TY - BOOK A2 - Joseph Weiss TI - Challenges in Federal Facility Control System Cyber Security, Including Level 0 and 1 Devices PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26511/challenges-in-federal-facility-control-system-cyber-security-including-level-0-and-1-devices PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - Cybersecurity for Level 0 and Level 1 devices - which include sensors, the Industrial Internet of Things, and operate on a time scales ranging from milliseconds to seconds - is underdeveloped. This Federal Facilities Council white paper addresses changes to improve cybersecurity, productivity, process safety, predictive maintenance, and resilience, while also breaking down cultural and organizational barriers. This is not a publication of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Enhancing Urban Sustainability Infrastructure: Mathematical Approaches for Optimizing Investments: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26905 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26905/enhancing-urban-sustainability-infrastructure-mathematical-approaches-for-optimizing-investments-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The National Academies Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics and Board on Infrastructure and the Constructed Environment convened a 3-day public workshop on July 13, 20, and 27, 2022, to explore state-of-the-art analytical tools that could advance urban sustainability through improved prioritization of public works projects. Invited speakers included people working in urban sustainability, city planning, local public and private infrastructure, asset management, and infrastructure investment; city officials and utility officials; and statisticians, data scientists, mathematicians, economists, computer scientists, and artificial intelligence/machine learning experts. Presentations and workshop discussions provided insights into new research areas that have the potential to advance urban sustainability in public works planning, as well as the barriers to their adoption. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Strategies to Renew Federal Facilities SN - DO - 10.17226/26806 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26806/strategies-to-renew-federal-facilities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The United States real property portfolio is critical infrastructure that provides places and means for the federal government to operate and generate the products, services, security, and assurances that contribute to national prosperity and values. This report identifies broad-based, practical, and compelling strategies for securing continuing investment in the renewal of federal real properties and portfolios. Strategies to Renew Federal Facilities focuses on the how- not the what - for adapting, repurposing, restoring, recapitalizing, and replacing real property assets. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Technical Assessment of the Capital Facility Needs of the National Institute of Standards and Technology SN - DO - 10.17226/26684 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26684/technical-assessment-of-the-capital-facility-needs-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) provides critical impact to the nation through standards development and cutting-edge research, with a mission to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness by advancing measurement science, standards, and technology in ways that enhance economic security and improve quality of life. NIST supports innovative manufacturing that impacts the U.S. economy and national security. The NIST mission is accomplished primarily at its campuses in Gaithersburg, Maryland, and Boulder, Colorado. At the request of NIST, Technical Assessment of the Capital Facility Needs of the National Institute of Standards and Technology assesses the comprehensive capital needs of the NIST campuses. This report evaluates current strategies and tools for capital facilities assessment, and methods for determining annual funding levels for sustainment, restoration, and modernization. The report makes recommendations for facility management strategies that will provide the functionality needed by world-class scientists on vital assignments of national consequence. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Frances Johnson TI - Pathways to an Equitable and Just Energy Transition: Principles, Best Practices, and Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26935 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26935/pathways-to-an-equitable-and-just-energy-transition-principles-best PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - While technologies are clearly instrumental in transitioning away from fossil fuel-based energy and toward a decarbonized economy, decisions about which technologies are prioritized, how they are implemented, and the policies that drive these changes will have profound effects on people and communities, with important implications for equity, jobs, environmental and energy justice, health, and more. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine Committee on Accelerating Decarbonization in the United States: Technology, Policy, and Societal Dimensions was tasked with assessing the broad range of technological, policy, and societal dimensions of decarbonizing the U.S. economy. The committee produced a 2021 report that provides the U.S. government with a roadmap of equitable and robust decarbonization policies. The next report of the committee will address the broader range of policy actors who play a role in equitable energy transition. To inform its deliberations, the committee hosted a 1-day workshop on July 26, 2022 to discuss critical issues of equity and justice during the energy transition. The goal of the workshop, titled Pathways to an Equitable and Just Transition: Principles, Best Practices, and Inclusive Stakeholder Engagement, was to move beyond energy technologies and elicit ideas and insights to inform the development of principles, best practices, and actionable recommendations for a broad range of policy actors and stakeholders in order to fully operationalize equity, justice, and inclusion. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Stephanie Johnson A2 - Kaley Beins A2 - Paula Whitacre TI - Federal Government Human Health PFAS Research Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26054 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26054/federal-government-human-health-pfas-research-workshop-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are human-made substances used in thousands of products, from medical devices to fire-fighting foam to oil- and stain-resistant coatings on carpets and packaging. They help make these products resistant to heat, water, stains, and grease. However, research over the past several decades has found evidence that PFAS persist in the environment for long periods of time, potentially leading to harmful human exposures. To review federal agency human health PFAS research and identify research and data gaps, the Environmental Protection Agency, with support from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Department of Defense, and Department of Health and Human Services, requested that the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convene a workshop. The workshop, which was held on October 26-27, 2020, addressed topics including the federal context for PFAS research, human exposure, experimental toxicology, human health outcomes, and cross-cutting issues in PFAS risk assessment. This publication highlights the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Raphael Apeaning A2 - Kyra Howe TI - Navigating an Electric Vehicle Future: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26668 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26668/navigating-an-electric-vehicle-future-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - The widespread adoption of electric vehicles will play a critical role in decarbonizing the transportation sector as the nation moves toward net-zero emissions. Recent announcements from automakers and the federal government, as well as provisions in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act of 2021, aim to stimulate electric vehicle (EV) deployment, and ongoing technology improvements continue to make EVs a more affordable and practical option. However, many challenges remain to meet the needs of all buyers and drivers and to ensure that manufacturing supply chains and the electric system can support this large-scale transformation. As a follow-up activity to its 2021 report Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy - 2025-2035, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a 4-day virtual workshop on October 25-28, 2021, to identify some of the challenges to widespread EV deployment and discuss policy, technical, and market strategies to help federal agencies and other stakeholders plan for the future. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Johnson TI - Toward a Future of Environmental Health Sciences: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26639 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26639/toward-a-future-of-environmental-health-sciences-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - What could the future of environmental health sciences hold, and what steps might be taken now to guide the field's trajectory? To envision a future research enterprise that integrates environmental health sciences, biomedical science, prevention research, and disease-specific research across the continuum from fundamental discovery research through the application of this research to population health, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop titled Towards a Future of Environmental Health Sciences on April 26-27, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Christine Gerencher A2 - Anne Johnson TI - How We Move Matters: Exploring the Connections Between New Transportation and Mobility Options and Environmental Health: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26382 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26382/how-we-move-matters-exploring-the-connections-between-new-transportation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Recent years have brought dramatic changes to the ways people and goods move around their communities. Many of these changes have important ramifications - for better or worse - for human health, equity, pollution, and climate. The workshop How We Move Matters: Exploring the Connections Between New Transportation and Mobility Options and Environmental Health, held over three virtual sessions from July 13-21, 2021, provided a forum to discuss these developments, consider the risks and benefits, and identify opportunities to chart a healthier and more equitable mobility future. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Marilee Shelton-Davenport A2 - Stephanie Johnson A2 - Jennifer Saunders TI - Quality Water from Every Tap: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26069 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26069/quality-water-from-every-tap-proceedings-of-a-workshop-in PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The quality of U.S. drinking water is at risk from many causes, including the nation's aging infrastructure and environmental conditions that affect source water conditions. Quality Water from Every Tap, a workshop held in Washington, D.C., on November 21-22, 2019, provided an opportunity for experts from government, affected communities, academia, and the private sector to explore both the challenges and factors that affect the delivery of water with acceptable quality and the paths to increase the quality of water for systems that do not meet today's drinking water standards - especially focusing on communities that lack adequate resources and expertise because they are small or have declining populations. This publication provides the rapporteurs' high-level summary of the topics addressed in the workshop and suggestions provided by workshop participants for potential actions to address the nation's water quality challenges. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Effectiveness and Efficiency of Defense Environmental Cleanup Activities of DOE's Office of Environmental Management: Report 1 SN - DO - 10.17226/26000 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26000/effectiveness-and-efficiency-of-defense-environmental-cleanup-activities-of-does-office-of-environmental-management PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and its predecessor agencies have conducted activities to develop atomic energy for civilian and defense purposes since the initiation of the World War II Manhattan Project in 1942. These activities took place at large federal land reservations of hundreds of square miles involving industrial-scale operations, but also at many smaller federal and non-federal sites such as uranium mines, materials processing and manufacturing facilities. The nuclear weapons and energy production activities at these facilities produced large quantities of radioactive and hazardous wastes and resulted in widespread groundwater and soil contamination at these sites. DOE initiated a concerted effort to clean up these sites beginning in the 1980s. Many of these sites have been remediated and are in long-term caretaker status, closed or repurposed for other uses. Review of the Effectiveness and Efficiency of Defense Environmental Cleanup Activities of the Department of Energy's Office of Environmental Management: First Report provides background information on the sites currently assigned to the DOE's Office of Environmental Management that are undergoing cleanup; discusses current practices for management and oversight of the cleanups; offers findings and recommendations on such practices and how progress is measured against them; and considers the contracts under which the cleanups proceed and how these have been and can be structured to include incentives for improved cost and schedule performance. