%0 Book %A National Research Council %T Elevation Data for Floodplain Mapping %@ 978-0-309-10409-8 %D 2007 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11829/elevation-data-for-floodplain-mapping %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11829/elevation-data-for-floodplain-mapping %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 166 %X Floodplain maps serve as the basis for determining whether homes or buildings require flood insurance under the National Flood Insurance Program run by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Approximately $650 billion in insured assets are now covered under the program. FEMA is modernizing floodplain maps to better serve the program. However, concerns have been raised as to the adequacy of the base map information available to support floodplain map modernization. Elevation Data for Floodplain Mapping shows that there is sufficient two-dimensional base map imagery to meet FEMA's flood map modernization goals, but that the three-dimensional base elevation data that are needed to determine whether a building should have flood insurance are not adequate. This book makes recommendations for a new national digital elevation data collection program to redress the inadequacy. Policy makers; property insurance professionals; federal, local, and state governments; and others concerned with natural disaster prevention and preparedness will find this book of interest. %0 Book %T Review of the St. Johns River Water Supply Impact Study: Report 2 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12827/review-of-the-st-johns-river-water-supply-impact-study %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12827/review-of-the-st-johns-river-water-supply-impact-study %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Earth Sciences %P 18 %X This report is the second in a series providing ongoing advice to the St. Johns River Water Management District (the District) as it considers withdrawing additional water from the St. Johns River in east-central Florida for future public supply. The first report included a series of recommendations, some broad and others specific to the seven scientific workgroups that are conducting the Water Supply Impact Study (WSIS). A major focus of the present report is the District's responses to those recommendations. This report expresses thoughts and opinions on the District's efforts in that regard and is targeted at the District scientists that have conducted the WSIS. Much of this report focuses on particular areas where the committee concludes that additional or continued attention and work are warranted. %0 Book %T Development and Application of Small Spaceborne Synthetic Aperture Radars %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9492/development-and-application-of-small-spaceborne-synthetic-aperture-radars %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9492/development-and-application-of-small-spaceborne-synthetic-aperture-radars %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 69 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T A Geospatial Framework for the Coastal Zone: National Needs for Coastal Mapping and Charting %@ 978-0-309-09176-3 %D 2004 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10947/a-geospatial-framework-for-the-coastal-zone-national-needs-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10947/a-geospatial-framework-for-the-coastal-zone-national-needs-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 165 %X The coastal zone is of enormous importance to the well-being of the nation, as our lives and economy are inextricably linked to the features and activities that occur within this dynamic region. In order to understand and address the effects of natural and anthropogenic forces in the coastal zone, a holistic multidisciplinary framework is required to account for the interconnectivity of processes within the system. The foundation of this framework is accurate geospatial information—information that is depicted on maps and charts. A Geospatial Framework for the Coastal Zone National Needs identifies and suggests mechanisms for addressing national needs for spatial information in the coastal zone. It identifies high priority needs, evaluates the potential for meeting those needs based on the current level of effort, and suggests steps to increase collaboration and ensure that the nation's need for spatial information in the coastal zone is met in an efficient and timely manner. %0 Book %T A Data Foundation For The National Spatial Data Infrastructure %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9083/a-data-foundation-for-the-national-spatial-data-infrastructure %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9083/a-data-foundation-for-the-national-spatial-data-infrastructure %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 45 %0 Book %T Earth Observations From Space: History, Promise, and Reality (Executive Summary) %D 1995 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9160/earth-observations-from-space-history-promise-and-reality-executive-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9160/earth-observations-from-space-history-promise-and-reality-executive-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %P 26 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Mapping the Zone: Improving Flood Map Accuracy %@ 978-0-309-13057-8 %D 2009 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12573/mapping-the-zone-improving-flood-map-accuracy %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12573/mapping-the-zone-improving-flood-map-accuracy %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 136 %X Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps portray the height and extent to which flooding is expected to occur, and they form the basis for setting flood insurance premiums and regulating development in the floodplain. As such, they are an important tool for individuals, businesses, communities, and government agencies to understand and deal with flood hazard and flood risk. Improving map accuracy is therefore not an academic question—better maps help everyone. Making and maintaining an accurate flood map is neither simple nor inexpensive. Even after an investment of more than $1 billion to take flood maps into the digital world, only 21 percent of the population has maps that meet or exceed national flood hazard data quality thresholds. Even when floodplains are mapped with high accuracy, land development and natural changes to the landscape or hydrologic systems create the need for continuous map maintenance and updates. Mapping the Zone examines the factors that affect flood map accuracy, assesses the benefits and costs of more accurate flood maps, and recommends ways to improve flood mapping, communication, and management of flood-related data. