TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carolina Rodezno TI - Ignition Furnace Correction Factors: Identifying Influences and Minimizing Variability DO - 10.17226/27030 PY - 2023 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/27030/ignition-furnace-correction-factors-identifying-influences-and-minimizing-variability PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Historically, the most common method for determining asphalt content was extraction using different methods and solvents such as trichloroethylene, methylene chloride, or n-propyl bromide. In the 1980s, the use of chlorinated solvents for asphalt extractions began to be questioned because of potential health and safety impacts and disposal difficulties. NCHRP Research Report 1060: Ignition Furnace Correction Factors: Identifying Influences and Minimizing Variability, from TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program, finds that reducing testing temperature results in lower correction factors for most asphalt mixes included in the evaluation. The study provides a precision statement that may be of particular interest to agencies dealing with mixes containing high recycled content materials and aggregates with high loss mass during ignition testing. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Carolina Rodezno A2 - Ray Brown A2 - Grant Julian A2 - Brian Prowell TI - Variability of Ignition Furnace Correction Factors DO - 10.17226/24707 PY - 2017 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24707/variability-of-ignition-furnace-correction-factors PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Research Report 847: Variability of Ignition Furnace Correction Factors explores the significant influences that affect the variability of asphalt and aggregate correction factors for ignition furnaces. The report presents a proposed practice in American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) standard format for installation, operation, and maintenance of ignition furnaces to minimize the variability in correction factors between furnaces. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Edward H. Shortliffe A2 - Francis K. Amankwah A2 - Tracy A. Lustig A2 - Sharyl J. Nass TI - Medications in Single-Dose Vials: Implications of Discarded Drugs SN - DO - 10.17226/25911 PY - 2021 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25911/medications-in-single-dose-vials-implications-of-discarded-drugs PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine AB - Every year, significant amounts of expensive drugs are discarded. This is due in part to the growing number of prescription drugs that are administered in variable doses (rather than fixed or flat doses) based on a patient's weight or body size. Strict regulations and guidance generally prohibit or severely restrict the acceptable time frame for sharing medication from single-dose vials among patients, and so the unused amount will typically be discarded. Due to the current system for producing, administering, and paying for drugs in the United States, significant - but indeterminate - amounts of expensive prescription drugs are discarded each year. At the request of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, Medications in Single Dose Vials: Implications of Discarded Drugs explores the federal health care costs, safety, and quality concerns associated with discarded drugs that result from the weight-based dosing of medicines contained in single-dose vials. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Environmental Effects in Pavement Mix and Structural Design Systems DO - 10.17226/23244 PY - 2007 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23244/environmental-effects-in-pavement-mix-and-structural-design-systems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - TRB's National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Web-Only Document 113: Environmental Effects in Pavement Mix and Structural Design Systems examines limitations associated with provisional protocols on hardening potential of asphalt binders and mixes, and explores ways to enhance the predictive capabilities of these protocols. A summary of this effort was published as NCHRP Research Results Digest 324. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council A2 - Robert Pool A2 - Joan Esnayra TI - Bioinformatics: Converting Data to Knowledge SN - DO - 10.17226/9990 PY - 2000 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/9990/bioinformatics-converting-data-to-knowledge PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Biology and Life Sciences AB - The goal of this workshop was to bring together bioinformatics stake holders from government, academe, and industry for a day of presentations and dialogue. Fifteen experts identified and discussed some of the most important issues raised by the current flood of biologic data. Topics explored included the importance of database curation, database integration and interoperability, consistency and standards in terminology, error prevention and correction, data provenance, ontology, the importance of maintaining privacy, data mining, and the need for more computer scientists with specialty training in bioinformatics. Although formal conclusions and recommendations will not come from this particular workshop, many insights may be gleaned about the future of this field, from the context of the discussions and presentations described here. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - A Smarter National Surveillance System for Occupational Safety and Health in the 21st Century SN - DO - 10.17226/24835 PY - 2018 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/24835/a-smarter-national-surveillance-system-for-occupational-safety-and-health-in-the-21st-century PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Health and Medicine KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences KW - Industry and Labor KW - Surveys and Statistics AB - The workplace is where 156 million working adults in the United States spend many waking hours, and it has a profound influence on health and well-being. Although some occupations and work-related activities are more hazardous than others and face higher rates of injuries, illness, disease, and fatalities, workers in all occupations face some form of work-related safety and health concerns. Understanding those risks to prevent injury, illness, or even fatal incidents is an important function of society. Occupational safety and health (OSH) surveillance provides the data and analyses needed to understand the relationships between work and injuries and illnesses in order to improve worker safety and health and prevent work-related injuries and illnesses. Information about the circumstances in which workers are injured or made ill on the job and how these patterns change over time is essential to develop effective prevention programs and target future research. The nation needs a robust OSH surveillance system to provide this critical information for informing policy development, guiding educational and regulatory activities, developing safer technologies, and enabling research and prevention strategies that serves and protects all workers. A Smarter National Surveillance System for Occupational Safety and Health in the 21st Century provides a comprehensive assessment of the state of OSH surveillance. This report is intended to be useful to federal and state agencies that have an interest in occupational safety and health, but may also be of interest broadly to employers, labor unions and other worker advocacy organizations, the workers' compensation insurance industry, as well as state epidemiologists, academic researchers, and the broader public health community. The recommendations address the strengths and weaknesses of the envisioned system relative to the status quo and both short- and long-term actions and strategies needed to bring about a progressive evolution of the current system. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene: Key Scientific Issues SN - DO - 10.17226/11707 PY - 2006 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11707/assessing-the-human-health-risks-of-trichloroethylene-key-scientific-issues PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Health and Medicine AB - Trichloroethylene is a chlorinated solvent widely used as a degreasing agent in industrial and manufacturing settings. It is also used as a chemical intermediate in making other chemicals and is a component of products such as typewriter correction fluid, paint removers, adhesives, and spot removers. In 2001, EPA issued a draft health risk assessment and proposed exposure standards for trichloroethylene. PA's Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) reviewed the draft and it was issued for public comment. A number of scientific issues were raised during the course of these reviews. Assessing the Human Health Risks of Trichloroethylene identifies and assesses the key scientific issues relevant to analyzing the human health risks of trichloroethylene, considering pertinent toxicologic, epidemiologic, population susceptibility, and other available information, including relevant published scientific literature, EPA's 2001 draft health risk assessment of trichloroethylene, scientific and technical comments received by EPA from public and private sources, and additional relevant information to be provided by the sponsoring agencies. This report highlights issues critical to the development of an objective, realistic, and scientifically balanced trichloroethylene health risk assessment. Guidance for hazard characterization of trichloroethylene is presented in Chapters 2 through 10. Chapter 2 provides guidance for evaluating large sets of epidemiologic data. In Chapter 3, the committee applies this guidance as an example in its evaluation of the epidemiologic data on trichloroethylene and kidney cancer, and this example should help guide evaluations of other cancer risks. Chapter 3 also assesses new information on the kidney toxicity of trichloroethylene and its metabolites and potential modes of action. Chapters 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 evaluate the key issues regarding liver toxicity and cancer, reproductive and developmental toxicity, neurotoxicity, respiratory tract toxicity and cancer, and immunotoxicity, respectively. However, the committee's review focused on mode-of-action information to understand how trichloroethylene might affect certain processes differently in different species. Chapter 9 discusses susceptibility to trichloroethylene and its metabolites, and Chapter 10 describes important factors in considering trichloroethylene in mixtures. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic models are evaluated in Chapter 11, and guidance is provided on future directions for model development. Finally, Chapter 12 considers issues related to dose-response assessment and quantitative assessment of risk. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academy of Engineering AU - National Academy of Engineering TI - Frontiers of Engineering: Reports on Leading-Edge Engineering from the 2004 NAE Symposium on Frontiers of Engineering SN - DO - 10.17226/11220 PY - 2005 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11220/frontiers-of-engineering-reports-on-leading-edge-engineering-from-the PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Engineering and Technology KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - This volume includes 14 papers from the National Academy of Engineering's Tenth Annual U.S. Frontiers of Engineering Symposium held in September 2004. The U.S. Frontiers meeting brings together 100 outstanding engineers (ages 30-45) to learn from their peers and discuss leading-edge technologies in a range of fields. The 2004 symposium covered these four areas: engineering for extreme environments, designer materials, multiscale modeling, and engineering and entertainment. Papers in the book cover topics such as scalable mobile robots for deployment in polar climates, the challenges of landing on Mars, thin-film active materials, vascular tissue engineering, small-scale processes and large-scale simulations of the climate system, simulating physically accurate illumination in computer graphics, and designing socially intelligent robots, among others. Appendixes include information about the contributors, the symposium program, and a list of the meeting