TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory: Fiscal Year 2014 SN - DO - 10.17226/21659 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21659/an-assessment-of-the-national-institute-of-standards-and-technology-engineering-laboratory PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The mission of the Engineering Laboratory of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) is to promote U.S. innovation and industrial competitiveness through measurement science and standards for technology-intensive manufacturing, construction, and cyberphysical systems in ways that enhance economic prosperity and improve the quality of life. To support this mission, the Engineering Laboratory has developed thrusts in smart manufacturing, construction, and cyberphysical systems; in sustainable and energy-efficient manufacturing materials and infrastructure; and in disaster-resilient buildings, infrastructure, and communities. The technical work of the Engineering Laboratory is performed in five divisions: Intelligent Systems; Materials and Structural Systems; Energy and Environment; Systems Integration; and Fire Research; and two offices: Applied Economics Office and Smart Grid Program Office. An Assessment of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Engineering Laboratory Fiscal Year 2014 assesses the scientific and technical work performed by the NIST Engineering Laboratory. This report evaluates the organization's technical programs, portfolio of scientific expertise within the organization, adequacy of the organization's facilities, equipment, and human resources, and the effectiveness by which the organization disseminates its program outputs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters: Strategies, Opportunities, and Planning for Recovery SN - DO - 10.17226/18996 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18996/healthy-resilient-and-sustainable-communities-after-disasters-strategies-opportunities-and PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Conflict and Security Issues AB - In the devastation that follows a major disaster, there is a need for multiple sectors to unite and devote new resources to support the rebuilding of infrastructure, the provision of health and social services, the restoration of care delivery systems, and other critical recovery needs. In some cases, billions of dollars from public, private and charitable sources are invested to help communities recover. National rhetoric often characterizes these efforts as a "return to normal." But for many American communities, pre-disaster conditions are far from optimal. Large segments of the U.S. population suffer from preventable health problems, experience inequitable access to services, and rely on overburdened health systems. A return to pre-event conditions in such cases may be short-sighted given the high costs - both economic and social - of poor health. Instead, it is important to understand that the disaster recovery process offers a series of unique and valuable opportunities to improve on the status quo. Capitalizing on these opportunities can advance the long-term health, resilience, and sustainability of communities - thereby better preparing them for future challenges. Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters identifies and recommends recovery practices and novel programs most likely to impact overall community public health and contribute to resiliency for future incidents. This book makes the case that disaster recovery should be guided by a healthy community vision, where health considerations are integrated into all aspects of recovery planning before and after a disaster, and funding streams are leveraged in a coordinated manner and applied to health improvement priorities in order to meet human recovery needs and create healthy built and natural environments. The conceptual framework presented in Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters lays the groundwork to achieve this goal and provides operational guidance for multiple sectors involved in community planning and disaster recovery. Healthy, Resilient, and Sustainable Communities After Disasters calls for actions at multiple levels to facilitate recovery strategies that optimize community health. With a shared healthy community vision, strategic planning that prioritizes health, and coordinated implementation, disaster recovery can result in a communities that are healthier, more livable places for current and future generations to grow and thrive - communities that are better prepared for future adversities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Vinu Ilakkuvan TI - Spatial Justice as a Driver of Health in the Context of Societal Emergencies: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/26858 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26858/spatial-justice-as-a-driver-of-health-in-the-context-of-societal-emergencies PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Spatial justice is about equitable access to parks, housing, and more. During societal emergencies, including pandemics and climate change, the relationship between people and places requires greater attention and action to integrate the knowledge of people with lived experience, especially historically marginalized communities. On September 20 and 21, 2021, the National Academies Roundtable on Population Health Improvement hosted a virtual workshop to explore the nature, use, design of, threats, and changes to places as a resource for health and public spaces as a shared resource. This Proceedings document summarizes workshop discussions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Energy-Efficiency Standards and Green Building Certification Systems Used by the Department of Defense for Military Construction and Major Renovations SN - DO - 10.17226/18282 