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Research Opportunities in Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey %@ 978-0-309-08516-8 %D 2002 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10486/research-opportunities-in-geography-at-the-us-geological-survey %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10486/research-opportunities-in-geography-at-the-us-geological-survey %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 144 %X Research Opportunities in Geography at the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) provides perspective and guidance to the geography discipline about its future research and strategic directions. The report makes specific recommendations about scientific research priorities and partnerships within and outside the agency, and outlines a long-term core research agenda for the USGS. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Gwin, T. K. %E Khanna, Vivek %E Valecha, Drishti %E Risner, Eric %E Menezes, Sheldon %T Automated Pavement Condition Survey Practices at Airports %D 2023 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27220/automated-pavement-condition-survey-practices-at-airports %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27220/automated-pavement-condition-survey-practices-at-airports %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 74 %X Pavement condition data are a critical component of pavement management programs. The accuracy and validity of pavement condition data are the basis for many activities conducted by airports and local agencies. ACRP Synthesis 124: Automated Pavement Condition Survey Practices at Airports, from TRB's Airport Cooperative Research Program, documents airport practices, challenges, and lessons learned in conducting automated pavement condition surveys, which are not always common practices at airports. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Toward a New Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service (AHPS) %@ 978-0-309-10144-8 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11598/toward-a-new-advanced-hydrologic-prediction-service-ahps %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11598/toward-a-new-advanced-hydrologic-prediction-service-ahps %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 84 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Weaving a National Map: A Review of the U.S. Geological Survey Concept of 'The National Map' %@ 978-0-309-08747-6 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10606/weaving-a-national-map-a-review-of-the-us-geological %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10606/weaving-a-national-map-a-review-of-the-us-geological %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 140 %X Weaving a National Map draws on contributions to a September 2002 workshop and the U.S. Geological Survey's (USGS) "vision" document for The National Map, envisioned by the USGS as a database providing "public domain core geographic data about the United States and its territories that other agencies can extend, enhance, and reference as they concentrate on maintaining other data that are unique to their needs." The demand for up-to-date information in real time for public welfare and safety informs this need to update an aging paper map series that is, on average, 23 years old. The NRC report describes how The National Map initiative would gain from improved definition so that the unprecedented number of partners needed for success will become energized to participate. The challenges faced by USGS in implementing The National Map are more organizational than technical. To succeed, the USGS will need to continue to learn from challenges encountered in its ongoing pilot studies as well as from other federal-led programs that have partnered with multiple sectors. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Review of EarthScope Integrated Science %@ 978-0-309-07644-9 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10271/review-of-earthscope-integrated-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10271/review-of-earthscope-integrated-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 73 %X EarthScope is a major science initiative in the solid-earth sciences and has been described as "a new earth science initiative that will dramatically advance our physical understanding of the North American continent by exploring its three-dimensional structure through time". The initiative proposes to cover the United States with an array of instruments created to reveal how the continent was put together, how the continent is moving now, and what lies beneath the continent. The initiative is made of four components, three of which are funded by the Major Research Equipment program of the National Science Foundation (NSF) and one of which is mostly associated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In response to a request by the NSF, the National Research Council (NRC) established a committee to review the science objectives and implementation planning of the three NSF components, United States Seismic Array (USArray), the Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO), and the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD). The committee was charged with answered four specific questions: Is the scientific rationale for EarthScope sound, and are the scientific questions to be addressed of significant importance? Is there any additional component that should be added to the EarthScope initiative to ensure that it will achieve its objective of a vastly increased understanding of the structure, dynamics, and evolution of the continental crust of North America? Are the implementation and management plans for the three elements of EarthScope reviewed here appropriate to achieve their objectives? Have the appropriate partnerships required to maximize the scientific outcomes from EarthScope been identified in the planning documents? Review of EarthScope Integrated Science presents the committee's findings and recommendations. To reach its conclusions the committee reviewed extensive written material and listened to presentations by members of the EarthScope Working Group and other interested scientists. The recommendations encompass science questions, management, education and outreach, and partnerships. Overall the committee was impressed by the EarthScope initiative. %0 Book %A National Research