participants. The book is the tenth in a series covering the topics of the U.S. Frontiers of Engineering meetings. ER - TY - BOOK TI - Information Services and Information Processing: Practical Applications of Space Systems, Supporting Paper 13 DO - 10.17226/20644 PY - 1975 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20644/information-services-and-information-processing-practical-applications-of-space-systems PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK TI - Federal Retrofit Programs for Building Seismic Safety DO - 10.17226/20818 PY - 1990 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20818/federal-retrofit-programs-for-building-seismic-safety PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Earth Sciences ER - TY - BOOK TI - Estimation of Recent Trends in Fertility and Mortality in the Republic of Korea DO - 10.17226/19757 PY - 1980 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19757/estimation-of-recent-trends-in-fertility-and-mortality-in-the-republic-of-korea PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Behavioral and Social Sciences ER - TY - BOOK TI - Report of the Ad Hoc Panel on Electromagnetic Propagation DO - 10.17226/21131 PY - 1962 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/21131/report-of-the-ad-hoc-panel-on-electromagnetic-propagation PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Building Ocean Science Partnerships: The United States and Mexico Working Together SN - DO - 10.17226/5874 PY - 1999 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5874/building-ocean-science-partnerships-the-united-states-and-mexico-working PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Earth Sciences AB - Building Ocean Science Partnerships describes a set of potential ocean science projects for cooperative research between scientists from the United States and Mexico, particularly focused on the Pacific Coast of California and Baja California, the Gulf of California, and the Gulf of Mexico. Barriers to cooperation between scientists of the two nations are identified, and methods to overcome such barriers are recommended. The book describes how interactions can be promoted by enhancing opportunities for education and training, building and sharing scientific infrastructure, participating together in large-scale marine research programs and regional ocean observing systems, planning joint science events and publications, and developing sources of binational funding. Building Ocean Science Partnerships will be published in English and Spanish to make its contents widely accessible in the United States and Mexico. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Development of a Small Aircraft Runway Length Analysis Tool DO - 10.17226/26730 PY - 2022 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/26730/development-of-a-small-aircraft-runway-length-analysis-tool PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - An important operational characteristic of an airport is the length of its longest runway. The longest runway determines the types of aircraft that can use the airport and dictates the operational limitations at the airport. The TRB Airport Cooperative Research Program's ACRP Web-Only Document 54: Development of a Small Aircraft Runway Length Analysis Tool provides a user-friendly computer tool to help airport planners and designers estimate runway length requirements for a variety of aircraft and design conditions. Supplemental to the report are the SARLAT (for Windows and Mac) and the SARLAT Users Guide. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III SN - DO - 10.17226/13390 PY - 2012 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13390/testing-of-body-armor-materials-phase-iii PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Conflict and Security Issues KW - Engineering and Technology AB - In 2009, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) released the report Warfighter Support: Independent Expert Assessment of Army Body Armor Test Results and Procedures Needed Before Fielding, which commented on the conduct of the test procedures governing acceptance of body armor vest-plate inserts worn by military service members. This GAO report, as well as other observations, led the Department of Defense Director, Operational Test & Evaluation, to request that the National Research Council (NRC) Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences conduct a three-phase study to investigate issues related to the testing of body armor materials for use by the U.S. Army and other military departments. Phase I and II resulted in two NRC letter reports: one in 2009 and one in 2010. This report is Phase III in the study. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III provides a roadmap to reduce the variability of clay processes and shows how to migrate from clay to future solutions, as well as considers the use of statistics to permit a more scientific determination of sample sizes to be used in body armor testing. This report also develops ideas for revising or replacing the Prather study methodology, as well as reviews comments on methodologies and technical approaches to military helmet testing. Testing of Body Armor Materials: Phase III also considers the possibility of combining various national body armor testing standards. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine A2 - Anne Frances Johnson TI - Frontiers in Thermal Transport and Energy Conversion: Proceedings of a Workshop SN - DO - 10.17226/25549 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25549/frontiers-in-thermal-transport-and-energy-conversion-proceedings-of-a PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Math, Chemistry, and Physics AB - Thermal transport and energy conversion has remained an active field for at least 200 years, with numerous opportunities for discoveries and new applications. Recently, experiments have advanced researchers' understanding of basic physics, and how new discoveries might translate into applications in energy, materials, quantum technologies, and other areas. The National Academies convened a workshop on April 11, 2019 to identify and assess the frontier of current research in the field of thermal transport and energy conversion. Discussions involved topics related to thermal transport and quasi-particle hydrodynamics, thermal transport beyond the quasiparticle paradigm, the thermal hall effect from neutral spin excitations in frustrated quantum magnets, quantization of the thermal hall conductivity at small hall angles, and thermal spin transport, including spin-seebeck and magnon drag effects. These topics were strategically selected with the goal of uncovering key challenges, opportunities, and issues in order to guide future efforts and investments to advance the field. This publication offers a condensed summary of the discussions and presentations from the workshop, which was unclassified and open to the public. ER - TY - BOOK AU - Transportation Research Board AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Reducing Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: Final Report SN - DO - 10.17226/25542 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25542/reducing-fuel-consumption-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions-of-medium-and-heavy-duty-vehicles-phase-two PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Environment and Environmental Studies KW - Transportation and Infrastructure AB - Medium- and heavy-duty trucks, motor coaches, and transit buses - collectively, "medium- and heavy-duty vehicles", or MHDVs - are used in every sector of the economy. The fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions of MHDVs have become a focus of legislative and regulatory action in the past few years. This study is a follow-on to the National Research Council's 2010 report, Technologies and Approaches to Reducing the Fuel Consumption of Medium-and Heavy-Duty Vehicles. That report provided a series of findings and recommendations on the development of regulations for reducing fuel consumption of MHDVs. On September 15, 2011, NHTSA and EPA finalized joint Phase I rules to establish a comprehensive Heavy-Duty National Program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fuel consumption for on-road medium- and heavy-duty vehicles. As NHTSA and EPA began working on a second round of standards, the National Academies issued another report, Reducing the Fuel Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles, Phase Two: First Report, providing recommendations for the Phase II standards. This third and final report focuses on a possible third phase of regulations to be promulgated by these agencies in the next decade. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Advanced Technologies for Gas Turbines SN - DO - 10.17226/25630 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25630/advanced-technologies-for-gas-turbines PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Energy and Energy Conservation AB - Leadership in gas turbine technologies is of continuing importance as the value of gas turbine production is projected to grow substantially by 2030 and beyond. Power generation, aviation, and the oil and gas industries rely on advanced technologies for gas turbines. Market trends including world demographics, energy security and resilience, decarbonization, and customer profiles are rapidly changing and influencing the future of these industries and gas turbine technologies. Technology trends that define the technological environment in which gas turbine research and development will take place are also changing - including inexpensive, large scale computational capabilities, highly autonomous systems, additive manufacturing, and cybersecurity. It is important to evaluate how these changes influence the gas turbine industry and how to manage these changes moving forward. Advanced Technologies for Gas Turbines identifies high-priority opportunities for improving and creating advanced technologies that can be introduced into the design and manufacture of gas turbines to enhance their performance. The goals of this report are to assess the 2030 gas turbine global landscape via analysis of global leadership, market trends, and technology trends that impact gas turbine applications, develop a prioritization process, define high-priority research goals, identify high-priority research areas and topics to achieve the specified goals, and direct future research. Findings and recommendations from this report are important in guiding research within the gas turbine industry and advancing electrical power generation, commercial and military aviation, and oil and gas production. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine TI - Report Series: Committee on Solar and Space Physics: Agile Responses to Short-Notice Rideshare Opportunities for the NASA Heliophysics Division SN - DO - 10.17226/25726 PY - 2020 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25726/report-series-committee-on-solar-and-space-physics-agile-responses PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics AB - Report Series: Committee on Solar and Space Physics: Agile Responses to Short-Notice Rideshare Opportunities for the NASA Heliophysics Division explores the kinds of solar and space science that would be enabled by an agile response to rideshare opportunities. This report then explores the types of payloads that are suited to these opportunities and the development and implementation of a new program that would allow agile responses to future short-notice rideshare opportunities. ER - TY - BOOK AU - National Research Council TI - The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset SN - DO - 10.17226/4920 PY - 1995 UR - https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/4920/the-global-positioning-system-a-shared-national-asset PB - The National Academies Press CY - Washington, DC LA - English KW - Space and Aeronautics KW - Engineering and Technology AB - The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellite-based navigation system that was originally designed for the U.S. military. However, the number of civilian GPS users now exceeds the military users, and many commercial markets have emerged. This book identifies technical improvements that would enhance military, civilian, and commercial use of the GPS. Several technical improvements are recommended that could be made to enhance the overall system performance. ER -