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18282/energy-efficiency-standards-and-green-building-certification-systems-used-by-the-department-of-defense-for-military-construction-and-major-renovations PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Engineering and Technology AB - Congress has an ongoing interest in ensuring that the 500,000 buildings and other structures owned and operated by the Department of Defense (DOD) are operated effectively in terms of cost and resource use. Section 2830 of the National Defense Authorization Act for fiscal year requires the Secretary of Defense to submit a report to the congressional defense committees on the energy-efficiency and sustainability standards used by DOD for military construction and major renovations of buildings. DOD's report must include a cost-benefit analysis, return on investment, and long-term payback for the building standards and green building certification systems, including: (A) American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 189.1-2011 for the Design of High-Performance, Green Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential. (B) ASHRAE Energy Standard 90.1-2010 for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential. (C) Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Silver, Gold, and Platinum certification for green buildings, as well as the LEED Volume certification. (D) Other American National Standards Institute (ANSI) accredited standards. DOD's report to the congressional defense committees must also include a copy of DOD policy prescribing a comprehensive strategy for the pursuit of design and building standards across the department that include specific energy-efficiency standards and sustainable design attributes for military construction based on the cost-benefit analysis, return on investment, and demonstrated payback required for the aforementioned building standards and green building certification systems. Energy-Efficiency Standards and Green Building Certification Systems Used by the Department of Defense for Military Construction and Major Renovations summarizes the recommendations for energy efficiency. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - J. Blake Whitman A2 - Michael A. Perez TI - Outsourcing Post-Construction Stormwater Best Management Practice Inspection and Maintenance Activities DO - 10.17226/27502 PY - 2024 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27502/outsourcing-post-construction-stormwater-best-management-practice-inspection-and-maintenance-activities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Post-construction stormwater best management practices (BMPs) are designed to reduce the amount of stormwater runoff, prevent erosion, and improve water quality by removing pollutants from stormwater. NCHRP Synthesis 614: Outsourcing Post-Construction Stormwater Best Management Practice Inspection and Maintenance Activities, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, documents state department of transportation practices related to outsourcing post-construction stormwater BMP inspection and maintenance compliance activities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Rethinking the Components, Coordination, and Management of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Laboratories SN - DO - 10.17226/18950 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18950/rethinking-the-components-coordination-and-management-of-the-us-environmental-protection-agency-laboratories PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) applies scientific results that have been provided by various parts of its own organization and by external organizations. The agency requires substantial high-quality inhouse scientific expertise and laboratory capabilities so that it can answer questions related to regulation, enforcement, and environmental effects of specific chemicals, activities, and processes. It is also usually faced with situations in which research or analytic work is time-critical, so it maintains dedicated laboratory staff and facilities that can respond quickly to such needs. In recent years, EPA has made several changes to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of its laboratories, such as the designation of national program directors to align the work of research laboratories with the needs of the agency's regulatory program offices. The agency is currently undertaking an integrated evaluation of it laboratories to enhance the management effectiveness and efficiency of its laboratory enterprise and to enhance its capabilities for research and other laboratory-based scientific and technical activities. The results of EPA's evaluation are expected to include options for colocation and consolidation of laboratory facilities. Rethinking the Components, Coordination, and Management of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Laboratories assesses EPA's highest-priority needs for mission-relevant laboratory science and technical support, develops principles for the efficient and effective management of EPA's laboratory enterprise to meet the agency's mission needs and strategic goals, and develops guidance for enhancing efficiency and effectiveness now and during the next 10 years. EPA's laboratories play a vital role in the agency's work. The findings and recommendations of this report will help EPA to develop an implementation plan for the laboratory enterprise. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - Strengthening American Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership: Summary of a Symposium SN - DO - 10.17226/18329 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18329/strengthening-american-manufacturing-the-role-of-the-manufacturing-extension-partnership PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - The Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)-- a program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-- has sought for more than two decades to strengthen American manufacturing. It is a national network of affiliated manufacturing extension centers and field offices located throughout all fifty states and Puerto Rico. Qualified MEP Centers work directly with small and medium manufacturing firms in their state or sub-state region, providing expertise, services and assistance directed to foster growth, improve supply chain positioning, leverage emerging technologies, upgrade manufacturing processes, develop work force training, and apply and implement new information. Strengthening American Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership is the summary of a symposium convened to review current operations and some of the recent MEP initiatives in the broader context of global manufacturing trends and the opportunities for high-value manufacturing companies. Business leaders, academic experts, and state and federal officials addressed the metrics and impacts of MEP and identified potential areas of improvement. The meeting drew attention to the scale and focuses of MEP, and highlighted the role it plays in supporting and enabling U.S. manufacturers to compete more effectively in the global marketplace. This report includes an overview of key issues raised at this workshop and a detailed summary of the conference presentations. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine TI - Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health SN - DO - 10.17226/13115 PY - 2011 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13115/climate-change-the-indoor-environment-and-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The indoor environment affects occupants' health and comfort. Poor environmental conditions and indoor contaminants are estimated to cost the U.S. economy tens of billions of dollars a year in exacerbation of illnesses like asthma, allergic symptoms, and subsequent lost productivity. Climate change has the potential to affect the indoor environment because conditions inside buildings are influenced by conditions outside them. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health addresses the impacts that climate change may have on the indoor environment and the resulting health effects. It finds that steps taken to mitigate climate change may cause or exacerbate harmful indoor environmental conditions. The book discusses the role the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) should take in informing the public, health professionals, and those in the building industry about potential risks and what can be done to address them. The study also recommends that building codes account for climate change projections; that federal agencies join to develop or refine protocols and testing standards for evaluating emissions from materials, furnishings, and appliances used in buildings; and that building weatherization efforts include consideration of health effects. Climate Change, the Indoor Environment, and Health is written primarily for the EPA and other federal agencies, organizations, and researchers with interests in public health; the environment; building design, construction, and operation; and climate issues. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Steve Olson A2 - Karen M. Anderson TI - Achieving Rural Health Equity and Well-Being: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/24967 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24967/achieving-rural-health-equity-and-well-being-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Rural counties make up about 80 percent of the land area of the United States, but they contain less than 20 percent of the U.S. population. The relative sparseness of the population in rural areas is one of many factors that influence the health and well-being of rural Americans. Rural areas have histories, economies, and cultures that differ from those of cities and from one rural area to another. Understanding these differences is critical to taking steps to improve health and well-being in rural areas and to reduce health disparities among rural populations. To explore the impacts of economic, demographic, and social issues in rural communities and to learn about asset-based approaches to addressing the associated challenges, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop on June 13, 2017. This publication summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Microbiomes of the Built Environment: A Research Agenda for Indoor Microbiology, Human Health, and Buildings SN - DO - 10.17226/23647 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23647/microbiomes-of-the-built-environment-a-research-agenda-for-indoor PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Biology and Life Sciences KW - Engineering and Technology AB - People's desire to understand the environments in which they live is a natural one. People spend most of their time in spaces and structures designed, built, and managed by humans, and it is estimated that people in developed countries now spend 90 percent of their lives indoors. As people move from homes to workplaces, traveling in cars and on transit systems, microorganisms are continually with and around them. The human-associated microbes that are shed, along with the human behaviors that affect their transport and removal, make significant contributions to the diversity of the indoor microbiome. The characteristics of "healthy" indoor environments cannot yet be defined, nor do microbial, clinical, and building researchers yet understand how to modify features of indoor environments—such as building ventilation systems and the chemistry of building materials—in ways that would have predictable impacts on microbial communities to promote health and