%0 Book %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %T State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences %@ 978-0-309-44027-1 %D 2021 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23474/state-of-the-art-and-practice-in-the-assessment-of-earthquake-induced-soil-liquefaction-and-its-consequences %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/23474/state-of-the-art-and-practice-in-the-assessment-of-earthquake-induced-soil-liquefaction-and-its-consequences %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 280 %X Earthquake-induced soil liquefaction (liquefaction) is a leading cause of earthquake damage worldwide. Liquefaction is often described in the literature as the phenomena of seismic generation of excess porewater pressures and consequent softening of granular soils. Many regions in the United States have been witness to liquefaction and its consequences, not just those in the west that people associate with earthquake hazards. Past damage and destruction caused by liquefaction underline the importance of accurate assessments of where liquefaction is likely and of what the consequences of liquefaction may be. Such assessments are needed to protect life and safety and to mitigate economic, environmental, and societal impacts of liquefaction in a cost-effective manner. Assessment methods exist, but methods to assess the potential for liquefaction triggering are more mature than are those to predict liquefaction consequences, and the earthquake engineering community wrestles with the differences among the various assessment methods for both liquefaction triggering and consequences. State of the Art and Practice in the Assessment of Earthquake-Induced Soil Liquefaction and Its Consequences evaluates these various methods, focusing on those developed within the past 20 years, and recommends strategies to minimize uncertainties in the short term and to develop improved methods to assess liquefaction and its consequences in the long term. This report represents a first attempt within the geotechnical earthquake engineering community to consider, in such a manner, the various methods to assess liquefaction consequences. %0 Book %T Destructive Earthquakes in Burdur and Bingol, Turkey - May 1971 %D 1975 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20150/destructive-earthquakes-in-burdur-and-bingol-turkey-may-1971 %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20150/destructive-earthquakes-in-burdur-and-bingol-turkey-may-1971 %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Earth Sciences %P 94 %0 Book %T Engineering Aspects of the Qir Earthquake of 10 April 1972 in Southern Iran: A Report to the National Science Foundation %D 1973 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20388/engineering-aspects-of-the-qir-earthquake-of-10-april-1972-in-southern-iran %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/20388/engineering-aspects-of-the-qir-earthquake-of-10-april-1972-in-southern-iran %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Earth Sciences %P 163 %0 Book %A National Academy of Sciences %E Olson, Steve %T From Research to Reward: When the Ground Gives Way: Understanding and Predicting Soil Liquefaction Caused by Earthquakes %D 2019 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25378/from-research-to-reward-when-the-ground-gives-way-understanding %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25378/from-research-to-reward-when-the-ground-gives-way-understanding %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Policy for Science and Technology %P 4 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Preventing Earthquake Disasters: The Grand Challenge in Earthquake Engineering: A Research Agenda for the Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) %@ 978-0-309-09064-3 %D 2003 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10799/preventing-earthquake-disasters-the-grand-challenge-in-earthquake-engineering-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/10799/preventing-earthquake-disasters-the-grand-challenge-in-earthquake-engineering-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Engineering and Technology %P 192 %X The Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES), administered by the National Science Foundation (NSF), is scheduled to become operational in 2004. These network sites will perform a range of experiments to test and validate complex computer models being developed to simulate the behavior of structures subjected to earthquakes. To assist in this effort, the NSF requested the National Research Council(NRC) to frame the major questions to be addressed by and to develop a long-term research agenda for NEES. Preventing Earthquake Disasters presents an overview of the grand challenge including six critical research problems making up that challenge. The report also provides an assessment of earthquake engineering research issues and the role of information technology in that research effort, and a research plan for NEES. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Estimating Losses from Future Earthquakes %@ 978-0-309-07818-4 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1361/estimating-losses-from-future-earthquakes %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1361/estimating-losses-from-future-earthquakes %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 248 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Estimating Losses from Future Earthquakes: Panel Report %@ 978-0-309-07819-1 %D 1989 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1734/estimating-losses-from-future-earthquakes-panel-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1734/estimating-losses-from-future-earthquakes-panel-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 98 %0 Book %A National Research Council %E San Hwang, Li- %E Hammack, Joseph %T Japan Sea Central Region Tsunami of May 26, 1983: A Reconnaissance Report %D 1984 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18402/japan-sea-central-region-tsunami-of-may-26-1983-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18402/japan-sea-central-region-tsunami-of-may-26-1983-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 44 %X A few seconds after noon on May 26, 1983, a major earthquake occurred in the Japan Sea about 100 km off the coast of Akita Prefecture, which is located in the northeast Honshu, Japan. The earthquake had a magnitude of 7.7 on the Richter scale, as measured by the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA). Four individuals lost their lives directly from the earthquake, and considerable property damage occurred, primarily from foundation failure as a result of soil liquefaction. The earthquake generated a tsunami that began striking the Japan coast approximately 12 minutes after the earthquake occurred. One hundred lives were lost as a consequence of the tsunami alone. The tsunami also caused significant flooding and property damage to coastal regions.The tsunami affected the entire Japan Sea, hitting the surrounding coastline of the Korean Peninsula and the USSR. Three lives were lost in South Korea, when the wave arrived there approximately 1-1/2 hours after the earthquake. At the time of this writing, no information is available on the impact of the tsunami in North Korea or the USSR. The Japan Sea Central Region Tsunami focuses on the tsunami generated by the Japan Sea central region earthquake, as officially named by the JMA. The data presented herein were collected by the authors during site visits to Japan and South Korea approximately six weeks after the earthquake. Even though the recently acquired data are more reliable than those reported immediately after the earthquake, they must still be considered preliminary and subject to change as continuing studies in Japan are completed. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Seismic Safety Technology and Regulations: A Look at the Near Future (Summary of a Symposium) %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18641/seismic-safety-technology-and-regulations-a-look-at-the-near %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/18641/seismic-safety-technology-and-regulations-a-look-at-the-near %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Earth Sciences %P 33 %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Improved Seismic Monitoring - Improved Decision-Making: Assessing the Value of Reduced Uncertainty %@ 978-0-309-09695-9 %D 2006 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11327/improved-seismic-monitoring-improved-decision-making-assessing-the-value-of %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/11327/improved-seismic-monitoring-improved-decision-making-assessing-the-value-of %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 196 %X Improved Seismic Monitoring—Improved Decision-Making, describes and assesses the varied economic benefits potentially derived from modernizing and expanding seismic monitoring activities in the United States. These benefits include more effective loss avoidance regulations and strategies, improved understanding of earthquake processes, better engineering design, more effective hazard mitigation strategies, and improved emergency response and recovery. The economic principles that must be applied to determine potential benefits are reviewed and the report concludes that although there is insufficient information available at present to fully quantify all the potential benefits, the annual dollar costs for improved seismic monitoring are in the tens of millions and the potential annual dollar benefits are in the hundreds of millions. %0 Book %T Earthquake in Romania, March 4, 1977: An Engineering Report %D 1980 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19783/earthquake-in-romania-march-4-1977-an-engineering-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/19783/earthquake-in-romania-march-4-1977-an-engineering-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K %K Earth Sciences %P 52 %0 Book %E Kunreuther, Howard %E Roth, Richard J., Sr. %T Paying the Price: The Status and Role of Insurance Against Natural Disasters in the United States %@ 978-0-309-06361-6 %D 1998 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5784/paying-the-price-the-status-and-role-of-insurance-against %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/5784/paying-the-price-the-status-and-role-of-insurance-against %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Explore Science %K Earth Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 318 %X This book considers the effectiveness of insurance coverage for low-probability, high-consequence events such as natural disasters—and how insurance programs can successfully be used with other policy tools, such as building codes and standards, to encourage effective loss reduction measures. The authors discuss the reasons for the dramatic increase in insured losses from natural disasters since 1989 and the concern that insurers have about their ability to provide coverage against more such events in the future. It addresses why there has been an increasing demand for hazards insurance, what types of coverage private insurers are willing to offer, and the role of reinsurance and private-/public-sector initiatives at the state and federal levels for providing protection to victims of natural disasters. Detailed case studies of the challenges facing Florida in the wake of Hurricane Andrew in 1992 and California following the Northridge earthquake in 1994 reveal the challenges facing the insurance industry as well as other concerned stakeholders. The National Flood Insurance Program illustrates how a public-/private-sector partnership can mitigate damages and provide financial protection to victims. The book identifies new initiatives for reducing future losses and providing funds for recovery through cooperation by the relevant parties. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Practical Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake %@ 978-0-309-05030-2 %D 1994 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2269/practical-lessons-from-the-loma-prieta-earthquake %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2269/practical-lessons-from-the-loma-prieta-earthquake %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 288 %X The Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco area on October 17, 1989, causing 63 deaths and $10 billion worth of damage. This book reviews existing research on the Loma Prieta quake and draws from it practical lessons that could be applied to other earthquake-prone areas of the country. The volume contains seven keynote papers presented at a symposium on the earthquake and includes an overview written by the committee offering recommendations to improve seismic safety and earthquake awareness in parts of the country susceptible to earthquakes. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Impacts of Natural Disasters: A Framework for Loss Estimation %@ 978-0-309-06394-4 %D 1999 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6425/the-impacts-of-natural-disasters-a-framework-for-loss-estimation %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/6425/the-impacts-of-natural-disasters-a-framework-for-loss-estimation %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Behavioral and Social Sciences %P 80 %X We in the United States have almost come to accept natural disasters as part of our nation's social fabric. News of property damage, economic and social disruption, and injuries follow earthquakes, fires, floods and hurricanes. Surprisingly, however, the total losses that follow these natural disasters are not consistently calculated. We have no formal system in either the public or private sector for compiling this information. The National Academies recommends what types of data should be assembled and tracked. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The Economic Consequences of a Catastrophic Earthquake: Proceedings of a Forum %@ 978-0-309-04639-8 %D 1992 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2027/the-economic-consequences-of-a-catastrophic-earthquake-proceedings-of-a %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/2027/the-economic-consequences-of-a-catastrophic-earthquake-proceedings-of-a %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 196 %X This book presents the proceedings of an August 1990 forum held at the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. Topics covered include the current and potential roles of the private sector and the various levels of government before, during, and after an earthquake occurs, and alternative strategies that could be implemented to reduce the economic impacts, with emphasis placed on the role of the insurance industry. %0 Book %A Transportation Research Board %A National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine %E Marsh, M. Lee %E Stringer, Stuart J. %T Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design %D 2013 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22632/performance-based-seismic-bridge-design %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/22632/performance-based-seismic-bridge-design %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Transportation and Infrastructure %P 126 %X TRB’s National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Synthesis 440, Performance-Based Seismic Bridge Design (PBSD) summarizes the current state of knowledge and practice for PBSD. PBSD is the process that links decision making for facility design with seismic input, facility response, and potential facility damage.The goal of PBSD is to provide decision makers and stakeholders with data that will enable them to allocate resources for construction based on levels of desired seismic performance. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research: A Community Workshop Report %@ 978-0-309-21452-0 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13167/grand-challenges-in-earthquake-engineering-research-a-community-workshop-report %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13167/grand-challenges-in-earthquake-engineering-research-a-community-workshop-report %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Engineering and Technology %P 102 %X As geological threats become more imminent, society must make a major commitment to increase the resilience of its communities, infrastructure, and citizens. Recent earthquakes in Japan, New Zealand, Haiti, and Chile provide stark reminders of the devastating impact major earthquakes have on the lives and economic stability of millions of people worldwide. The events in Haiti continue to show that poor planning and governance lead to long-term chaos, while nations like Chile demonstrate steady recovery due to modern earthquake planning and proper construction and mitigation activities. At the request of the National Science Foundation, the National Research Council hosted a two-day workshop to give members of the community an opportunity to identify "Grand Challenges" for earthquake engineering research that are needed to achieve an earthquake resilient society, as well as to describe networks of earthquake engineering experimental capabilities and cyberinfrastructure tools that could continue to address ongoing areas of concern. Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research: A Community Workshop Report explores the priorities and problems regions face in reducing consequent damage and spurring technological preparedness advances. Over the course of the Grand Challenges in Earthquake Engineering Research workshop, 13 grand challenge problems emerged and were summarized in terms of five overarching themes including: community resilience framework, decision making, simulation, mitigation, and design tools. Participants suggested 14 experimental facilities and cyberinfrastructure tools that would be needed to carry out testing, observations, and simulations, and to analyze the results. The report also reviews progressive steps that have been made in research and development, and considers what factors will accelerate transformative solutions. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T National Earthquake Resilience: Research, Implementation, and Outreach %@ 978-0-309-18677-3 %D 2011 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13092/national-earthquake-resilience-research-implementation-and-outreach %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/13092/national-earthquake-resilience-research-implementation-and-outreach %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %K Conflict and Security Issues %P 278 %X The United States will certainly be subject to damaging earthquakes in the future. Some of these earthquakes will occur in highly populated and vulnerable areas. Coping with moderate earthquakes is not a reliable indicator of preparedness for a major earthquake in a populated area. The recent, disastrous, magnitude-9 earthquake that struck northern Japan demonstrates the threat that earthquakes pose. Moreover, the cascading nature of impacts-the earthquake causing a tsunami, cutting electrical power supplies, and stopping the pumps needed to cool nuclear reactors-demonstrates the potential complexity of an earthquake disaster. Such compound disasters can strike any earthquake-prone populated area. National Earthquake Resilience presents a roadmap for increasing our national resilience to earthquakes. The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) is the multi-agency program mandated by Congress to undertake activities to reduce the effects of future earthquakes in the United States. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)-the lead NEHRP agency-commissioned the National Research Council (NRC) to develop a roadmap for earthquake hazard and risk reduction in the United States that would be based on the goals and objectives for achieving national earthquake resilience described in the 2008 NEHRP Strategic Plan. National Earthquake Resilience does this by assessing the activities and costs that would be required for the nation to achieve earthquake resilience in 20 years. National Earthquake Resilience interprets resilience broadly to incorporate engineering/science (physical), social/economic (behavioral), and institutional (governing) dimensions. Resilience encompasses both pre-disaster preparedness activities and post-disaster response. In combination, these will enhance the robustness of communities in all earthquake-vulnerable regions of our nation so that they can function adequately following damaging earthquakes. While National Earthquake Resilience is written primarily for the NEHRP, it also speaks to a broader audience of policy makers, earth scientists, and emergency managers. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams: Design, Performance, and Research Needs %@ 978-0-309-04336-6 %D 1990 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1742/earthquake-engineering-for-concrete-dams-design-performance-and-research-needs %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1742/earthquake-engineering-for-concrete-dams-design-performance-and-research-needs %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Engineering and Technology %P 158 %X The hazard posed by large dams has long been known. Although no concrete dam has failed as a result of earthquake activity, there have been instances of significant damage. Concerns about the seismic safety of concrete dams have been growing recently because the population at risk in locations downstream of major dams continues to expand and because the seismic design concepts in use at the time most existing dams were built were inadequate. In this book, the committee evaluates current knowledge about the earthquake performance of concrete dams, including procedures for investigating the seismic safety of such structures. Earthquake Engineering for Concrete Dams specifically informs researchers about state-of-the-art earthquake analysis of concrete dams and identifies subject areas where additional knowledge is needed. %0 Book %A National Research Council %T The March 5, 1987, Ecuador Earthquakes: Mass Wasting and Socioeconomic Effects %@ 978-0-309-04444-8 %D 1991 %U https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1857/the-march-5-1987-ecuador-earthquakes-mass-wasting-and-socioeconomic %> https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/1857/the-march-5-1987-ecuador-earthquakes-mass-wasting-and-socioeconomic %I The National Academies Press %C Washington, DC %G English %K Earth Sciences %P 184 %X This book provides an account of the 1987 Ecuador earthquakes, evaluating the physical phenomena involved and the performance of structures and systems. It identifies and recommends cases where an in-depth study would contribute to improvement of our ability to analyze and forecast such failures and our preparedness, warning, rescue, recovery, and rehabilitation systems. The volume also describes how state-of-the-art knowledge can be applied to improve public safety and welfare.