%0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Olsen, LeighAnne %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Mack, Alison %T The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26432-7 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13500/the-social-biology-of-microbial-communities-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13500/the-social-biology-of-microbial-communities-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 632 %X Beginning with the germ theory of disease in the 19th century and extending through most of the 20th century, microbes were believed to live their lives as solitary, unicellular, disease-causing organisms . This perception stemmed from the focus of most investigators on organisms that could be grown in the laboratory as cellular monocultures, often dispersed in liquid, and under ambient conditions of temperature, lighting, and humidity. Most such inquiries were designed to identify microbial pathogens by satisfying Koch's postulates.3 This pathogen-centric approach to the study of microorganisms produced a metaphorical "war" against these microbial invaders waged with antibiotic therapies, while simultaneously obscuring the dynamic relationships that exist among and between host organisms and their associated microorganisms—only a tiny fraction of which act as pathogens. Despite their obvious importance, very little is actually known about the processes and factors that influence the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities. Gaining this knowledge will require a seismic shift away from the study of individual microbes in isolation to inquiries into the nature of diverse and often complex microbial communities, the forces that shape them, and their relationships with other communities and organisms, including their multicellular hosts. On March 6 and 7, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore the emerging science of the "social biology" of microbial communities. Workshop presentations and discussions embraced a wide spectrum of topics, experimental systems, and theoretical perspectives representative of the current, multifaceted exploration of the microbial frontier. Participants discussed ecological, evolutionary, and genetic factors contributing to the assembly, function, and stability of microbial communities; how microbial communities adapt and respond to environmental stimuli; theoretical and experimental approaches to advance this nascent field; and potential applications of knowledge gained from the study of microbial communities for the improvement of human, animal, plant, and ecosystem health and toward a deeper understanding of microbial diversity and evolution. The Social Biology of Microbial Communities: Workshop Summary further explains the happenings of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks: First Report %@ 978-0-309-09628-7 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11262/public-water-supply-distribution-systems-assessing-and-reducing-risks-first %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11262/public-water-supply-distribution-systems-assessing-and-reducing-risks-first %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 57 %X The Water Science and Technology Board has released the first report of the Committee on Public Water Supply Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks, which is studying water quality issues associated with public water supply distribution systems and their potential risks to consumers. The distribution system, which is a critical component of every drinking water utility, constitutes a significant management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. This first report was requested by the EPA, as the agency considers revisions to the Total Coliform Rule with potential new requirements for ensuring the integrity of the distribution system. This first report identifies trends relevant to the deterioration of drinking water quality in distribution systems and prioritizes issues of greatest concern according to high, medium, and low priority categories. Of the issues presented in nine EPA white papers that were reviewed by the committee, cross connections and backflow, new or repaired water mains, and finished water storage facilities were judged by the committee to be of the highest importance based on their associated potential health risks. In addition, the report noted that two other issues should also be accorded high priority: premise plumbing and distribution system operator training. This first report will be followed in about 18 months by a more comprehensive final report that evaluates approaches for risk characterization and identifies strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Signs of Life: A Report Based on the April 2000 Workshop on Life Detection Techniques %@ 978-0-309-08306-5 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10265/signs-of-life-a-report-based-on-the-april-2000 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10265/signs-of-life-a-report-based-on-the-april-2000 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 226 %X A workshop to assess the science and technology of life detection techniques was organized by the Committee on the Origins and Evolution of Life (COEL) of the Board on Life Sciences (BLS) and the Space Studies Board (SSB). Topics discussed in the workshop included the search for extraterrestrial life in situ and in the laboratory, extant life and the signature of extinct life, and determination of the point of origin (terrestrial or not) of detected organisms. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-06634-1 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9638/size-limits-of-very-small-microorganisms-proceedings-of-a-workshop %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9638/size-limits-of-very-small-microorganisms-proceedings-of-a-workshop %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 164 %X How small can a free-living organism be? On the surface, this question is straightforward-in principle, the smallest cells can be identified and measured. But understanding what factors determine this lower limit, and addressing the host of other questions that follow on from this knowledge, require a fundamental understanding of the chemistry and ecology of cellular life. The recent report of evidence for life in a martian meteorite and the prospect of searching for biological signatures in intelligently chosen samples from Mars and elsewhere bring a new immediacy to such questions. How do we recognize the morphological or chemical remnants of life in rocks deposited 4 billion years ago on another planet? Are the empirical limits on cell size identified by observation on Earth applicable to life wherever it may occur, or is minimum size a function of the particular chemistry of an individual planetary surface? These questions formed the focus of a workshop on the size limits of very small organisms, organized by the Steering .Group for the Workshop on Size Limits of Very Small Microorganisms and held on October 22 and 23, 1998. Eighteen invited panelists, representing fields ranging from cell biology and molecular genetics to paleontology and mineralogy, joined with an almost equal number of other participants in a wide-ranging exploration of minimum cell size and the challenge of interpreting micro- and nano-scale features of sedimentary rocks found on Earth or elsewhere in the solar system. This document contains the proceedings of that workshop. It includes position papers presented by the individual panelists, arranged by panel, along with a summary, for each of the four sessions, of extensive roundtable discussions that involved the panelists as well as other workshop participants. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Field Testing Genetically Modified Organisms: Framework for Decisions %@ 978-0-309-04076-1 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1431/field-testing-genetically-modified-organisms-framework-for-decisions %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1431/field-testing-genetically-modified-organisms-framework-for-decisions %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 184 %X Potential benefits from the use of genetically modified organisms—such as bacteria that biodegrade environmental pollutants—are enormous. To minimize the risks of releasing such organisms into the environment, regulators are working to develop rational safeguards. This volume provides a comprehensive examination of the issues surrounding testing these organisms in the laboratory or the field and a practical framework for making decisions about organism release. Beginning with a discussion of classical versus molecular techniques for genetic alteration, the volume is divided into major sections for plants and microorganisms and covers the characteristics of altered organisms, past experience with releases, and such specific issues as whether plant introductions could promote weediness. The executive summary presents major conclusions and outlines the recommended decision-making framework. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars %@ 978-0-309-09724-6 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11381/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-mars %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11381/preventing-the-forward-contamination-of-mars %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 166 %X Recent spacecraft and robotic probes to Mars have yielded data that are changing our understanding significantly about the possibility of existing or past life on that planet. Coupled with advances in biology and life-detection techniques, these developments place increasing importance on the need to protect Mars from contamination by Earth-borne organisms. To help with this effort, NASA requested that the NRC examine existing planetary protection measures for Mars and recommend changes and further research to improve such measures. This report discusses policies, requirements, and techniques to protect Mars from organisms originating on Earth that could interfere with scientific investigations. It provides recommendations on cleanliness and biological burden levels of Mars-bound spacecraft, methods to reach those levels, and research to reduce uncertainties in preventing forward contamination of Mars. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T The Chemistry of Microbiomes: Proceedings of a Seminar Series %@ 978-0-309-45836-8 %D 2017 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24751/the-chemistry-of-microbiomes-proceedings-of-a-seminar-series %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24751/the-chemistry-of-microbiomes-proceedings-of-a-seminar-series %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Math, Chemistry, and Physics %P 132 %X The 21st century has witnessed a complete revolution in the understanding and description of bacteria in eco- systems and microbial assemblages, and how they are regulated by complex interactions among microbes, hosts, and environments. The human organism is no longer considered a monolithic assembly of tissues, but is instead a true ecosystem composed of human cells, bacteria, fungi, algae, and viruses. As such, humans are not unlike other complex ecosystems containing microbial assemblages observed in the marine and earth environments. They all share a basic functional principle: Chemical communication is the universal language that allows such groups to properly function together. These chemical networks regulate interactions like metabolic exchange, antibiosis and symbiosis, and communication. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine’s Chemical Sciences Roundtable organized a series of four seminars in the autumn of 2016 to explore the current advances, opportunities, and challenges toward unveiling this “chemical dark matter” and its role in the regulation and function of different ecosystems. The first three focused on specific ecosystems—earth, marine, and human—and the last on all microbiome systems. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the seminars. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Olsen, LeighAnne %E Mack, Alison %T Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-29062-3 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18433/microbial-ecology-in-states-of-health-and-disease-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18433/microbial-ecology-in-states-of-health-and-disease-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 548 %X Individually and collectively, resident microbes play important roles in host health and survival. Shaping and shaped by their host environments, these microorganisms form intricate communities that are in a state of dynamic equilibrium. This ecologic and dynamic view of host-microbe interactions is rapidly redefining our view of health and disease. It is now accepted that the vast majority of microbes are, for the most part, not intrinsically harmful, but rather become established as persistent, co-adapted colonists in equilibrium with their environment, providing useful goods and services to their hosts while deriving benefits from these host associations. Disruption of such alliances may have consequences for host health, and investigations in a wide variety of organisms have begun to illuminate the complex and dynamic network of interaction - across the spectrum of hosts, microbes, and environmental niches - that influence the formation, function, and stability of host-associated microbial communities. Microbial Ecology in States of Health and Disease is the summary of a workshop convened by the Institute of Medicine's Forum on Microbial Threats in March 2013 to explore the scientific and therapeutic implications of microbial ecology in states of health and disease. Participants explored host-microbe interactions in humans, animals, and plants; emerging insights into how microbes may influence the development and maintenance of states of health and disease; the effects of environmental change(s) on the formation, function, and stability of microbial communities; and research challenges and opportunities for this emerging field of inquiry. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Drinking Water Distribution Systems: Assessing and Reducing Risks %@ 978-0-309-10306-0 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11728/drinking-water-distribution-systems-assessing-and-reducing-risks %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11728/drinking-water-distribution-systems-assessing-and-reducing-risks %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 404 %X Protecting and maintaining water distributions systems is crucial to ensuring high quality drinking water. Distribution systems -- consisting of pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks, reservoirs, meters, fittings, and other hydraulic appurtenances -- carry drinking water from a centralized treatment plant or well supplies to consumers’ taps. Spanning almost 1 million miles in the United States, distribution systems represent the vast majority of physical infrastructure for water supplies, and thus constitute the primary management challenge from both an operational and public health standpoint. Recent data on waterborne disease outbreaks suggest that distribution systems remain a source of contamination that has yet to be fully addressed. This report evaluates approaches for risk characterization and recent data, and it identifies a variety of strategies that could be considered to reduce the risks posed by water-quality deteriorating events in distribution systems. Particular attention is given to backflow events via cross connections, the potential for contamination of the distribution system during construction and repair activities, maintenance of storage facilities, and the role of premise plumbing in public health risk. The report also identifies advances in detection, monitoring and modeling, analytical methods, and research and development opportunities that will enable the water supply industry to further reduce risks associated with drinking water distribution systems. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Limits of Organic Life in Planetary Systems %@ 978-0-309-10484-5 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11919/the-limits-of-organic-life-in-planetary-systems %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11919/the-limits-of-organic-life-in-planetary-systems %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 116 %X The search for life in the solar system and beyond has to date been governed by a model based on what we know about life on Earth (terran life). Most of NASA's mission planning is focused on locations where liquid water is possible and emphasizes searches for structures that resemble cells in terran organisms. It is possible, however, that life exists that is based on chemical reactions that do not involve carbon compounds, that occurs in solvents other than water, or that involves oxidation-reduction reactions without oxygen gas. To assist NASA incorporate this possibility in its efforts to search for life, the NRC was asked to carry out a study to evaluate whether nonstandard biochemistry might support life in solar system and conceivable extrasolar environments, and to define areas to guide research in this area. This book presents an exploration of a limited set of hypothetical chemistries of life, a review of current knowledge concerning key questions or hypotheses about nonterran life, and suggestions for future research. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Biosolids Applied to Land: Advancing Standards and Practices %@ 978-0-309-08486-4 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10426/biosolids-applied-to-land-advancing-standards-and-practices %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10426/biosolids-applied-to-land-advancing-standards-and-practices %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Agriculture %P 365 %X The 1993 regulation (Part 503 Rule) governing the land application of biosolids was established to protect public health and the environment from reasonably anticipated adverse effects. Included in the regulation are chemical pollutant limits, operational standards designed to reduce pathogens and the attraction of disease vectors, and management practices. This report from the Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology evaluates the technical methods and approaches used by EPA to establish those standards and practices, focusing specifically on human health protection. The report examines improvements in risk-assessment practices and advances in the scientific database since promulgation of the regulation, and makes recommendations for addressing public health concerns, uncertainties, and data gaps about the technical basis of the biosolids standards. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The New Science of Metagenomics: Revealing the Secrets of Our Microbial Planet %@ 978-0-309-10676-4 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11902/the-new-science-of-metagenomics-revealing-the-secrets-of-our %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11902/the-new-science-of-metagenomics-revealing-the-secrets-of-our %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 170 %X Although we can't usually see them, microbes are essential for every part of human life—indeed all life on Earth. The emerging field of metagenomics offers a new way of exploring the microbial world that will transform modern microbiology and lead to practical applications in medicine, agriculture, alternative energy, environmental remediation, and many others areas. Metagenomics allows researchers to look at the genomes of all of the microbes in an environment at once, providing a "meta" view of the whole microbial community and the complex interactions within it. It's a quantum leap beyond traditional research techniques that rely on studying—one at a time—the few microbes that can be grown in the laboratory. At the request of the National Science Foundation, five Institutes of the National Institutes of Health, and the Department of Energy, the National Research Council organized a committee to address the current state of metagenomics and identify obstacles current researchers are facing in order to determine how to best support the field and encourage its success. The New Science of Metagenomics recommends the establishment of a "Global Metagenomics Initiative" comprising a small number of large-scale metagenomics projects as well as many medium- and small-scale projects to advance the technology and develop the standard practices needed to advance the field. The report also addresses database needs, methodological challenges, and the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration in supporting this new field. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Choffnes, Eileen R. %E Olsen, LeighAnne %E Wizemann, Theresa %T The Science and Applications of Microbial Genomics: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26819-6 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18261/the-science-and-applications-of-microbial-genomics-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18261/the-science-and-applications-of-microbial-genomics-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Health and Medicine %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 428 %X Over the past several decades, new scientific tools and approaches for detecting microbial species have dramatically enhanced our appreciation of the diversity and abundance of the microbiota and its dynamic interactions with the environments within which these microorganisms reside. The first bacterial genome was sequenced in 1995 and took more than 13 months of work to complete. Today, a microorganism's entire genome can be sequenced in a few days. Much as our view of the cosmos was forever altered in the 17th century with the invention of the telescope, these genomic technologies, and the observations derived from them, have fundamentally transformed our appreciation of the microbial world around us. On June 12 and 13, 2012, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) Forum on Microbial Threats convened a public workshop in Washington, DC, to discuss the scientific tools and approaches being used for detecting and characterizing microbial species, and the roles of microbial genomics and metagenomics to better understand the culturable and unculturable microbial world around us. Through invited presentations and discussions, participants examined the use of microbial genomics to explore the diversity, evolution, and adaptation of microorganisms in a wide variety of environments; the molecular mechanisms of disease emergence and epidemiology; and the ways that genomic technologies are being applied to disease outbreak trace back and microbial surveillance. Points that were emphasized by many participants included the need to develop robust standardized sampling protocols, the importance of having the appropriate metadata, data analysis and data management challenges, and information sharing in real time. The Science and Applications of Microbial Genomics summarizes this workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Bioavailability of Contaminants in Soils and Sediments: Processes, Tools, and Applications %@ 978-0-309-08625-7 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10523/bioavailability-of-contaminants-in-soils-and-sediments-processes-tools-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10523/bioavailability-of-contaminants-in-soils-and-sediments-processes-tools-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 432 %X Bioavailability refers to the extent to which humans and ecological receptors are exposed to contaminants in soil or sediment. The concept of bioavailability has recently piqued the interest of the hazardous waste industry as an important consideration in deciding how much waste to clean up. The rationale is that if contaminants in soil and sediment are not bioavailable, then more contaminant mass can be left in place without creating additional risk. A new NRC report notes that the potential for the consideration of bioavailability to influence decision-making is greatest where certain chemical, environmental, and regulatory factors align. The current use of bioavailability in risk assessment and hazardous waste cleanup regulations is demystified, and acceptable tools and models for bioavailability assessment are discussed and ranked according to seven criteria. Finally, the intimate link between bioavailability and bioremediation is explored. The report concludes with suggestions for moving bioavailability forward in the regulatory arena for both soil and sediment cleanup. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Opportunities for Environmental Applications of Marine Biotechnology: Proceedings of the October 5-6, 1999, Workshop %@ 978-0-309-07188-8 %D 2000 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9988/opportunities-for-environmental-applications-of-marine-biotechnology-proceedings-of-the %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9988/opportunities-for-environmental-applications-of-marine-biotechnology-proceedings-of-the %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Biology and Life Sciences %P 186 %X This 2-day workshop is the culmination of a study of the status and future of marine biotechnology. The overall goal of this workshop is to examine what was initially called "Opportunities for Marine Biotechnology in the United States," to consider where we are now in this field of "Environmental Marine Biotechnology," to envision the field in the future, and to discuss any impediments that might be encountered along the way. Opportunities for Environmental Applications of Marine Biotechnology: Proceedings of the October 5-6, 1999, Workshop addresses the question of where the federal government should invest its limited funds and what future initiatives should be planned. %0 Book %T Biological Contamination of Mars: Issues and Recommendations %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12305/biological-contamination-of-mars-issues-and-recommendations %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12305/biological-contamination-of-mars-issues-and-recommendations %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 123 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Report of the Workshop on Biology-based Technology to Enhance Human Well-being and Function in Extended Space Exploration %@ 978-0-309-06089-9 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6135/report-of-the-workshop-on-biology-based-technology-to-enhance-human-well-being-and-function-in-extended-space-exploration %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6135/report-of-the-workshop-on-biology-based-technology-to-enhance-human-well-being-and-function-in-extended-space-exploration %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 84 %0 Book %T Molecular Biology in Marine Science: Scientific Questions, Technological Approaches, and Practical Implications %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9119/molecular-biology-in-marine-science-scientific-questions-technological-approaches-and %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9119/molecular-biology-in-marine-science-scientific-questions-technological-approaches-and %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Biology and Life Sciences %K Earth Sciences %P 88 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas %@ 978-0-309-04826-2 %D 1993 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2049/managing-wastewater-in-coastal-urban-areas %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2049/managing-wastewater-in-coastal-urban-areas %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 496 %X Close to one-half of all Americans live in coastal counties. The resulting flood of wastewater, stormwater, and pollutants discharged into coastal waters is a major concern. This book offers a well-delineated approach to integrated coastal management beginning with wastewater and stormwater control. The committee presents an overview of current management practices and problems. The core of the volume is a detailed model for integrated coastal management, offering basic principles and methods, a direction for moving from general concerns to day-to-day activities, specific steps from goal setting through monitoring performance, and a base of scientific and technical information. Success stories from the Chesapeake and Santa Monica bays are included. The volume discusses potential barriers to integrated coastal management and how they may be overcome and suggests steps for introducing this concept into current programs and legislation. This practical volume will be important to anyone concerned about management of coastal waters: policymakers, resource and municipal managers, environmental professionals, concerned community groups, and researchers, as well as faculty and students in environmental studies. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Mericas, Dean %E Sturman, Paul %E Lutz, Michelle %E Corsi, Steve %E Cieciek, Chris %E Boltz, Josh %E Morgenroth, Eberhard %T Understanding Microbial Biofilms in Receiving Waters Impacted by Airport Deicing Activities %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22262/understanding-microbial-biofilms-in-receiving-waters-impacted-by-airport-deicing-activities %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22262/understanding-microbial-biofilms-in-receiving-waters-impacted-by-airport-deicing-activities %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 78 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Report 115: Understanding Microbial Biofilms in Receiving Waters Impacted by Airport Deicing Activities provides an introduction to the factors than can affect biofilm growth sometimes observed in streams that receive airport runoff containing deicers.