prevent disease. The factors that affect the environments within buildings, the ways in which building characteristics influence the composition and function of indoor microbial communities, and the ways in which these microbial communities relate to human health and well-being are extraordinarily complex and can be explored only as a dynamic, interconnected ecosystem by engaging the fields of microbial biology and ecology, chemistry, building science, and human physiology. This report reviews what is known about the intersection of these disciplines, and how new tools may facilitate advances in understanding the ecosystem of built environments, indoor microbiomes, and effects on human health and well-being. It offers a research agenda to generate the information needed so that stakeholders with an interest in understanding the impacts of built environments will be able to make more informed decisions. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda Casola TI - Digital Strategy for the Department of the Air Force: Proceedings of a Workshop Series SN - DO - 10.17226/26531 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26531/digital-strategy-for-the-department-of-the-air-force-proceedings PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Computers and Information Technology AB - The Air Force Studies Board of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a three-part workshop series to examine the risks associated with the technical, programmatic, organizational, and governance challenges facing the Department of the Air Force (DAF) in its pursuit of enterprise-wide digital transformation strategies. Senior representatives from government, military, industry, and academia considered the DAF's strategic-level decision-making process as well as how it could achieve unity of effort across all of its digital agencies. Workshop participants discussed organizational and management gaps and weaknesses, as well as technical shortfalls associated with the DAF's digital transformation strategies - for example, the issue of cybersecurity within the context of the DAF's proposed digital strategies. Organizational and management practices from both the public and private sectors were also discussed in light of their potential for adaptation and adoption within the DAF. Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Defense, the three 2-day workshops of the series were held virtually on September 1-2, 2021, September 8-9, 2021, and September 23-24. Panelists at the first workshop explained and discussed the DAF's digital transformation strategy - in particular, the proposed digital architectures and the systems, programs, organizations, and missions to be supported. The second workshop featured panels of information systems experts and managers from industry and other government agencies who discussed their experiences with digital transformations and shared their views of best practices. The third workshop focused on the potential applicability of these lessons learned to the DAF's digital transformation strategy and architecture. This proceedings is a factual summary of what occurred during the workshop series. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Research Progress on Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials SN - DO - 10.17226/18475 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18475/research-progress-on-environmental-health-and-safety-aspects-of-engineered-nanomaterials PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Environment and Environmental Studies AB - Despite the increase in funding for research and the rising numbers of peer-reviewed publications over the past decade that address the environmental, health, and safety aspects of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), uncertainty about the implications of potential exposures of consumers, workers, and ecosystems to these materials persists. Consumers and workers want to know which of these materials they are exposed to and whether the materials can harm them. Industry is concerned about being able to predict with sufficient certainty whether products that it makes and markets will pose any environmental, health or safety issues and what measures should be taken regarding manufacturing practices and worldwide distribution to minimize any potential risk. However, there remains a disconnect between the research that is being carried out and its relevance to and use by decision-makers and regulators to make informed public health and environmental policy and regulatory decisions. Research Progress on Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Nanomaterials evaluates research progress and updates research priorities and resource estimates on the basis of results of studies and emerging trends in the nanotechnology industry. This report follows up the 2012 report A Research Strategy for Environmental, Health, and Safety Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials, which presented a strategic approach for developing the science and research infrastructure needed to address uncertainties regarding the potential environmental, health, and safety risks posed by ENMs. This new report looks at the state of nanotechnology research, examines market and regulatory conditions and their affect on research priorities, and considers the criteria for evaluating research progress on the environmental, health, and safety aspects of nanotechnology. