%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals %@ 978-0-309-08294-5 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10242/review-of-submarine-escape-action-levels-for-selected-chemicals %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10242/review-of-submarine-escape-action-levels-for-selected-chemicals %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 310 %X On-board fires can occur on submarines after events such as collision or explosion. These fires expose crew members to toxic concentrations of combustion products such as ammonia, carbon monoxide, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen sulfide. Exposure to these substances at high concentrations may cause toxic effects to the respiratory and central nervous system; leading possible to death. T protect crew members on disabled submarines, scientists at the U.S. Navy Health Research Center's Toxicology Detachment have proposed two exposure levels, called submarine escape action level (SEAL) 1 and SEAL 2, for each substance. SEAL 1 is the maximum concentration of a gas in a disabled submarine below which healthy submariners can be exposed for up to 10 days without encountering irreversible health effects while SEAL 2 the maximum concentration of a gas in below which healthy submariners can be exposed for up to 24 hours without experiencing irreversible health effects. SEAL 1 and SEAL 2 will not impair the functions of the respiratory system and central nervous system to the extent of impairing the ability of crew members in a disabled submarine to escape, be rescued, or perform specific tasks. Hoping to better protect the safety of submariners, the chief of the Bureau of Medicine and Surgery requested that the National Research Council (NRC) review the available toxicologic and epidemiologic data on eight gases that are likely to be produced in a disabled submarine and to evaluate independently the scientific validity of the Navy's proposed SEALs for those gases. The NRC assigned the task to the Committee on Toxicology's (COT's) Subcommittee on Submarine Escape Action Levels. The specific task of the subcommittee was to review the toxicologic, epidemiologic, and related data on ammonia, carbon monoxide, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide in order to validate the Navy's proposed SEALs. The subcommittee also considered the implications of exposures at hyperbaric conditions and potential interactions between the eight gases. Review of Submarine Escape Action Levels for Selected Chemicals presents the subcommittee's findings after evaluation human data from experimental, occupational, and epidemiologic studies; data from accident reports; and experimental-animal data. The evaluations focused primarily on high-concentration inhalation exposure studies. The subcommittee's recommended SEALs are based solely on scientific data relevant to health effects. The report includes the recommendations for each gas as determined by the subcommittee as well as the Navy's original instructions for these substances. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 1 %@ 978-0-309-05736-3 %D 1997 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5582/toxicity-of-military-smokes-and-obscurants-volume-1 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5582/toxicity-of-military-smokes-and-obscurants-volume-1 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 178 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals %@ 978-0-309-07553-4 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10122/standing-operating-procedures-for-developing-acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-hazardous-chemicals %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10122/standing-operating-procedures-for-developing-acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-hazardous-chemicals %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 224 %X Standing Operating Procedures for Developing Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals contains a detailed and comprehensive methodology for developing acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for toxic substances from inhalation exposures. The book provides guidance on what documents and databases to use, toxicity endpoints that need to be evaluated, dosimetry corrections from animal to human exposures, selection of appropriate uncertainty factors to address the variability between animals and humans and within the human population, selection of modifying factors to address data deficiencies, time scaling, and quantitative cancer risk assessment. It also contains an example of a summary of a technical support document and an example of AEGL derivation. This book will be useful to persons in the derivation of levels from other exposure routes—both oral and dermal—as well as risk assessors in the government, academe, and private industry. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toxicity of Military Smokes and Obscurants: Volume 2 %@ 978-0-309-06329-6 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9621/toxicity-of-military-smokes-and-obscurants-volume-2 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9621/toxicity-of-military-smokes-and-obscurants-volume-2 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 132 %X A variety of smokes and obscurants have been developed and are used to screen armed forces from view, signal friendly forces, and mark positions. Obscurants are anthropogenic or naturally occurring particles suspended in the air that block or weaken transmission of particular parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, such as visible and infrared radiation or microwaves. Fog, mist, and dust are examples of natural obscurants. Smokes are produced by burning or vaporizing some product. Red phosphorus smoke and graphite smoke are examples of anthropogenic obscurants. The U.S. Army seeks to ensure that exposure to smokes and obscurants during training does not have adverse health effects on military personnel or civilians. To protect the health of exposed individuals, the Office of the Army Surgeon General requested that the National Research Council (NRC) review data on the toxicity of smokes and obscurants and recommend exposure guidance levels for military personnel in training and for the general public residing or working near military-training facilities. The NRC assigned this project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT), which