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Jeanette Beebe A2 - Raymond Wassel A2 - Kaley Beins A2 - Kathryn Z. Guyton TI - Artificial Intelligence Tools and Open Data Practices for EPA Chemical Hazard Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26540 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26540/artificial-intelligence-tools-and-open-data-practices-for-epa-chemical-hazard-assessments PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA’s) Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) Program identifies and characterizes the human health hazards of chemicals found in the environment. Human health risk assessments cover hazard identification as well as dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer outcomes that are obtained from IRIS assessments. Human health risk assessments are highly important as they are used to inform a broad range of risk-related decisions across the agency. These assessments involve systematic reviews of the scientific literature, which obtain, evaluate, and summarize information to answer a research question in a transparent manner. At the request of the Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment within EPA's Office of Research and Development, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to explore opportunities and challenges in using advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and data science to enhance human health risk assessments. The workshop was held virtually on May 25 and 26, 2022. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Kara Laney A2 - Anne Johnson TI - Reducing the Health Impacts of the Nitrogen Problem: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26328 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26328/reducing-the-health-impacts-of-the-nitrogen-problem-proceedings-of PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Nitrogen fertilizer is used extensively in the United States to maximize crop yields. As an essential nutrient to plant growth, nitrogen is a critical input to enhance agricultural productivity. However, excess nitrogen can leach into soil and water and contaminate drinking water sources with nitrate, a water-soluble chemical compound of nitrogen. Too much nitrate consumption can pose a health risk. Users of public drinking water supplies and private wells in areas surrounded by farmland are particularly vulnerable to exposure to nitrate in their drinking water. The workshop Reducing the Health Impacts of the Nitrogen Problem, held over five weekly virtual sessions from January 28 to February 25, 2021, provided a venue to discuss opportunities for reducing exposure to nitrate from agricultural sources in drinking water. More than 50 experts with backgrounds in agriculture, public health, economics, policy, engineering, water, social science, and other fields shared their perspectives through presentations and moderated discussions. This Proceedings of a Workshop-in Brief provides the rapporteurs' high-level summary of the topics and suggestions for potential actions to address challenges surrounding human exposure to nitrate from agricultural sources through drinking water, as discussed at the workshop itself. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Johnson A2 - Alex Reich TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity—State-Level Implementation: Proceedings of a Workshop—in Brief DO - 10.17226/26693 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26693/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-state-level-implementation-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Because of historic and ongoing discriminatory policies and practices, certain populations - namely people of color, Indigenous people, and low-income communities - disproportionately suffer from the adverse impacts of extreme weather and other disasters that are exacerbated by climate change. To examine actions that could help improve climate-related health outcomes in disproportionately impacted communities, the Environmental Health Matters Initiative, a program spanning all major units of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, convened a two-day workshop Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - State-Level Implementation on May 24 and 26, 2022. The workshop brought together representatives from state and federal agencies, universities, community-based organizations, state and national advocacy organizations, foundations, and private sector organizations. This publication highlights the presentations and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carol Berkower A2 - Abigail Ulman A2 - Alex Reich TI - Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity: Proceedings of a Workshop–in Brief DO - 10.17226/26435 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26435/communities-climate-change-and-health-equity-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - As the effects of climate change become more widespread and significant, communities least able to respond are bearing the largest burden. In the United States, communities disadvantaged by a legacy of racial segregation and environmental injustice struggle with disparate health outcomes, are vulnerable to the effects of climate change (e.g., severe flooding in low-lying areas and extreme heat in urban neighborhoods), and lack sufficient resources to recover from and rebuild for resilience against future events. On October 12 and 14, 2021, the 2-day virtual workshop "Communities, Climate Change, and Health Equity - A New Vision" brought together environmental health experts, resilience practitioners, climate scientists, and people with lived experience to discuss the disproportionate impact of climate change on communities experiencing health disparities and environmental injustice. During the workshop, the first in a four-part series, 41 speakers shared their perspectives on the topic and suggested specific actions that decision-makers can take to address the intersecting crises of climate change and health inequity. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Merits and Viability of Different Nuclear Fuel Cycles and Technology Options and the Waste Aspects of Advanced Nuclear Reactors SN - DO - 10.17226/26500 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26500/merits-and-viability-of-different-nuclear-fuel-cycles-and-technology-options-and-the-waste-aspects-of-advanced-nuclear-reactors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The United States has deployed commercial nuclear power since the 1950s, and as of 2021, nuclear power accounts for approximately 20 percent of U.S. electricity generation. The current commercial nuclear fleet consists entirely of thermal-spectrum, light water reactors operating with low-enriched uranium dioxide fuel in a once-through fuel cycle. In recent years, the U.S. Congress, U.S. Department of Energy, and private sector have expressed considerable interest in developing and deploying advanced nuclear reactors to augment, and possibly replace, the U.S. operating fleet of reactors, nearly all of which will reach the end of their currently licensed operating lives by 2050. Much of this interest stems from the potential ability of advanced reactors and their associated fuel cycles - as claimed by their designers and developers - to provide a number of advantages, such as improvements in economic competitiveness, reductions in environmental impact via better natural resource utilization and/or lower waste generation, and enhancements in nuclear safety and proliferation resistance. At the request of Congress, this report explores merits and viability of different nuclear fuel cycles, including fuel cycles that may use reprocessing, for both existing and advanced reactor technologies; and waste management (including transportation, storage, and disposal options) for advanced reactors, and in particular, the potential impact of advanced reactors and their fuel cycles on waste generation and disposal. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Michaela Kerxhalli-Kleinfield TI - Enhancing Federal Clean Energy Innovation: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25973 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25973/enhancing-federal-clean-energy-innovation-proceedings-of-a-workshop PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - A widespread and rapid transition to a low-carbon energy system by 2050 is essential to keep pace with ambitious policy goals and avoid the worst consequences of climate change. Innovation is necessary to lower costs and improve performance of existing technologies and to develop new clean energy options that address challenges in harder-to-decarbonize sectors. To examine means by which the U.S. federal government can rise to this challenge, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a virtual workshop series "Enhancing Federal Clean Energy Innovation" on July 27 to August 7, 2020. The workshop featured timely, action-orientated assessments of how to strengthen development and penetration of new clean energy technologies. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions that occurred over the course of the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carolyn Whelan A2 - Kaley Beins A2 - Kathryn Z. Guyton TI - Triangulation in Environmental Epidemiology for EPA Human Health Assessments: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26538 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26538/triangulation-in-environmental-epidemiology-for-epa-human-health-assessments-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Human health risk assessments provide the basis for public health decision-making and chemical regulation in the United States. Three evidence streams generally support the development of human health risk assessments - epidemiology, toxicology, and mechanistic information. Epidemiologic studies are generally the preferred evidence stream for assessing causal relationships during hazard identification. However, the available studies may be limited in scope, subject to bias, or otherwise inadequate to inform causal inferences. In addition, there are challenges in assessing coherence, validity, and reliability during synthesis of individual epidemiological studies with different designs, which in turn affects conclusions on causation. Triangulation aims to address the challenge of synthesizing evidence from diverse studies with distinct sources of bias. Bias is a systematic error that leads to inaccurate study results. Tools for assessing risk of bias provide a structured list of questions for systematic consideration of different domains (such as confounding, selective reporting, and conflict of interest). These tools also provide a structured framework for identifying potential sources of bias and informing judgments on individual studies. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine convened a workshop to understand and explore triangulation and opportunities to use the practice to enhance the EPA's human health assessments. The workshop was held virtually on May 9 and 11, 2022. This publication summarizes the key presentations and discussions conducted during the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Heather Kreidler TI - Assisted Resettlement and Community Viability on Louisiana's Gulf Coast: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26774 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26774/assisted-resettlement-and-community-viability-on-louisianas-gulf-coast-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences AB - In 2021, the Gulf Research Program of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine sponsored a two-year consensus study, Managed Retreat in the U.S. Gulf Coast Region, to examine and make findings and recommendations regarding the unique challenges associated with managed retreat among vulnerable coastal communities in the region. To gather information for the consensus report, the authoring committee convened a series of three public workshops in the Gulf Coast region. The workshops, held in June and July of 2022, focused on policy and practice considerations, research and data needs, and community engagement strategies. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions of the workshops. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Review of Methods Used by the U.S. Department of Energy in Setting Appliance and Equipment Standards SN - DO - 10.17226/25992 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25992/review-of-methods-used-by-the-us-department-of-energy-in-setting-appliance-and-equipment-standards PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) issues standards regulations for energy conservation pursuant to the Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1975, as amended, and other authorities. These standards regulations apply to certain consumer products and commercial and industrial equipment. These can include air conditioning and heating systems, washing machines, and commercial refrigeration, among numerous other examples. DOE issues standards regulations by rulemaking and includes quantitative maximum water and energy use or minimum energy conservation standards. There are currently standards regulations for more than 70 product classes (i.e., a specific type of consumer product or commercial or industrial equipment). This report reviews the assumptions, models, and methodologies that DOE uses in setting the quantitative portion of the standards regulations following the Office of Management and Budget's guidance on the use of scientific information. Review of Methods Used by the U.S. Department of Energy in Setting Appliance and Equipment Standards makes findings and recommendations on how DOE can improve its analyses and align its regulatory analyses with best practices for cost-benefit analysis. ER -