%0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Flannagan, Carol A. %E Lyle, Jared %E Carlson, Jacob %E Bedford, Denise %T Developing a Guide to Ensuring Access to the Publications and Data of Federally Funded Transportation Research %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25855/developing-a-guide-to-ensuring-access-to-the-publications-and-data-of-federally-funded-transportation-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25855/developing-a-guide-to-ensuring-access-to-the-publications-and-data-of-federally-funded-transportation-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 57 %X The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Web-Only Document 270: Developing a Guide to Ensuring Access to the Publications and Data of Federally Funded Transportation Research provides guidance for state departments of transportation (DOTs) to help them meet the requirements of the U.S. DOT Public Access Plan requiring preservation of the products of all federally funded transportation research.The document is released in parallel with NCHRP Research Report 936: Guide to Ensuring Access to the Publications and Data of Federally Funded Transportation Research. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Michigan, Carol A. Flannagan, Jared Lyle, Jacob Carlson, University of %E Bedford, Georgetown University Denise %T Guide to Ensuring Access to the Publications and Data of Federally Funded Transportation Research %D 2020 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25704/guide-to-ensuring-access-to-the-publications-and-data-of-federally-funded-transportation-research %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25704/guide-to-ensuring-access-to-the-publications-and-data-of-federally-funded-transportation-research %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 138 %X The U.S. Department of Transportation has essential requirements for researchers and research institutions requesting and receiving transportation-related federal research funds. The U.S. DOT strives to make it easier to publish and communicate scientific knowledge. It is a long-range vision which goes beyond the requirements of the U.S. DOT’s Public Access Plan.The TRB National Cooperative Highway Research Program's NCHRP Research Report 936: Guide to Ensuring Access to the Publications and Data of Federally Funded Transportation Research is designed to help state DOTs, as well as other organizations that do transportation research, better understand and consider how they will comply with the U.S. DOT policy.The guide is accompanied by NCHRP Web-Only Document 270: Developing a Guide to Ensuring Access to the Publications and Data of Federally Funded Transportation Research. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Nass, Sharyl J. %E Patlak, Margie %T Ensuring Patient Access to Affordable Cancer Drugs: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-31270-7 %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18956/ensuring-patient-access-to-affordable-cancer-drugs-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18956/ensuring-patient-access-to-affordable-cancer-drugs-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 74 %X In recent years, patients' out-of-pocket costs for cancer care have been rising rapidly. These costs include health insurance deductibles, coinsurance, and copayments for covered services, as well as services that are not covered by insurance. Many cancer patients are especially vulnerable financially because their illness and/or treatment impedes their ability to work, with some patients losing employment altogether. Even with insurance, cancer patients often experience financial hardships, such as going into debt, depleting all assets to pay for cancer treatment, and personal bankruptcy. Although many elements contribute to the cost of cancer care, one important component is the cost of new cancer drugs, which has been escalating rapidly in recent years. To explore the issue of cancer drug costs and patient access to affordable, appropriate drug therapies, the Institute of Medicine's National Cancer Policy Forum convened a workshop on ensuring patient access to affordable cancer drugs in June 2014. Affordability was considered from both individual and societal perspectives. The workshop featured discussion panels as well as invited presentations from clinicians, researchers, representatives from the health insurance and pharmaceutical industries, and patient advocates. Ensuring Patient Access to Affordable Cancer Drugs summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T Ensuring Quality and Accessible Care for Children with Disabilities and Complex Health and Educational Needs: Workshop in Brief %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23544/ensuring-quality-and-accessible-care-for-children-with-disabilities-and-complex-health-and-educational-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23544/ensuring-quality-and-accessible-care-for-children-with-disabilities-and-complex-health-and-educational-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 8 %X On December 9-10, 2015, the Forum on Promoting Children's Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Health held a 2-day workshop, "Ensuring Quality and Accessible Care for Children with Disabilities and Complex Health and Educational Needs." The goal of the workshop was to explore the needs and challenges faced by individuals and families affected by disabilities and complex conditions, as well as opportunities and innovative approaches for those conditions. Presenters and workshop participants discussed the epidemiology of disabilities, the behavioral health implications of having multiple or chronic medical conditions, early identification and interventions in different population groups, and the role of the media in shaping perceptions and misperceptions of disabilities. A special focus was how best to configure and coordinate systems of care to improve the lives of children with disabilities and complex health and educational needs. This brief summary of the workshop highlights topics raised by presenters and participants. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Olson, Steve %T Ensuring Quality and Accessible Care for Children with Disabilities and Complex Health and Educational Needs: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-44769-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23598/ensuring-quality-and-accessible-care-for-children-with-disabilities-and-complex-health-and-educational-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23598/ensuring-quality-and-accessible-care-for-children-with-disabilities-and-complex-health-and-educational-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Health and Medicine %P 114 %X Children with disabilities and complex medical and educational needs present a special challenge for policy makers and practitioners. These children exhibit tremendous heterogeneity in their conditions and needs, requiring a varied array of services to meet those needs. Uneven public and professional awareness of their conditions and a research base marked by significant gaps have led to programs, practices, and policies that are inconsistent in quality and coverage. Parents often have to navigate and coordinate, largely on their own, a variety of social, medical, and educational support services, adding to the already daunting financial, logistical, and emotional challenges of raising children with special needs. The unmet needs of children with disabilities and complex medical and educational needs can cause great suffering for these children and for those who love and care for them. To examine how systems can be configured to meet the needs of children and families as they struggle with disabilities and complex health and educational needs, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held a workshop in December 2015. The goal of the workshop was to highlight the main barriers and promising solutions for improving care and outcome of children with complex medical and educational needs. Workshop participants examined prevention, care, service coordination, and other topics relevant to children with disabilities and complex health and educational needs, along with their families and caregivers. More broadly, the workshop seeks actionable understanding on key research questions for enhancing the evidence base; promoting and sustaining the quality, accessibility, and use of relevant programs and services; and informing relevant policy development and implementation. By engaging in dialogue to connect the prevention, treatment, and implementation sciences with settings where children are seen and cared for, the forum seeks to improve the lives of children by improving the systems that affect those children and their families. This publications summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %A National Academy of Engineering %A Institute of Medicine %T Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age %@ 978-0-309-13684-6 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12615/ensuring-the-integrity-accessibility-and-stewardship-of-research-data-in-the-digital-age %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12615/ensuring-the-integrity-accessibility-and-stewardship-of-research-data-in-the-digital-age %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Computers and Information Technology %K Policy for Science and Technology %K Education %P 178 %X As digital technologies are expanding the power and reach of research, they are also raising complex issues. These include complications in ensuring the validity of research data; standards that do not keep pace with the high rate of innovation; restrictions on data sharing that reduce the ability of researchers to verify results and build on previous research; and huge increases in the amount of data being generated, creating severe challenges in preserving that data for long-term use. Ensuring the Integrity, Accessibility, and Stewardship of Research Data in the Digital Age examines the consequences of the changes affecting research data with respect to three issues - integrity, accessibility, and stewardship-and finds a need for a new approach to the design and the management of research projects. The report recommends that all researchers receive appropriate training in the management of research data, and calls on researchers to make all research data, methods, and other information underlying results publicly accessible in a timely manner. The book also sees the stewardship of research data as a critical long-term task for the research enterprise and its stakeholders. Individual researchers, research institutions, research sponsors, professional societies, and journals involved in scientific, engineering, and medical research will find this book an essential guide to the principles affecting research data in the digital age. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Sea Basing: Ensuring Joint Force Access from the Sea %@ 978-0-309-09517-4 %D 2005 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11370/sea-basing-ensuring-joint-force-access-from-the-sea %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11370/sea-basing-ensuring-joint-force-access-from-the-sea %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 104 %X The availability of land bases from which to launch and maintain military, diplomatic, and humanitarian relief operations is becoming increasingly uncertain because of physical or political constraints. The ability to operate from a sea base, therefore, is likely to become more and more important. The Defense Science Board recently concluded that Sea Basing will be a critical future joint military capability and that DOD should proceed to develop such capability. Following the DSB report, the Navy requested that the National Research Council (NRC) convene a workshop to assess the science and technology base, both inside and outside the Navy, for developing Sea Basing and to identify R&D for supporting future concepts. This report of the workshop includes an examination of Sea Basing operational concepts; ship and aircraft technology available to make Sea Basing work; and issues involved in creating the sea base as a joint system of systems. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Samet, Jonathan %E Downey, Autumn %E Yost, Olivia C. %T Frameworks for Protecting Workers and the Public from Inhalation Hazards %@ 978-0-309-27137-0 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26372/frameworks-for-protecting-workers-and-the-public-from-inhalation-hazards %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26372/frameworks-for-protecting-workers-and-the-public-from-inhalation-hazards %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 572 %X Individuals in the United States and Americans abroad are exposed to inhalation hazards from a variety of sources, and these hazards can have both short- and long-term adverse effects on health. For example, exposure to wildfire smoke, which contains particulate matter and toxic chemicals, can lead to respiratory problems, increased risk for heart attacks, and other adverse health outcomes. Individuals also may be exposed to airborne infectious agents through aerosol or droplet transmission, and as demonstrated by the COVID-19 pandemic, the individual and public health consequences of these exposures can be severe. Storms, floods, and hurricanes can increase exposure to moisture-driven hazards, such as mold, and to accidental releases from production facilities or transport vehicles that may result in chemical exposures. The current regulatory system is focused primarily on ensuring access to respiratory protection in occupational settings characterized by well-defined hazards and employer-employee relationships. With this narrow regulatory focus, the respiratory protection needs of the public and many workers are not being met. As climate change increases the incidence and severity of wildfires, hurricanes, floods, infectious disease outbreaks, and other phenomena that impact air quality and human health, it is imperative that the United States ensure that the respiratory protection needs of the public and all workers are met. Recognizing the urgent need to address the gaps in the nation's ability to meet the respiratory protection needs of the public and workers without workplace respiratory protection programs, this report makes recommendations for a framework of responsibilities and authorities that would provide a unified and authoritative source of information and effective oversight for the development, approval, and use of respiratory protection. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bain, Lisa %E Norris, Sheena M. Posey %E Stroud, Clare %T Methadone Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: Improving Access Through Regulatory and Legal Change: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-69096-6 %D 2022 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26635/methadone-treatment-for-opioid-use-disorder-improving-access-through-regulatory %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26635/methadone-treatment-for-opioid-use-disorder-improving-access-through-regulatory %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 180 %X Methadone is a Food and Drug Administration- (FDA-) approved medication for treating opioid use disorder (OUD), a chronic brain disease that affects more than 2.7 million people in the United States aged 12 and older. Despite its effectiveness in saving lives, many barriers impede access to, initiation of, and retention in methadone treatment for OUD. To address these barriers, on March 3 and 4, 2022, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine hosted a workshop on "Methadone Treatment for Opioid Use Disorder: Examining Federal Regulations and Laws," at the request of the Office of National Drug Control Policy in the Executive Office of the President. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Alper, Joe %T Developing a National STEM Workforce Strategy: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-39158-0 %D 2016 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21900/developing-a-national-stem-workforce-strategy-a-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21900/developing-a-national-stem-workforce-strategy-a-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %P 160 %X The future competitiveness of the United States in an increasingly interconnected global economy depends on the nation fostering a workforce with strong capabilities and skills in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). STEM knowledge and skills enable both individual opportunity and national competitiveness, and the nation needs to develop ways of ensuring access to high-quality education and training experiences for all students at all levels and for all workers at all career stages. The National Science Foundation (NSF) holds a primary responsibility for overseeing the federal government’s efforts to foster the creation of a STEM-capable workforce. As part of its efforts in this endeavor, NSF’s Directorate on Education and Human Resources asked the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to convene a workshop that would contribute to NSF’s preparation of a theoretical and evidence-based STEM Workforce Development R&D Core Framework. Participants discussed research themes, identified gaps and emerging research opportunities, and recommended refinements in the goals of the framework. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Augustine, Norman R. %E Madhavan, Guru %E Nass, Sharyl J. %T Making Medicines Affordable: A National Imperative %@ 978-0-309-46805-3 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24946/making-medicines-affordable-a-national-imperative %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24946/making-medicines-affordable-a-national-imperative %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 234 %X Thanks to remarkable advances in modern health care attributable to science, engineering, and medicine, it is now possible to cure or manage illnesses that were long deemed untreatable. At the same time, however, the United States is facing the vexing challenge of a seemingly uncontrolled rise in the cost of health care. Total medical expenditures are rapidly approaching 20 percent of the gross domestic product and are crowding out other priorities of national importance. The use of increasingly expensive prescription drugs is a significant part of this problem, making the cost of biopharmaceuticals a serious national concern with broad political implications. Especially with the highly visible and very large price increases for prescription drugs that have occurred in recent years, finding a way to make prescription medicines—and health care at large—more affordable for everyone has become a socioeconomic imperative. Affordability is a complex function of factors, including not just the prices of the drugs themselves, but also the details of an individual's insurance coverage and the number of medical conditions that an individual or family confronts. Therefore, any solution to the affordability issue will require considering all of these factors together. The current high and increasing costs of prescription drugs—coupled with the broader trends in overall health care costs—is unsustainable to society as a whole. Making Medicines Affordable examines patient access to affordable and effective therapies, with emphasis on drug pricing, inflation in the cost of drugs, and insurance design. This report explores structural and policy factors influencing drug pricing, drug access programs, the emerging role of comparative effectiveness assessments in payment policies, changing finances of medical practice with regard to drug costs and reimbursement, and measures to prevent drug shortages and foster continued innovation in drug development. It makes recommendations for policy actions that could address drug price trends, improve patient access to affordable and effective treatments, and encourage innovations that address significant needs in health care. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Plewes, Thomas J. %T Protecting and Accessing Data from the Survey of Earned Doctorates: A Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-14667-8 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12797/protecting-and-accessing-data-from-the-survey-of-earned-doctorates %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12797/protecting-and-accessing-data-from-the-survey-of-earned-doctorates %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Education %K Computers and Information Technology %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %K Surveys and Statistics %P 70 %X The Survey of Earned Doctorates (SED) collects data on the number and characteristics of individuals receiving research doctoral degrees from all accredited U.S. institutions. The results of this annual survey are used to assess characteristics and trends in doctorate education and degrees. This information is vital for education and labor force planners and researchers in the federal government and in academia. To protect the confidentiality of data, new and more stringent procedures were implemented for the 2006 SED data released in 2007. These procedures suppressed many previously published data elements. The organizations and institutions that had previously relied on these data to assess progress in measure of achievement and equality suddenly found themselves without a yardstick with which to measure progress. Several initiatives were taken to address these concerns, including the workshop summarized in this volume. The goal of the workshop was to address the appropriateness of the decisions that SRS made and to help the agency and data users consider future actions that might permit release of useful data while protecting the confidentiality of the survey responses. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Balogh, Erin %E Patlak, Margie %E Nass, Sharyl J. %T Improving Cancer Diagnosis and Care: Patient Access to Oncologic Imaging and Pathology Expertise and Technologies: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-47828-1 %D 2018 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25163/improving-cancer-diagnosis-and-care-patient-access-to-oncologic-imaging %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25163/improving-cancer-diagnosis-and-care-patient-access-to-oncologic-imaging %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 92 %X Rapid advances in cancer research, the development of new and more sophisticated approaches to diagnostic testing, and the growth in targeted cancer therapies are transforming the landscape of cancer diagnosis and care. These innovations have contributed to improved outcomes for patients with cancer, but they have also increased the complexity involved in diagnosis and subsequent care decisions. To examine opportunities to improve cancer diagnosis and care, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine developed a two-workshop series. The first workshop, held on February 12–13, 2018, in Washington, DC, focused on potential strategies to ensure that patients have access to appropriate expertise and technologies in oncologic pathology and imaging to inform their cancer diagnosis and treatment planning, as well as assessment of treatment response and surveillance. This publication chronicles the presentations and discussions at the workshop. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Balogh, Erin %E Patlak, Margie %E Nass, Sharyl J. %T Delivering Affordable Cancer Care in the 21st Century: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-26944-5 %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18273/delivering-affordable-cancer-care-in-the-21st-century-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18273/delivering-affordable-cancer-care-in-the-21st-century-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 94 %X Rising health care costs are a central fiscal challenge confronting the United States. National spending on health care currently accounts for 18 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), but is anticipated to increase to 25 percent of GDP by 2037. The Bipartisan Policy Center argues that "this rapid growth in health expenditures creates an unsustainable burden on America's economy, with far-reaching consequences". These consequences include crowding out many national priorities, including investments in education, infrastructure, and research; stagnation of employee wages; and decreased international competitiveness.In spite of health care costs that far exceed those of other countries, health outcomes in the United States are not considerably better. With the goal of ensuring that patients have access to high-quality, affordable cancer care, the Institute of Medicine's (IOM's) National Cancer Policy Forum convened a public workshop, Delivering Affordable Cancer Care in the 21st Century, October 8-9, 2012, in Washington, DC. Delivering Affordable Cancer Care in the 21st Century summarizes the workshop. %0 Book %T %D %U %> %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %P %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Utilization of Operational Environmental Satellite Data: Ensuring Readiness for 2010 and Beyond %@ 978-0-309-09235-7 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11187/utilization-of-operational-environmental-satellite-data-ensuring-readiness-for-2010 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11187/utilization-of-operational-environmental-satellite-data-ensuring-readiness-for-2010 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Space and Aeronautics %P 186 %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %E Colten, Harvey R. %E Altevogt, Bruce M. %T Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation: An Unmet Public Health Problem %@ 978-0-309-10111-0 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11617/sleep-disorders-and-sleep-deprivation-an-unmet-public-health-problem %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11617/sleep-disorders-and-sleep-deprivation-an-unmet-public-health-problem %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 424 %X Clinical practice related to sleep problems and sleep disorders has been expanding rapidly in the last few years, but scientific research is not keeping pace. Sleep apnea, insomnia, and restless legs syndrome are three examples of very common disorders for which we have little biological information. This new book cuts across a variety of medical disciplines such as neurology, pulmonology, pediatrics, internal medicine, psychiatry, psychology, otolaryngology, and nursing, as well as other medical practices with an interest in the management of sleep pathology. This area of research is not limited to very young and old patients—sleep disorders reach across all ages and ethnicities. Sleep Disorders and Sleep Deprivation presents a structured analysis that explores the following: Improving awareness among the general public and health care professionals. Increasing investment in interdisciplinary somnology and sleep medicine research training and mentoring activities. Validating and developing new and existing technologies for diagnosis and treatment. This book will be of interest to those looking to learn more about the enormous public health burden of sleep disorders and sleep deprivation and the strikingly limited capacity of the health care enterprise to identify and treat the majority of individuals suffering from sleep problems. %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Preventing Low Birthweight: Summary %@ 978-0-309-03535-4 %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/512/preventing-low-birthweight-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/512/preventing-low-birthweight-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 41 %X Written for a broad audience, including program administrators, policymakers, teachers, students, and health care professionals and their patients—anyone with an interest in preventing low birthweight—this summary is a condensation of the full report, Preventing Low Birthweight. It clearly and concisely covers most of the topics discussed in the comprehensive volume. 2-9 copies, $4.00 each; 10 or more copies, $2.50 each (no other discounts apply). %0 Book %A Institute of Medicine %T Preventing Low Birthweight %@ 978-0-309-03530-9 %D 1985 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/511/preventing-low-birthweight %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/511/preventing-low-birthweight %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Health and Medicine %P 296 %X Despite recent declines in infant mortality, the rates of low birthweight deliveries in the United States continue to be high. Part I of this volume defines the significance of the problems, presents current data on risk factors and etiology, and reviews recent state and national trends in the incidence of low birthweight among various groups. Part II describes the preventive approaches found most desirable and considers their costs. Research needs are discussed throughout the volume.