyber systems and the need to increase their security. In the face of this changing landscape, there is significant concern and interest among policymakers, security practitioners, technologists, researchers, and the public about the potential implications of AI and ML for cybersecurity. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop on March 12-13, 2019 to discuss and explore these concerns. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Schmitt, Joseph R. %T Searching for Life Across Space and Time: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-46394-2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24860/searching-for-life-across-space-and-time-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24860/searching-for-life-across-space-and-time-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 132 %X The search for life is one of the most active fields in space science and involves a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including planetary science, astronomy and astrophysics, chemistry, biology, chemistry, and geoscience. In December 2016, the Space Studies Board hosted a workshop to explore the possibility of habitable environments in the solar system and in exoplanets, techniques for detecting life, and the instrumentation used. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Ryus, Paul %E Butsick, Andrew %E Proulx, Frank R. %E Schneider, Robert J. %E Hull, Tony %T Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24732/methods-and-technologies-for-pedestrian-and-bicycle-volume-data-collection-phase-2 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24732/methods-and-technologies-for-pedestrian-and-bicycle-volume-data-collection-phase-2 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 79 %X TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 229: Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection: Phase 2 explores automated count technologies that capture pedestrian and bicycle volume data. The publication focuses on technologies that came onto the market too late to be included in previous Phase 1 research. Findings from Phase 1 are documented in NCHRP Report 797: Guidebook on Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection and NCHRP Web-Only Document 205: Methods and Technologies for Pedestrian and Bicycle Volume Data Collection.The report presents combined results for a range of technologies tested by both the Phase 1 research and the continuation research (Phase 2). The research evaluated automated nonmotorized count technologies in different settings, including ranges of temperature, varying weather conditions, mixed traffic conditions, mixed travel directions, and facility types (e.g., roadways, multiuse paths), to determine their accuracy and reliability in different contexts. This report documents the research findings on the accuracy and consistency found for the different automated count technologies. It provides an account of the process used to select technologies for testing, identifies test sites, and evaluates the effectiveness of the technologies. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Improving State Voter Registration Databases: Final Report %@ 978-0-309-14621-0 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12788/improving-state-voter-registration-databases-final-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12788/improving-state-voter-registration-databases-final-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Industry and Labor %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 128 %X Improving State Voter Registration Databases outlines several actions that are needed to help make voter registration databases capable of sharing information within state agencies and across state lines. These include short-term changes to improve education, dissemination of information, and administrative processes, and long-term changes to make improvements in data collection and entry, matching procedures, and ensure privacy and security. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Amankwah, Francis K. %E Pool, Robert %E Nass, Sharyl J. %T Innovative Data Science Approaches to Identify Individuals, Populations, and Communities at High Risk for Suicide: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69506-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26752/innovative-data-science-approaches-to-identify-individuals-populations-and-communities-at-high-risk-for-suicide %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26752/innovative-data-science-approaches-to-identify-individuals-populations-and-communities-at-high-risk-for-suicide %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 96 %X Emerging real-time data sources, together with innovative data science techniques and methods - including artificial intelligence and machine learning - can help inform upstream suicide prevention efforts. Select social media platforms have proactively deployed these methods to identify individual platform users at high risk for suicide, and in some cases may activate local law enforcement, if needed, to prevent imminent suicide. To explore the current scope of activities, benefits, and risks of leveraging innovative data science techniques to help inform upstream suicide prevention at the individual and population level, the Forum on Mental Health and Substance Use Disorders of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a virtual workshop series consisting of three webinars held on April 28, May 12, and June 30, 2022. This Proceedings highlights presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Review of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management "Air Quality Modeling in the Gulf of Mexico Region" Study %@ 978-0-309-49880-7 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25600/review-of-the-bureau-of-ocean-energy-management-air-quality-modeling-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-region-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25600/review-of-the-bureau-of-ocean-energy-management-air-quality-modeling-in-the-gulf-of-mexico-region-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 70 %X Emissions associated with oil and gas exploration, development, and production on the Gulf waters can result in increased levels of air pollutants that contribute to a range of air quality impacts in the Gulf of Mexico Region (GOMR). “Criteria air pollutants”, such as carbon monoxide, lead, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide, are considered harmful to public health and the environment. The Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM) manages the U.S. outer continental shelf oil and gas resources and is required to help manage air quality in the GOMR. Review of the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management “Air Quality Modeling in the Gulf of Mexico Region” Study reviews and provides feedback on the BOEM’s Air Quality Modeling in the Gulf of Mexico Region Study. This independent technical review of the study explores whether the study meets its goals, accurately reflects the scientific literature, uses reasonable data and modeling analyses, approaches quantitative modeling appropriately, documents findings in a consistent, transparent, and credible way, and aligns with necessary guidelines.