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Research Council A2 - Tracy A. Lustig A2 - Steve Olson TI - Hearing Loss and Healthy Aging: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/18735 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18735/hearing-loss-and-healthy-aging-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Being able to communicate is a cornerstone of healthy aging. People need to make themselves understood and to understand others to remain cognitively and socially engaged with families, friends, and other individuals. When they are unable to communicate, people with hearing impairments can become socially isolated, and social isolation can be an important driver of morbidity and mortality in older adults. Despite the critical importance of communication, many older adults have hearing loss that interferes with their social interactions and enjoyment of life. People may turn up the volume on their televisions or stereos, miss words in a conversation, go to fewer public places where it is difficult to hear, or worry about missing an alarm or notification. In other cases, hearing loss is much more severe, and people may retreat into a hard-to-reach shell. Yet fewer than one in seven older Americans with hearing loss use hearing aids, despite rapidly advancing technologies and innovative approaches to hearing health care. In addition, there may not be an adequate number of professionals trained to address the growing need for hearing health care for older adults. Further, Medicare does not cover routine hearing exams, hearing aids, or exams for fitting hearing aids, which can be prohibitively expensive for many older adults. Hearing Loss and Healthy Aging is the summary of a workshop convened by the Forum on Aging, Disability, and Independence in January 2014 on age-related hearing loss. Researchers, advocates, policy makers, entrepreneurs, regulators, and others discussed this pressing social and public health issue. This report examines the ways in which age-related hearing loss affects healthy aging, and how the spectrum of public and private stakeholders can work together to address hearing loss in older adults as a public health issue. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Linda McCauley A2 - Robert L. Phillips, Jr. A2 - Marc Meisnere A2 - Sarah K. Robinson TI - Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care SN - DO - 10.17226/25983 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25983/implementing-high-quality-primary-care-rebuilding-the-foundation-of-health PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - High-quality primary care is the foundation of the health care system. It provides continuous, person-centered, relationship-based care that considers the needs and preferences of individuals, families, and communities. Without access to high-quality primary care, minor health problems can spiral into chronic disease, chronic disease management becomes difficult and uncoordinated, visits to emergency departments increase, preventive care lags, and health care spending soars to unsustainable levels. Unequal access to primary care remains a concern, and the COVID-19 pandemic amplified pervasive economic, mental health, and social health disparities that ubiquitous, high-quality primary care might have reduced. Primary care is the only health care component where an increased supply is associated with better population health and more equitable outcomes. For this reason, primary care is a common good, which makes the strength and quality of the country's primary care services a public concern. Implementing High-Quality Primary Care: Rebuilding the Foundation of Health Care puts forth an evidence-based plan with actionable objectives and recommendations for implementing high-quality primary care in the United States. The implementation plan of this report balances national needs for scalable solutions while allowing for adaptations to meet local needs. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Forces Shaping the U.S. Academic Engineering Research Enterprise SN - DO - 10.17226/4933 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4933/forces-shaping-the-us-academic-engineering-research-enterprise PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Education AB - The way in which academic engineering research is financed and public expectations for the outcomes from such research are changing at an unprecedented rate. The decrease in support of defense-related research, coupled with the realization that many U.S. technological products are no longer competitive in the global market, has sent a shock wave through research universities that train engineers. This book argues for several concrete actions on the part of universities, government, and industry to ensure the flow and relevance of technical talent to meet national social and economic goals, to maintain a position of leadership in the global economy, and to preserve and enhance the nation's engineering knowledge base. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Institute of Medicine AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Robert Pool A2 - Kathleen Stratton TI - Bringing Public Health into Urban Revitalization: Workshop Summary SN - DO - 10.17226/21831 PY - 2015 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21831/bringing-public-health-into-urban-revitalization-workshop-summary PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - A particularly valuable opportunity to improve public health arises when an urban area is being redesigned and rebuilt following some type of serious disruption, whether it is caused by a sudden physical event, such as a hurricane or earthquake, or steady economic and social decline that may have occurred over decades. On November 10, 2014, the Institute of Medicine's Roundtable on Environmental Health Sciences, Research, and Medicine held a workshop concerning the ways in which the urban environment, conceived broadly from factors such as air quality and walkability to factors such as access to fresh foods and social support systems, can affect health. Participants explored the various opportunities to reimagine the built environment in a city and to increase the role of health promotion and protection during the process of urban revitalization. Bringing Public Health into Urban Revitalization summarizes the presentations and discussions from this workshop. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Frontiers in Agricultural Research: Food, Health, Environment, and Communities SN - DO - 10.17226/10585 PY - 2003 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10585/frontiers-in-agricultural-research-food-health-environment-and-communities PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Agriculture AB - This report is a congressionally mandated review of the US Department of Agriculture’s Research, Education, and Economics (REE) mission area, the main engine of publicly funded agricultural research in the United States. A changing social and scientific context of agriculture requires a new vision of agricultural research -- one that will support agriculture as a positive economic, social, and environmental force. REE is uniquely positioned to advance new research frontiers in environment, public health, and rural communities. The report recommends that REE be more anticipatory and strategic in its use of limited resources and guide and champion new directions in research. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Richard F. Celeste A2 - Ann Griswold A2 - Miron L. Straf TI - Furthering America's Research Enterprise SN - DO - 10.17226/18804 PY - 2014 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18804/furthering-americas-research-enterprise PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - Scientific research has enabled America to remain at the forefront of global competition for commercially viable technologies and other innovations. For more than 65 years, the United States has led the world in science and technology. Discoveries from scientific research have extended our understanding of the physical and natural world, the cosmos, society, and of humans - their minds, bodies, and economic and other social interactions. Through these discoveries, science has enabled longer and healthier lives, provided for a better-educated citizenry, enhanced the national economy, and strengthened America's position in the global economy. At a time of budget stringency, how can we foster scientific innovation to ensure America's unprecedented prosperity, security, and quality of life? Although many studies have investigated the impacts of research on society, Furthering America's Research Enterprise brings to bear a fresh approach informed by a more holistic understanding of the research enterprise as a complex, dynamic system. This understanding illuminates why America's research enterprise has historically been so successful; where attention should be focused to increase the societal benefits of research investments; and how those who make decisions on the allocation of funds for scientific research can best carry out their task. This report will be of special interest to policy makers who support or manage the research enterprise, to others in public and private institutions who fund research, to scholars of the research enterprise, and to scientists and engineers who seek to better understand the many pathways through which their research benefits society. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Urban Change and Poverty SN - DO - 10.17226/1096 PY - 1988 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1096/urban-change-and-poverty PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Industry and Labor AB - This up-to-date review of the critical issues confronting cities and individuals examines the policy implications of the difficult problems that will affect the future of urban America. Among the topics covered are the income, opportunities, and quality of life of urban residents; family structure, poverty, and the underclass; the redistribution of people and jobs in urban areas; urban economic growth patterns; fiscal conditions in large cities; and essays on governance and the deteriorating state of cities' aging infrastructures. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Charles W. Wessner TI - 21st Century Manufacturing: The Role of the Manufacturing Extension Partnership Program SN - DO - 10.17226/18448 PY - 2013 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18448/21st-century-manufacturing-the-role-of-the-manufacturing-extension-partnership PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Policy for Science and Technology AB - The Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) - a program of the U.S. Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology - has sought for more than two decades to strengthen American manufacturing. It is a national network of affiliated manufacturing extension centers and field offices located throughout all fifty states and Puerto Rico. Funding for MEP Centers comes from a combination of federal, state, local and private resources. Centers work directly with manufacturing firms in their state or sub-state region. MEP Centers provide expertise, services and assistance directed toward improving growth, supply chain positioning, leveraging emerging technologies, improving manufacturing processes, work force training, and the application and implementation of information in client companies through direct assistance provided by Center staff and from partner organizations and third party consultants. 21st Century Manufacturing seeks to generate a better understanding of the operation, achievements, and challenges of the MEP program in its mission to support, strengthen, and grow U.S. manufacturing. This report identifies and reviews similar national programs from abroad in order to draw on foreign practices, funding levels, and accomplishments as a point of reference and discusses current needs and initiatives in light of the global focus on advanced manufacturing, ER -