Council %E Betts, Kellyn %E Sawyer, Keegan %T Modeling the Health Risks of Climate Change: Workshop Summary %@ 978-0-309-37098-1 %D 2015 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21705/modeling-the-health-risks-of-climate-change-workshop-summary %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21705/modeling-the-health-risks-of-climate-change-workshop-summary %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 49 %X Climate change poses risks to human health and well-being through shifting weather patterns, increases in frequency and intensity of heat waves and other extreme weather events, rising sea levels, ocean acidification, and other environmental effects. Those risks occur against a backdrop of changing socioeconomic conditions, medical technology, population demographics, environmental conditions, and other factors that are important in determining health. Models of health risks that reflect how health determinants and climate changes vary in time and space are needed so that we can inform adaptation efforts and reduce or prevent adverse health effects. Robust health risk models could also help to inform national and international discussions about climate policies and the economic consequences of action and inaction. Interest in resolving some of the challenges facing health effects modelers and health scientists led the National Research Council's Standing Committee on Emerging Science for Environmental Health Decisions to hold a workshop on November 3-4, 2014, in Washington, DC, to explore new approaches to modeling the human health risks of climate change. Throughout the workshop, the discussions highlighted examples of current application of models, research gaps, lessons learned, and potential next steps to improve modeling of health risks associated with climate change. Modeling the Health Risks of Climate Change summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Bannura, Randall J. Murphy and Ramzi K. %T Integrating Airport Geographic Information System (GIS) Data with Public Agency GIS %D 2014 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22288/integrating-airport-geographic-information-system-gis-data-with-public-agency-gis %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22288/integrating-airport-geographic-information-system-gis-data-with-public-agency-gis %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 66 %X TRB’s Airport Cooperative Research Program (ACRP) Synthesis 59: Integrating Airport Geographic Information System (GIS) Data with Public Agency GIS identifies effective and emerging data exchange practices that airports and public agencies can use to increase the data they have access to, while reducing the cost of identifying, collecting, and maintaining these data. It synthesizes the need expressed by airports and public agencies to exchange geographic information and related resources, highlighting effective practices and industry trends. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Using Remote Sensing in State and Local Government: Information for Management and Decision Making %@ 978-0-309-08863-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10648/using-remote-sensing-in-state-and-local-government-information-for %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10648/using-remote-sensing-in-state-and-local-government-information-for %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Space and Aeronautics %K Engineering and Technology %P 111 %X Advances in spatial, spectral, and temporal resolution over the past several years have greatly expanded opportunities for practical applications of remote sensing data. To explore the implications of these possibilities, the NRC held a series of three workshops on different facets of remote sensing applications. This report is on the third of those workshops: the development and use of remote sensing data and information by state, local, and regional governments. The steering committee was asked to examine the opportunities, potential challenges, and policy issues associated with the application of remote sensing data in the public sector including approaches and procedures for government agencies to use such data and barriers to development and use of the applications. The resulting report is addressed primarily to non-technical managers and decisions makers at all levels of government below the federal level. %0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Casola, Linda %T Enhancing Urban Sustainability with Data, Modeling, and Simulation: Proceedings of a Workshop %@ 978-0-309-49411-3 %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25480/enhancing-urban-sustainability-with-data-modeling-and-simulation-proceedings-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25480/enhancing-urban-sustainability-with-data-modeling-and-simulation-proceedings-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Environment and Environmental Studies %K Surveys and Statistics %P 108 %X On January 30-31, 2019 the Board on Mathematical Sciences and Analytics, in collaboration with the Board on Energy and Environmental Systems and the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, convened a workshop in Washington, D.C. to explore the frontiers of mathematics and data science needs for sustainable urban communities. The workshop strengthened the emerging interdisciplinary network of practitioners, business leaders, government officials, nonprofit stakeholders, academics, and policy makers using data, modeling, and simulation for urban and community sustainability, and addressed common challenges that the community faces. Presentations highlighted urban sustainability research efforts and programs under way, including research into air quality, water management, waste disposal, and social equity and discussed promising urban sustainability research questions that improved use of big data, modeling, and simulation can help address. This publication summarizes the presentation and discussion of the workshop. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Landscapes on the Edge: New Horizons for Research on Earth's Surface %@ 978-0-309-14024-9 %D 2010 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12700/landscapes-on-the-edge-new-horizons-for-research-on-earths %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/12700/landscapes-on-the-edge-new-horizons-for-research-on-earths %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 180 %X During geologic spans of time, Earth's shifting tectonic plates, atmosphere, freezing water, thawing ice, flowing rivers, and evolving life have shaped Earth's surface features. The resulting hills, mountains, valleys, and plains shelter ecosystems that interact with all life and provide a record of Earth surface processes that extend back through Earth's history. Despite rapidly growing scientific knowledge of Earth surface interactions, and the increasing availability of new monitoring technologies, there is still little understanding of how these processes generate and degrade landscapes. Landscapes on the Edge identifies nine grand challenges in this emerging field of study and proposes four high-priority research initiatives. The book poses questions about how our planet's past can tell us about its future, how landscapes record climate and tectonics, and how Earth surface science can contribute to developing a sustainable living surface for future generations. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Urban Meteorology: Forecasting, Monitoring, and Meeting Users' Needs %@ 978-0-309-25217-1 %D 2012 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13328/urban-meteorology-forecasting-monitoring-and-meeting-users-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13328/urban-meteorology-forecasting-monitoring-and-meeting-users-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Environment and Environmental Studies %P 190 %X According to the United Nations, three out of five people will be living in cities worldwide by the year 2030. The United States continues to experience urbanization with its vast urban corridors on the east and west coasts. Although urban weather is driven by large synoptic and meso-scale features, weather events unique to the urban environment arise from the characteristics of the typical urban setting, such as large areas covered by buildings of a variety of heights; paved streets and parking areas; means to supply electricity, natural gas, water, and raw materials; and generation of waste heat and materials. Urban Meteorology: Forecasting, Monitoring, and Meeting Users' Needs is based largely on the information provided at a Board on Atmospheric Sciences and Climate community workshop. This book describes the needs for end user communities, focusing in particular on needs that are not being met by current urban-level forecasting and monitoring. Urban Meteorology also describes current and emerging meteorological forecasting and monitoring capabilities that have had and will likely have the most impact on urban areas, some of which are not being utilized by the relevant end user communities. Urban Meteorology explains that users of urban meteorological information need high-quality information available in a wide variety of formats that foster its use and within time constraints set by users' decision processes. By advancing the science and technology related to urban meteorology with input from key end user communities, urban meteorologists can better meet the needs of diverse end users. To continue the advancement within the field of urban meteorology, there are both short-term needs-which might be addressed with small investments but promise large, quick returns-as well as future challenges that could require significant efforts and investments. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science %@ 978-0-309-07133-8 %D 2001 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9981/basic-research-opportunities-in-earth-science %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9981/basic-research-opportunities-in-earth-science %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Space and Aeronautics %P 168 %X Basic Research Opportunities in Earth Science identifies areas of high-priority research within the purview of the Earth Science Division of the National Science Foundation, assesses cross-disciplinary connections, and discusses the linkages between basic research and societal needs. Opportunities in Earth science have been opened up by major improvements in techniques for reading the geological record of terrestrial change, capabilities for observing active processes in the present-day Earth, and computational technologies for realistic simulations of dynamic geosystems. This book examines six specific areas in which the opportunities for basic research are especially compelling, including integrative studies of the near-surface environment (the “Critical Zone”); geobiology; Earth and planetary materials; investigations of the continents; studies of Earth’s deep interior; and planetary science. It concludes with a discussion of mechanisms for exploiting these research opportunities, including EarthScope, natural laboratories, and partnerships. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T IT Roadmap to a Geospatial Future %@ 978-0-309-08738-4 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10661/it-roadmap-to-a-geospatial-future %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10661/it-roadmap-to-a-geospatial-future %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Conflict and Security Issues %K Earth Sciences %P 136 %X A grand challenge for science is to understand the human implications of global environmental change and to help society cope with those changes. Virtually all the scientific questions associated with this challenge depend on geospatial information (geoinformation) and on the ability of scientists, working individually and in groups, to interact with that information in flexible and increasingly complex ways. Another grand challenge is how to respond to calamities-terrorist activities, other human-induced crises, and natural disasters. Much of the information that underpins emergency preparedness, response, recovery, and mitigation is geospatial in nature. In terrorist situations, for example, origins and destinations of phone calls and e-mail messages, travel patterns of individuals, dispersal patterns of airborne chemicals, assessment of places at risk, and the allocation of resources all involve geospatial information. Much of the work addressing environment- and emergency-related concerns will depend on how productively humans are able to integrate, distill, and correlate a wide range of seemingly unrelated information. In addition to critical advances in location-aware computing, databases, and data mining methods, advances in the human-computer interface will couple new computational capabilities with human cognitive capabilities.This report outlines an interdisciplinary research roadmap at the intersection of computer science and geospatial information science. The report was developed by a committee convened by the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board of the National Research Council.