convened the Subcommittee on Military Smokes and Obscurants. The subcommittee conducted a detailed evaluation of the toxicity of four obscuring smokes: white phosphorus, brass, titanium dioxide, and graphite. The results of the subcommittee's study are presented in this report, which is the second volume in the series. Toxicity data and exposure guidance levels for diesel-fuel, fog-oil, red phosphorus, and hexachloroethane smokes were presented in Volume 1. Seven colored smokes will be reviewed in a subsequent volume. %0 Book %T Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 1 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9062/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-1 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9062/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-1 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 393 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emission Toxicants %@ 978-0-309-06144-5 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6205/assessment-of-exposure-response-functions-for-rocket-emission-toxicants %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6205/assessment-of-exposure-response-functions-for-rocket-emission-toxicants %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 228 %X The U.S. Air Force is developing a model to assist commanders in determining when it is safe to launch rocket vehicles. The model estimates the possible number and types of adverse health effects for people who might be exposed to the ground cloud created by rocket exhaust during a normal launch or during an aborted launch that results in a rocket being destroyed near the ground. Assessment of Exposure-Response Functions for Rocket-Emmission Toxicants evaluates the model and the data used for three rocket emission toxicants: hydrogen chloride, nitrogen dioxide, and nitric acid. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 1 %@ 978-0-309-07294-6 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10043/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-1 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10043/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-1 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 219 %X In the Bhopal disaster of 1984, approximately 2,000 residents living near a chemical plant were killed and 20,000 more suffered irreversible damage to their eyes and lungs following the accidental release of methyl isocyanate. This tragedy served to focus international attention on the need for governments to identify hazardous substances and assist local communities in planning how to deal with emergency exposures. Since 1986, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency has been tasked with identifying extremely hazardous substances and, in cooperation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Department of Transportation, assist local emergency response planners. The National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances was established in 1995 to develop acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for high priority toxic chemicals that could be released into the air from accidents at chemical plants, storage sites, or during transportation. This book reviews toxicity documents on five chemicals—chlorine, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, toluene, and uranium hexafluoride—for their scientific validity, comprehensives, internal consistency, and conformance to the 1993 guidelines report. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 3 %@ 978-0-309-05629-8 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5435/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-3 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5435/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-3 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 362 %X The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has measured numerous airborne contaminants in spacecraft during space missions because of the potential toxicological hazards to humans that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. This volume reviews the spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for various contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with recommendations in the National Research Council's 1992 volume Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 6 %@ 978-0-309-11213-0 %D 2008 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12018/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-6 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12018/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-6 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 320 %X This book is the sixth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and includes AEGLs for chemicals such as ammonia, nickel carbonyl and phosphine, among others. At the request of the Department of Defense, the National Research Council has reviewed the relevant scientific literature compiled by an expert panel and established Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 12 new chemicals. AEGLs represent exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur and are useful in responding to emergencies such as accidental or intentional chemical releases in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and for the remediation of contaminated sites. Three AEGLs are approved for each chemical, representing exposure levels that result in: 1) notable but reversible discomfort; 2) long-lasting health effects; and 3) life-threatening health impacts. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 9 %@ 978-0-309-15944-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12978/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-9 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12978/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-9 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 462 %X This book is the ninth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for bromine, ethylene oxide, furan, hydrogen sulfide, propylene oxide, and xylenes. %0 Book %T Toxicity of Alternatives to Chlorofluorocarbons: HFC-134a and HCFC-123 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9268/toxicity-of-alternatives-to-chlorofluorocarbons-hfc-134a-and-hcfc-123 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9268/toxicity-of-alternatives-to-chlorofluorocarbons-hfc-134a-and-hcfc-123 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 130 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 2 %@ 978-0-309-05478-2 %D 1996 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5170/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-2 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5170/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-2 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 408 %X The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) has developed spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants that might be found in the atmosphere within spacecraft during space missions to ensure the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment. In volume 1 of this series, NASA developed SMACs for 11 compounds: acetaldehyde, ammonia, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, Freon 113, hydrogen, methane, methanol, octamethyltrisiloxane, trimethylsilanol, and vinyl chloride. Volume 2 includes SMACs for 12 more airborne contaminants: acrolein, benzene, carbon dioxide, 2-ethoxyethanol, hydrazine, indole, mercury, methylene chloride, methyl ethyl ketone, nitromethane, 2-propoanol, and toluene. In developing SMACs from the toxicological literature, NASA followed the Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants published in 1992 by the National Research Council. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 7 %@ 978-0-309-12755-4 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12503/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-7 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12503/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-7 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 250 %X This book is the seventh volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and includes AEGLs for acetone cyanohydrin, carbon disulfide, monochloroacetic acid, and phenol. At the request of the Department of Defense, the National Research Council has reviewed the relevant scientific literature compiled by an expert panel and established Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for 12 new chemicals. AEGLs represent exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur and are useful in responding to emergencies such as accidental or intentional chemical releases in the community, the workplace, transportation, the military, and for the remediation of contaminated sites. Three AEGLs are approved for each chemical, representing exposure levels that result in: 1) notable but reversible discomfort; 2) long-lasting health effects; and 3) life-threatening health impacts. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 8 %@ 978-0-309-14515-2 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12770/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-8 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12770/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-8 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Health and Medicine %P 464 %X This book is the eighth volume in the series Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals, and reviews AEGLs for acrolein, carbon monoxide, 1,2-dichloroethene, ethylenimine, fluorine, hydrazine, peracetic acid, propylenimine, and sulfur dioxide for scientific accuracy, completeness, and consistency with the NRC guideline reports. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 13 %@ 978-0-309-29025-8 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/15852/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-13 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/15852/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-13 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 292 %X At the request of the Department of Defense and the Environmental Protection Agency, the National Research Council has reviewed the relevant scientific literature compiled by an expert panel and established Acute Exposure Guideline Levels (AEGLs) for several chemicals. AEGLs represent exposure levels below which adverse health effects are not likely to occur and are useful in responding to emergencies, such as accidental or intentional chemical releases in community, workplace, transportation, and military settings, and for the remediation of contaminated sites. Three AEGLs are approved for each chemical, representing exposure levels that result in: 1) notable but reversible discomfort; 2) long-lasting health effects; and 3) life-threatening health impacts. Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 13 includes AEGLs for boron trifluoride, bromoacetone, chloroacetone, hexafluoroacetone, perchloryl fluoride, piperidine, propargyl alcohol, trimethoxysilane and tetramethoxysilane, and trimethylbenzenes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 5 %@ 978-0-309-10358-9 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11774/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-5 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11774/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-5 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 292 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 2 %@ 978-0-309-08511-3 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10522/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-2 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10522/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-2 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Space and Aeronautics %P 292 %X The report reviews toxicity documents on five chemicals that can be released in the air from accidents at chemical plants, storage sites, or during transportation. The documents were prepared by the National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Substances and were evaluated for their scientific validity, comprehensives, internal consistency, and conformance to the1993 guidelines report. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Selected Airborne Chemicals: Volume 3 %@ 978-0-309-08883-1 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10672/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-3 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10672/acute-exposure-guideline-levels-for-selected-airborne-chemicals-volume-3 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 515 %X This report reviews documents on acute exposure guideline levels (AEGLs) for nerve agents GA (tabun), GB (sarin), GD (soman), GD, and VX, sulfur mustard, diborane, and methyl isocyanate. The documents were developed by the National Advisory Committee on Acute Exposure Guideline Levels for Hazardous Chemicals (NAC). The subcommittee concludes that the AEGLs developed in those documents are scientifically valid conclusions based on data reviewed by NAC and are consistent with the NRC reports on developing acute exposure guideline levels. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals %@ 978-0-309-07047-8 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9841/toxicological-risks-of-selected-flame-retardant-chemicals %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9841/toxicological-risks-of-selected-flame-retardant-chemicals %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Space and Aeronautics %P 534 %X Ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames from matches, cigarette lighters, and candles is one of the leading causes of residential-fire deaths in the United States. These fires accounted for about 16% of civilian fire deaths in 1996. On average, each year since 1990, about 90 deaths (primarily of children), 440 injuries, and property losses amounting to 50 million dollars have resulted from fires caused by the ignition of upholstered furniture by small open flames. Certain commercial seating products (such as aircraft and bus seats) are subject to flammability standards and sometimes incorporate FR-treated upholstery cover materials, but there is no federal-government requirement for residential upholstered furniture, and it is generally not treated with FR chemicals. It is estimated that less than 0.2% of all U.S. residential upholstery fabric is treated with flame-retardant (FR) chemicals. The Consumer Product Safety Act of 1972 created the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) as an independent federal regulatory agency whose mission is to protect the public from unreasonable risks of injury and death associated with consumer products. CPSC also administers the Flammable Fabrics Act, under which it regulates flammability hazards and the Federal Hazardous Substances Act (FHSA), which regulates hazardous substances including chemicals. In 1993, the National Association of State Fire Marshals petitioned CPSC to issue a performance-based flammability standard for upholstered furniture to reduce the risk of residential fires. The Commission granted that portion of the petition relating to small open flame ignition risks. In response to concerns regarding the safety of FR chemicals, Congress, in the fiscal year 1999 appropriations report for CPSC, requested that the National Research Council conduct an independent study of the health risks to consumers posed by exposure to FR chemicals that are likely to be used in residential upholstered furniture to meet a CPSC standard. The National Research Council assigned the project to the Committee on Toxicology (COT) of the Commission on Life Sciences' Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology. COT convened the Subcommittee on Flame-Retardant Chemicals, which prepared this report. Subcommittee members were chosen for their recognized expertise in toxicology, pharmacology, epidemiology, chemistry, exposure assessment, risk assessment, and biostatistics. Toxicological Risks of Selected Flame-Retardant Chemicals is organized into 18 chapters and two appendices. Chapter 2 describes the risk assessment process used by the subcommittee in determining the risk associated with potential exposure to the various FR chemicals. Chapter 3 describes the method the subcommittee used to measure and estimate the intensity, frequency, extent, and duration of human exposure to FR chemicals. Chapters 4-19 provide the subcommittee's review and assessment of health risks posed by exposure to each of the 16 FR chemicals. Data gaps and research needs are provided at the end of these chapters. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 %@ 978-0-309-06795-9 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9786/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-4 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9786/spacecraft-maximum-allowable-concentrations-for-selected-airborne-contaminants-volume-4 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 386 %X The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is aware of the potential toxicological hazards to crew members that might be associated with prolonged spacecraft missions. Despite major engineering advances in controlling the atmosphere within spacecraft, some contamination of the air appears inevitable. NASA has measured numerous airborne contaminants during space missions. As the missions increase in duration and complexity, ensuring the health and well-being of astronauts traveling and working in this unique environment becomes increasingly difficult. As part of its efforts to promote safe conditions aboard spacecraft, NASA requested the National Research Council (NRC) to develop guidelines for establishing spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations (SMACs) for contaminants, and to review SMACs for various spacecraft contaminants to determine whether NASA's recommended exposure limits are consistent with the guidelines recommended by the subcommittee. In response to this request, the NRC first developed criteria and methods for preparing SMACs for spacecraft contaminants, published in its 1992 report Guidelines for Developing Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. Since then, the NRC's Subcommittee on Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations has been reviewing NASA's documentation of chemical-specific SMACs. This report is the fourth volume in the series Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Space Station Contaminants. The first volume was published in 1994 and the second and third in 1996. Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations for Selected Airborne Contaminants: Volume 4 has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their technical expertise and diverse perspectives in accordance with procedures approved by the NRC's Report Review Committee for reviewing NRC and Institute of Medicine reports. The purpose of that Independent review was to provide candid and critical comments to assist the NRC in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report meets institutional standards for objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process.